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Ketamine is an NMDA receptor antagonist that has antidepressant and anesthetic properties. At subanesthetic doses, ketamine induces transient psychosis in humans, and is used to model psychosis in experimental animals. In rodents, subanesthetic doses of ketamine increase the power of high-frequency oscillations (HFO, > 100 Hz) in the electroencepha...
The electrical activity of the brain, characterized by its frequency components, reflects a complex interplay between periodic (oscillatory) and aperiodic components. These components are associated with various neurophysiological processes, such as the excitation-inhibition balance (aperiodic activity) or interregional communication (oscillatory a...
Autores Revisión página 10|Revista de Psiquiatría del Uruguay|Volumen 87 Nº 1 Agosto 2023| Ibogaína: un psicodélico atípico con potencial antiadictivo Rev Psiquiatr Urug. 2023;87(1):XX-XX | https://doi.org/ Resumen El trastorno por uso de sustancias es una enfermedad crónica de graves consecuencias. Actualmente, los tratamientos farmacológicos no a...
Ketamine is an NMDA receptor antagonist that has both antidepressant and anesthetic properties. At subanesthetic doses, ketamine can cause transient psychosis in humans, and is used to model psychosis in experimental animals. In rodents, subanesthetic doses of ketamine increase the power of high-frequency oscillations (HFO, 100-180 Hz) in the elect...
Nasal respiration influences brain dynamics by phase-entraining neural oscillations at the same frequency as the breathing rate and by phase-modulating the activity of faster gamma rhythms. Despite being widely reported, we still do not understand the functional roles of respiration-entrained oscillations. A common hypothesis is that these rhythms...
There is increasing evidence that level of consciousness can be captured by neural informational complexity: for instance, complexity, as measured by the Lempel Ziv (LZ) compression algorithm, decreases during anesthesia and non‐rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep in humans and rats, when compared to LZ in awake and REM sleep. In contrast, LZ is higher...
Sleep is one of the great mysteries of life. We spend a third of our life sleeping without awareness of the outside world. Part of this time, during dreams, we have a bizarre cognitive activity disconnected from reality and guided by internal stimuli. In the last 70 years, as a result of basic research, there has been a remarkable increase in the k...
There is increasing evidence that level of consciousness can be captured by neural informational complexity: for instance, complexity, as measured by the Lempel Ziv (LZ) compression algorithm, decreases during anesthesia and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep in humans and rats, when compared to LZ in awake and REM sleep. In contrast, LZ is higher...
Ibogaine is a psychedelic alkaloid that has attracted large scientific interest because of its antiaddictive properties in observational studies in humans as well as in animal models. Its subjective effect has been described as intense, vivid dream-like experiences occurring while awake; hence, ibogaine is often referred to as an oneirogenic psyche...
The sleep-wake cycle is constituted by three behavioral states: wakefulness (W), non-REM (NREM) and REM sleep. These states are associated with drastic changes in cognitive capacities, mostly determined by the function of the thalamo-cortical system, whose activity can be examined by means of intra-cranial electroencephalogram (iEEG). With the purp...
The sleep-wake cycle is constituted by three behavioral states: wakefulness (W), non-REM (NREM) and REM sleep. These states are associated with drastic changes in cognitive capacities, mostly determined by the function of the thalamo-cortical system. Thalamo-cortical activity can be examined by means of the intra-cranial electroencephalogram (iEEG)...
The states of sleep and wakefulness are critical physiological processes associated with different brain patterns of activity. The intracranial electroencephalogram allows us to measure these changes, thus, it is a critical tool for its study. Recently, we showed that the electrocortical temporal complexity decreased from wakefulness to sleep. Neve...
Ibogaine is a psychedelic alkaloid that has attracted scientific interest because of its important antiaddictive properties evidenced in observational studies in humans, and in models for substance-use-disorders in rodents. Its subjective effect has been described as intense vivid dream-like experiences occurring while awake; hence, ibogaine is oft...
The states of sleep and wakefulness are critical physiological processes associated with different brain patterns of activity. The intracranial electroencephalogram allows us to measure these changes, thus, it is a critical tool for its study. Recently, we showed that the electrocortical temporal complexity decreased from wakefulness to sleep. Neve...
In most mammals, the sleep-wake cycle is constituted by three behavioral states: wakefulness (W), non-REM (NREM) sleep, and REM sleep. These states are associated with drastic changes in cognitive capacities, mostly determined by the function of the thalamo-cortical system. The intra-cranial electroencephalogram or electocorticogram (ECoG), is an i...
Parkinson’s disease is characterized by motor symptoms (akinesia, rigidity, etc.), which are associated with the degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons of the midbrain. In addition, olfactory impairment that usually develops before the detection of motor deficits, is detected in 90% of Parkinsonian patients.
Recent studies in mammals, have shown...
Recent studies have shown that slow cortical potentials in archi‐, paleo‐ and neocortex can phase‐lock with nasal respiration. In some of these areas’ gamma activity (γ: 30‐100 Hz) is also coupled to the animal's respiration. It has been hypothesized that these functional relationships play a role in coordinating distributed neural activity. In a s...
In most mammals, the sleep-wake cycle is constituted by three behavioral states: wakefulness (W), non-NREM (NREM) sleep, and REM sleep. These states are associated with drastic changes in cognitive capacities, mostly determined by the function of the thalamo-cortical system. The intra-cranial electroencephalogram or electocorticogram (ECoG), is an...
Cognitive processes are carried out during wakefulness by means of extensive interactions between cortical and subcortical areas. In psychiatric conditions, such as psychosis, these processes are altered. Interestingly, REM sleep where most dreams occurs, shares electrophysiological, pharmacological, and neurochemical features with psychosis. Becau...
In the last decades, there has been a substantial increase in the knowledge of the anatomy, electrophysiology, and neurochemistry of the neuronal networks that generate normal conscious state during wakefulness. Consciousness is suppressed during deep nonrapid eye movement sleep, while a different type of consciousness arises during rapid eye movem...
Cognitive processes are carried out during wakefulness by means of extensive interactions between cortical and subcortical areas. In psychiatric conditions, such as psychosis, these processes are altered. Interestingly, REM sleep where most dreams occurs, shares electrophysiological, pharmacological and neurochemical features with psychosis. Becaus...
Mesopontine and basal forebrain cholinergic neurons are involved in the control of behavioral states and cognitive functions. Animals treated with cholinergic muscarinic receptor antagonists display a dissociated state characterized by behavioral wakefulness (W) associated with high amplitude slow oscillations and spindles in the electroencephalogr...
Recent studies have shown that slow cortical potentials in archi-, paleo- and neocortex, can phase-lock with nasal respiration. In some of these areas, gamma activity (γ: 30-100 Hz) is also coupled to the animal’s respiration. It has been hypothesized that this interaction plays a role in coordinating distributed neural activity. In a similar way,...
Para generar los procesos cognitivos, distintas áreas corticales interactúan intensamente entre sí y con regiones subcorticales como el tálamo. Se ha postulado que las oscilaciones en la banda gamma de frecuencia (30 a 45 Hz) del electroencefalograma (EEG), son producto de estas interacciones y por lo tanto están involucradas en las funciones cogni...
Neurons that utilize melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) as a neuromodulator are localized in the postero-lateral hypothalamus and incerto-hypothalamic area. These neurons project diffusely throughout the central nervous system and have been implicated in critical physiological processes, such as sleep. Unlike rodents, in the order carnivora as wel...
Recently, a novel type of fast cortical oscillatory activity that occurs between 110 and 160 Hz (high-frequency oscillations (HFO)) was described. HFO are modulated by the theta rhythm in hippocampus and neocortex during active wakefulness and REM sleep. Since theta-HFO coupling increases during REM, a role for HFO in memory consolidation has been...
During cognitive processes, there are extensive interactions between various regions of the cerebral cortex. Oscillations in the gamma frequency band (30-100 Hz) of the electroencephalogram are involved in the binding of spatially separated but temporally correlated neural events, which results in a unified perceptual experience. Like wakefulness,...
Higher cognitive functions require the integration and coordination of large populations of neurons in cortical and subcortical regions. Oscillations in the gamma band (30 - 45 Hz) of the electroencephalogram (EEG) have been involved in these cognitive functions. In previous studies, we analyzed the extent of functional connectivity between cortica...
As a first step in a program designed to study the central control of the heart rate variability (HRV) during sleep, we conducted polysomnographic and electrocardiogram recordings on chronically-prepared cats during semi- restricted conditions. We found that the tachogram, i.e. the pattern of heart beat intervals (RR intervals) was deeply modified...
During cognitive processes there are extensive interactions between various regions of the cerebral cortex. Oscillations in the gamma frequency band (≈40 Hz) of the electroencephalogram (EEG) are involved in the binding of spatially separated but temporally correlated neural events, which results in a unified perceptual experience. The extent of th...
The MCHergic system consists of hypothalamic neurons that utilize the neuropeptide melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) as neuromodulador. The MCHergic neurons project towards diverse regions of the central nervous system, such as the areas involved in the control of sleep and wakefulness. Numerous studies have involved the MCHergic system with the...
