Santiago Veiga

• PhD
• Universidad Politécnica de Madrid

Background Despite the great contribution of the cycling segment to the Sprint-Distance Triathlon (SDT) races, very few studies have reported the power output of elite triathletes during races. The aim of this study was to analyse the competitive demands of elite triathletes during the cycling segment of SDT races and their influence on the subsequ...

There is a great heterogeneity in the starting techniques used by international-level swimmers in relay events. The aim of the present study was to analyse and compare the two most commonly used relay start techniques by male and female competitive swimmers. Thirteen males and seven females national and international level swimmers performed severa...

Maturation is one of the determining factors in talent identification and development systems. The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of maturity status and anthropometric variables on the physical performance of young volleyball players. The sample included 278 volleyball players (217 girls, 13.63 ± 1.73 years; and 61 boys, 14.27 ±...

This study analysed how triathlon segments impact overall performance of elite short-course triathletes, considering sex, race distance, and performance level. Results from 113 World Triathlon Series (2017–2024), including Super-Sprint, Sprint, and Olympic races, were analysed for elite female and male triathletes (n = 4117). Split times were norma...

Introducción. El perfil fuerza-velocidad (PFV) ha mostrado una relación con el rendimiento en la prueba de 2000 m remo [1]. Además, se ha encontrado que la prueba de 3 min a la máxima intensidad es apropiada para la valoración de la capacidad aeróbica en remeros, particularmente para los parámetros CP y VO2max [2]. Investigaciones recientes han dem...

Introducción. Durante las salidas en natación, los deportistas intentan alcanzar la máxima velocidad horizontal en el despegue y una adecuada postura de entrada en el agua lo que permita minimizar las fuerzas hidrodinámica en la entrada. Evidencias previas sugieren que una entrada con el cuerpo más vertical es lo apropiado [1] siendo para ello nece...

Featured Application This study suggests that the force–velocity profile conceived by Bosco could be a useful, easy-to-apply assessment method of athletes’ level of performance. Furthermore, the control of the step length and step frequency enables coaches and athletes to develop RSA training with a more specific focus based on the specific improve...

Purpose : To analyze the evolution of the world ranking in swimming over the last 10 years, with particular attention to the effects of COVID-19 on the different levels of participating athletes. Methods : The top 200 world-ranked entries in all swimming events (50-m pool) were collected from 2013 to 2022. A mathematical model (Gaussian model) was...

The main aims of the present research were 1) to characterise the inter-subject and intra-subject timing of the preparatory movements of competitive swimmers during relay starts and 2) to relate the preparatory movements with the relay start outcome. Nine international youth swimmers performed 10 relay freestyle starts (one-step technique) filmed a...

Background. Despite the quantitative importance of the cycling segment in Sprint-Distance Triathlon (SDT), very few studies reported the power output of elite triathletes during races. The aim of this study was to analyse the competitive demands of elite triathletes during the cycling segment of SDT races and their influence on the subsequent runni...

Mixed-Team-Relay (MTR) triathlon is a novel Olympic discipline whose performance determinants and tactical behaviors have barely been studied. Additionally, a regulatory change has been made to the male and female relay order for the Paris 2024 Olympics. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the performance determinants and race dynamics as a fu...

Despite the increasing number of super-sprint events on the World Triathlon calendar over the last years, there is no scientific evidence about the performance determinants of this discipline. The present study described the race strategies of young international triathletes during super-sprint triathlon races and examined the influence of each seg...

Despite the numerous scientific evidence on the topic, there is no clear and consistent answer that clarifies the true effects of beetroot juice (BJ) supplementation on different types of physical performance. This study examined whether an acute intake of BJ improves swimming performance, physiological variables of anaerobic metabolism, or subject...

The aim of this study was 1) to define a new index to describe running coordination, named % of coordination, and 2) to examine whether it could represent an order parameter in relation to running velocity. Twelve international middle-distance athletes (six males and six females) performed three trials at easy, 5000 m pace and sprint velocities whi...

Backstroke swimmers display the greatest contribution of underwater kicking during the swimming race distances, but, surprisingly, there is little evidence of how kicking kinematics in the dorsal position should be performed. The aim of the present study was to examine the kinematic characteristics of competitive swimmers during underwater undulato...

Palabras clave: fuerza, rendimiento, sprint Introducción. La capacidad de realizar esprints repetidos (RSA) es un predictor de rendimiento empleado en muchos deportes intermitentes y de equipo (1,2). Recientemente, se ha mostrado la relación entre el perfil fuerza-velocidad de Bosco (PFV) y la cinemática de carrera en RSA en jugadoras de hockey hie...

This study aimed to determine the importance of the different relay legs and sport disciplines in the overall result of the triathlon Mixed-Team-Relay (MTR) events. The study analysed the results of 80 Mixed-Team-Relay triathlon teams ( n =320 professional triathletes) corresponding to the top ten finishers at the World Championships in Hamburg fro...

Antecedentes: El Nado Ondulatorio Subacuático (NOS) es una parte de las pruebas de natación competitiva en el que la resistencia al avance en el agua se reduce prácticamente a la mitad comparado con el nado en superficie. Ello hace que las velocidades alcanzadas en dichos segmentos sean las más rápidas de todos los estilos tras la salida y viraje....

The contribution to total race distances of underwater undulatory swimming (UUS) is increasing at the elite level. However, little is known about the technical modifications during underwater swimming. In the present research, the aim was to compare the kinematic characteristics of competitive swimmers between the first and last kick of UUS. Fifty-...

Background: Beetroot juice is a sport supplement with a high level of evidence on the physical performance enhancement. However, in swimming, there is no clear data about the effects of beetroot juice on performance. Objective: To investigate whether an acute intake of beetroot juice (BJ) improves the performance of competitive swimmers in a repeat...

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of different training periods and tapering during a macrocycle on heart rate variability (HRV), overtraining states and performance in young elite swimmers. Method Fifteen swimmers (6 men, 9 women) completed an 8-week training period divided into a basic, specific, competitive and transition block...

The increase of low-cost technology for underwater filming has made quantitative analysis an affordable resource for swimming coaches on a frequent basis. In this context, a synthesis of the kinematic determinants of underwater undulatory swimming (UUS) seems to be lacking. The aim of the present study was to synthesise the scientific evidence on t...

Citation: Veiga, S.; Lorenzo, J.; Trinidad Moreno, A.; Pla, R.; Fallas-Campos, A.; de la Rubia, A. Kinematic Analysis of the Underwater Undulatory Swimming Cycle: A Systematic and Synthetic Review. Int.

(1) Background: The aim of the present research is to describe the kinematic characteristics of push start in competitive swimmers and to examine the role of the push start sub-phases on the overall start performance. (2) Methods: Seventy-four swimmers (33 males and 41 females) of national and international level performed one 25 m trial at maximum...

Sports supplements (SS) are commonly used by athletes to improve their performance. SS use by competitive swimmers is reported to be prevalent but there is no evidence of such use by elite swimmers, either male or female. The objective of this research was to study the patterns of SS use by competitive swimmers based on sex and competitive levels (...

The first complete upper and lower limbswimming cycle after the underwater segment of start and turns represents the breakout phase in competitive swimming. The aim of the present research was to examine the effect of the breakout movements on the stroking variables and coordinative patterns of competitive swimmers. Thirty-three national-level male...

Despite changes in the underwater sections of swimming races affecting overall performance, there is no information about the effects of the apnea-induced changes on the physiological state of competitive swimmers. The aim of the present research was to examine the effect of changes in the underwater race sections on the physiological [blood lactat...

Several studies have confirmed the efficacy of flywheel training, mainly in the bilateral half-squat exercise. The aim of the present study was to analyze the effects of single-leg Romanian deadlift flywheel training on speed, jumping and change of direction performance. Seventeen young healthy males underwent two periods of 3-week training based o...

Force−velocity profile (FVP) and repeated-sprint ability (RSA) tests are indicators of physical capacities in most team sport players. The purpose of this study was to examine the stride kinematics during a repeated-sprint ability (RSA) test and to analyze the relationship between Bosco’s force−velocity profile (FVP) and RSA performance in elite fe...

The aims of the present research were to estimate the age of peak performance (APP) and to examine the role of previous experience at the world-level open water race performances. Finishing positions and age of swimmers (639 females and 738 males) in the 10-km events of World Championship (WCH) and Olympic Games (OG) from 2000 to 2019 were obtained...

This systematic review aimed to examine the prevalence of the relative age effect (RAE) in swimming and its impact on competition performance according to different types of interacting constraints. A systematic literature search, following the PRISMA guidelines for preparing systematic reviews, was performed through four electronic databases, and...

The aim of this study was to: (1) analyze and compare the race performance and stability between the fastest and slowest male swimmers during the 50 m freestyle event, and; (2) to understand the speed-time relationship in this race. The performances (start, clean swim, and finish) of 86 swimmers (divided into two tiers: best and poorest performance...

The aim of the present research was to examine the stroking rate (SR) values of successful and non-successful swimmers in the 10 km and 25 km races of the FINA 2019 World Swimming Championships. Data from 175 participants (95 men and 80 female) were classified according to their finishing positions. There were no meaningful differences in the overa...

This Special Issue had, as its main objective, the compilation of studies on sports performance and its relationship with musculoskeletal injuries [...]

The present study investigated swimmers’ performances on the starting and turning segments between individual and relay races. A total number of 72 race performances of the same swimmers in both relay 4 × 100 m finals (freestyle, medley, and mixed freestyle) and individual 100 m finals or semi-finals (butterfly, breaststroke, and freestyle) from th...

The purpose of the present study was twofold: (i) to compare the kinematic characteristics of individual and relay swimming starts; and (ii) to relate the kinematic variables to 5 m performance for both starts. Twelve elite-level swimmers performed 2 × 25 m at maximal effort (one with an individual and one with a relay start randomly). Two-dimensio...

The primary goal of the present research was to determine the order of swimmers on a mixed relay team that would ensure the best performance in the Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA) World Championships held in Kazan (Russia, 2015), Budapest (Hungary, 2017), and Gwangju (South Korea, 2019). The data were obtained from database websites fo...

Despite the increasing importance of the underwater segment of start and turns in competition and its positive influence on the subsequent surface swimming, there is no evidence on how the transition from underwater to surface swimming should be performed. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the role of segmental, kinematic and c...

In swimming relay races, various start techniques are performed by swimmers, but it remains unclear which technique leads to a better start performance. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to compare the kinematic characteristics of different relay start techniques with the new starting block Omega OSB11. Eleven international youth swim...

Featured Application Coaches and athletes should implement their training programs to have an impact on some of these variables according to the specific demands of each hurdle-unit phase and gender. Abstract The aims of this study were to compare the five hurdle-unit split times from the deterministic model with the hurdle-to-hurdle model and wit...

Since 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, open water races represent a discipline of the Olympic program, specifically the 10Km events. Open water are tactical events, where race decisions of swimmers based on surrounding counterparts, external race conditions, the participants experience, and the own fatigue levels have a great impact on results. Indeed,...

We aimed to compare the match-play and kinematic demands of the translation and rotation movements of elite wheelchair padel players as a function of match results. Twenty-two elite male players were video-analysed with a two-dimensional direct linear transformation (DLT) -corrected video system across seven matches of a professional tournament. Di...

The objective of the present study was to analyze (based on gender and the style of swimming) the kinematic parameters of the transition phase between underwater swimming and surface swimming after the push-off start in competitive national swimmers. Seventy-four swimmers participating in the Spanish Swimming Championships were filmed and analyzed...

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00175.].

The aims of the present study were 2-fold: (1) to measure interlimb asymmetries from a battery of fitness tests in youth soccer players and (2) to determine the association between asymmetry and measures of athletic performance. Sixteen elite youth soccer players (14.7 ± 0.2 years) performed a single-leg Abalakov test (ABK), change of direction (CO...

The aim of this study was to analyse the quadriceps-hamstring coactivation in the lunge and Bulgarian squat exercises. A cross-sectional study design was applied to seventeen healthy professional football players. Muscular activity was measured using wireless surface electromyography (sEMG). The Maximum Voluntary Isometric Contraction was used to n...

Despite the existence of literature on the athletics hurdles event, no previous studies have examined the kinematic behavior of athletes during the race. The aims of the present research were (1) to compare the spatiotemporal parameters of elite and high-level hurdlers (men and women) in the approach run, hurdles-unit and run-in phases and (2) to r...

ABSTRACT Objective: The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine how iliotibial band syndrome influences hip, knee, ankle and rear foot joint angle in female runners with iliotibial band syndrome and female runners with no history of knee injury at the moment of study. Method: In this retrospective study, the sample was composed of 30 r...

Despite literature on the pacing strategies of endurance sports, there is an existing lack of knowledge about the swimmers’ tactical decisions in the open water races. The aims of the present research were (1) to compare the pacing profiles and tactical strategies of successful elite open water swimmers (men and women) in the 5-km, 10-km, and 25-km...

The aim of this study was to quantify the kinematic demands of wheelchair padel and to examine the activity profiles in professional players according to their functional level. Twenty-two elite players classified in functional level groups (from 1 to 4) were video-analysed with a two-dimensional DLT corrected video system across seven matches of a...

Purpose: The main aim of this study was to describe the kinematical parameters of the transition phase from underwater to surface swimming in national level competitors. Methods: Seventy-four swimmers (33 males and 41 females), all participants in national level championships and at least nine years of training experience (>20 hours per week) were...

According to the literature, the risk of developing iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS) is related to the running technique of each runner. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether differences exist in the running technique of runners with ITBS and healthy runners. The sample was composed of 60 recreational runners (30 healthy runners and 3...

Swimmers with physical impairments during competition for freestyle swimming are grouped according to their functional classification in ten classes. Stroke length, stroke rate, stroke index and clean swimming speed have been studied previously at elite level, but not at national level. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the four mentio...

Background: Although the kicking skill is influenced by limb dominance and sex, how a previous hamstring injury affects kicking has not been studied in detail. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of sex and limb dominance on kicking in limbs with and without a previous hamstring injury. Methods: 45 professional players (...

Purpose: The aim of the present research was 1) to compare the pacing strategies of different level open water swimmers during the 10km race of the FINA 2015 World Swimming Championships (WCH), and 2) to relate these pacing strategies to the race performance. Methods: Final and intermediate split times as well as intermediate race positions from...

Among all possible knee injuries in runners, iliotibial band friction syndrome (SFBI) is the second most common cause of pain in runners, its prevalence involve rates ranging from 5% to 14%. Data from 17 non-professional runners were collected, 12 of which are healthy and 5 with the illiotibial band friction syndrome. The normalised cycle length wa...

This study proposes a new method to evaluate arm-to-leg coordination in the freestyle swimming. Eight international-level youth swimmers were tested on a 50m swim at the speed of their 400m personal best (V400), and recorded at 60Hz bilaterally. The discrete relative phase angles between the arm-to-leg movements were identified by video analysis, u...

The aims of the present research were (1) to characterise the individualised race segments configuration (start, turn and free swimming) of Paralympic swimmers and (2) to examine the influence of the swimmers’ functional classification on their race segments configuration. Finalists (248 men and 264 women) in the 100 m swimming events of the 2012 L...

Background Although the hamstring muscle group gets loaded during the kicking motion, the effect of a previous hamstring injury on the kicking skill has not been studied in detail. Objective To the study the effect of a previous hamstring injury on the kicking technique, and how gender and limb dominance influences the same. Design Observational...

The objective of this study was to characterize the stroking, coordinative and temporal parameters of international swimmers during transition from underwater to surface swimming. 12 international junior swimmers were filmed on the four strokes and they were video analysed using DLT-2D algorithms to calculate the swimming velocity, stroking rate an...

The objective of this study was to study the effect of gender on the limb dominance in kicking in soccer players. Forty-five players (twenty-six females and nineteen males) belonging to elite soccer teams volunteered to take part in the study. They performed 5 instep soccer kicks with either limb into a target 7m away. Female soccer players had a l...

In the present research, we examined the effect of the starting and turning performances on the subsequent swimming parameters by (1) comparing the starting and turning velocities with the swimming parameters on the emersion and mid-pool segments and (2) by relating the individual behaviour of swimmers during the start and turns with subsequent beh...

The main objectives of the present research were (1) to examine the relationships between the distances travelled underwater during the start and turn segments with swimming race performance at the elite level and (2) to determine if the individualised-distance start and turn parameters affect the overall race performance. The race parameters of th...

El Comité Paralímpico Internacional (CPI) establece un sistema de clasificación que permite categorizar en diferentes clases a los nadadores con discapacidad física en una de las 10 clases asignadas para los estilos crol, espalda y mariposa (S) y 9 para el estilo Braza (SB). El objetivo del estudio fue comparar las diferentes clases funcionales uti...

Pacing strategies of elite swimmers have been consistently characterised from the average lap velocities. In the present study, we examined the racing strategies of 200 m world class-level swimmers with regard to their underwater and surface lap components. The finals and semi-finals of the 200 m races at the 2013 World Swimming Championships (Barc...

1 The hamstring injury is one of the most common injuries occurring in soccer. The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of a previous hamstring injury and limb dominance on the kicking pattern of elite female soccer players. 14 players belonging to a top first division soccer team volunteered to take part in the study. They were asked a...

The aim has been to review the literature about the risk factors of hamstring injury in soccer from a biomechanical point of view. METHODOLOGY. Data bases of bibliography references were Medline, Scopus and SportDiscuss. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. Many prospective studies have shown that the previous injury is the greatest risk factor of sustaining th...

The aim of this study was to compare the race characteristics of the start and turn segments of national and regional level swimmers. In the study, 100 and 200-m events were analysed during the finals session of the Open Comunidad de Madrid (Spain) tournament. The "individualized-distance" method with two-dimensional direct linear transformation al...

The aims of this investigation were to determine the evolution of selected turn variables during competitive backstroke races and to compare these kinematic variables between two different levels of swimmers. Sixteen national and regional level male swimmers participant in the 200 m backstroke event at the Spanish Swimming Championships in short co...

Abstract The aim of this study was to develop a new application based on the "individual distances" method to analyse swimming races, and to compare it with the traditional "fixed distances" method. One hundred and seventy-nine national level 100 m (four strokes) performances obtained from the 2008 "Open Comunidad de Madrid" (Spain) were analysed u...

The aim of this study was to investigate the injury incidence and injury characteristics of a Spanish sub-elite professional football team during four consecutive seasons. A team was followed prospectively from the season 2003-2004 to 2006-2007 and individual player exposure and time loss injuries were recorded during all club training sessions and...

The most strategic part of a triathlon is the cycle-run transition. However, all the studies about this situation have been carried out in laboratory conditions and there is a need to perform this kind of study during competition, when the triathletes are highly motivated and the effort is maximum.1 Therefore, the aims of the present study were: 1)...

Los resultados que a continuación se presentan hacen referencia al Record de España de 60 metros vallas (en adelante, mv) conseguido por el atleta Jackson Quiñonez (JQ) en la final del 44º Campeonato de España de pista cubierta - Valencia 08. Estos datos forman parte de un estudio global de todas las series de 60 mv y 60 metros lisos (ml) durante e...

The aim of this study was to describe the activity profile of top-class female soccer referees during competition and to relate it to the position of the ball. Ten matches from the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) under-20 female World Championships held in Russia in 2006 were filmed and the kinematical parameters of the fem...

En natación, el análisis de la fase de viraje en competición se ha realizado tradicionalmente siguiendo el criterio de distancias prefijadas antes y después del contacto en la pared; este hecho ha provocado la escasez de estudios que analicen en competición otras variables críticas del viraje además de su tiempo total. Utilizando como muestra del e...

En triatlón, una de las partes más duras y estratégicas del deporte es la transición del ciclismo a la carrera a pie. El principal problema de los estudios analizados es que han sido llevados a cabo en laboratorios, donde la poca especificidad de los tests utilizados representan un handicap. Tanto las variables fisiológicas (lactato y frecuencia ca...