Santanu Kar Mahapatra

• Associate Professor at Midnapore City College

Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium (M.) tuberculosis remains a global public health threat. Over the last few decades, anti-tubercular research mainly focused on mechanisms of identifying by which activated macrophages can slaughter or the proliferation of M. tuberculosis bacilli prevented in a cell-dependent manner. In this regard, for disease r...

Different types of metals, including manganese (Mn), are constantly encountered in various environmental matrices due to natural and anthropogenic activities. They induce a sustained inflammatory response in various organs, which is considered to be an important priming event in the pathogenesis of several diseases. Mn-induced neuroinflammation and...

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected tropical disease, and this review has summarized the current treatment scenario and its prospects. It also highlights alternative approaches used by research groups in India and around the world to develop cutting-edge and potent anti-leishmanial treatments. Even though numerous medications could be utiliz...

The Oceanimonas sp. BPMS22-derived protein protease inhibitor (PPI) has been proven to shift macrophages towards an inflammatory state and reduce Leishmania donovani infection in vitro and in vivo. The current study explored and validated the mechanistic aspects of the PPI and Toll-like receptor (TLR) interaction. The PPI exhibited the upregulation...

Arachis hypogea L. protein fraction-2 (AHP-F2) from the Peanut shell was extracted and characterized and its potent immunomodulatory and anti-leishmanial role was determined in this present study. AHP-F2 was found to be a glycoprotein as the presence of carbohydrates were confirmed by the analysis of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) yi...

The present study aimed to validate the potential of a novel serine protein protease inhibitor (PPI), purified from marine Oceanimonas sp. BPMS22, induced M2 to M1 repolarization of the macrophages to treat visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Peptide mass fingerprint of the purified trypsin digested PPI peptide was obtained using matrix-assisted laser des...

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a prime pathogen responsible for various infections in human beings. Expression of virulence factors is a biggest challenge in MRSA, which results in failure of conventional antibiotic therapy. In connection to the search for natural and safe anti-virulence compounds, the present study focused t...

The anti-proliferative potential of vanillin isolated from an ethnomedicine Flacourtia indica bark was evaluated in an acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line (Jurkat) in our previous study, but its molecular mechanisms of action are not yet revealed. The present work investigated the pharmacokinetic properties & cellular uptake of vanillin, in addi...

Conventional therapy of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) remains challenging with the pitfall of toxicity, drug resistance, and expensive. Hence, urgent need for an alternative approach is essential. In this study, we evaluated the potential of combination therapy with eugenol oleate and miltefosine in Leishmania donovani infected macrophages and in the...

Immune metabolic adaptation in macrophages by intracellular parasites is recognized to play a crucial role during Leishmania infection. However, there is little accessible information about changes in a metabolic switch in L. donovani infected macrophages. In previous studies, we have reported on the anti-leishmanial synergic effect of eugenol olea...

Myricitrin, a naturally occurring flavonoid in Madhuca longifolia, possesses several medicinal properties. Even though our earlier work revealed its role against the proliferation of acute myelogenous leukemia cells (HL-60), its molecular mechanisms have not yet been revealed. The current study aims to explore the molecular mechanisms of myricitrin...

Objectives Leukemia is one of the severe cancer types all around the globe. Even though some chemotherapeutic drugs are available for treating leukemia, they have various side effects. As an alternative approach, herbal drugs are focused on current research to overcome leukemia. The present work was conducted to investigate the antileukemic mechani...

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways, which is characterized by infiltration of inflammatory cells, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), and airway remodeling. This study aimed to explore the role and mechanism of tannic acid (TA), a naturally occurring plant-derived polyphenol, in murine asthma model. BALB/c mice were given ovalbum...

The significant role of proteases in the cancer progression exposed them as potential targets for drug discovery. Regulating protease activities using protease inhibitors is one of the major therapeutic strategies for the treatment of cancer. The proteolysis activities of serine proteases in different stages of metastasis can be regulated by serine...

Present treatment regimen on visceral leishmaniasis has multiple limitations including severe side effects, toxicity, and resistance of Leishmania strains. Amphotericin B is a well-established pharmacologically approved drug; however, mainly toxicity is a foremost issue with that drug. Recently, our group identified eugenol oleate as an anti-leishm...

Background: Myricitrin, a naturally occurring flavonoid in Madhuca longifolia, possesses several medicinal properties. Even though our earlier work revealed its role against the proliferation of acute myelogenous leukemia cells (HL-60), its molecular mechanisms have not yet been revealed. The current study aims to explore the molecular mechanisms o...

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a chronic and irreversible scarring disease in the lung with limited treatment options. Therefore, it is critical to identify new therapeutic options. This study was undertaken to identify the effects of tannic acid (TA), a naturally occurring dietary polyphenol, in a mouse model of PF. Bleomycin (BLM) was intratracheally...

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an endemic fatal infectious disease in tropical and subtropical nations. The limited treatment options, long treatment regimens, invasive mode of administration of drugs, and lack of effective vaccination are the main reasons for the search of new alternative therapeutics against VL. On this quest, from a series of eu...

Background Human mitotic kinesins play a crucial role in mitotic cell division. Targeting the spindle separation phase of mitosis has gained much attention pharmaceutically in cancer chemotherapy. Spindle segregation is carried out mainly by Eg5 kinesin, and currently, it has many inhibitors in different phases of clinical trials. All the current d...

Background Polarized macrophages induce fbrosis through multiple mechanisms, including a process termed epithelial-to- mesenchymal transition (EMT). Mesenchymal cells contribute to the excessive accumulation of fbrous connective tissues, leading to organ failure. This study was aimed to investigate the efect of tannic acid (TA), a natural dietary...

Ethnopharmacological relevance: In search of safe and effective therapeutic agents as alternative to synthetic chemotherapeutics for the treatment of leukemia, the herbal drugs (Leaf of Madhuca longifolia, leaf of Prosopis cineraria and bark of Flacourtia indica) with long traditional use in West Bengal have received our attention. Aim of the stu...

Obesity is considered as an independent risk factor for breast cancer (BCa) and plays a major role in the breast tumor microenvironment. The etiology and mechanisms by which obesity contributes to BCa development is not yet understood. Herein, we show that in vitro coculture of BCa cells with mature adipocytes (MA‐BCa) increased proliferation, migr...

In the present work, 16 different plant drugs used by traditional healers from West Bengal were screened through in vitro cell line model. Herbal drugs used by traditional tribal healers in Purulia, Birbhum and Bankura districts of West Bengal were collected and screening against acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell line (HL-60). Among 16 plant extrac...

To overcome the problem of breast cancer, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized using Indian medicinal plant Madhuca longifolia could be explored as an alternative anticancer medicine. Synthesized AgNPs were studied their characteristics and their anti-proliferative property was investigated in breast cancer cell line (4T1). Based on zeta sizer...

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a life threatening infectious disease caused by Leishmania donovani. It leads to the severe immune suppression in the host defense system. Higher cytotoxicity, rigorous side effects and lower therapeutic indexes (TI) of current antileishmanial drugs have created a necessity to develop new molecules with better antilei...

Chloroquine (CQ) is highly effective against P. vivax, due to the rapid spread of CQ resistance in P. falciparum parasites; it is no longer the drug of choice against P. falciparum. This study elucidates the scenario of chloroquine efficacy at times that coincided with a new drug policy and especially assessed the chloroquine resistant molecular ma...

M2 polarization of macrophages is predominant in case of tumors and some other infectious diseases for disease progression. Repolarization of the M2 phenotype to the M1 state may be required to cure diseases. Hence, it is of great interest to find out a material that would repolarize the M2 phenotype to the M1 state. Herein, the arabinogalactan pro...

The present study portrays the isolation of four phenylpropanoids ? ferulic acid (FA), sinapic acid (SA), caffeic acid (CA), and chlorogenic acid (CHA) from the water extract of Suaeda maritima (L.) Dumort, a phytochemically less explored Indian medicinal plant. Further, synthesis and characterization of silver and gold nanoparticles using the isol...

Tuberculosis is a major threat for mankind and the emergence of resistance strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) against first line antibiotics makes it lethal for human civilization. In this study, we have synthesized different diaryl urea derivatives targeting the inhibition of mycolic acid biosynthesis. Among the 39 synthesized molecules, c...

Repeated consumption of the chemotherapeutic drug in high doses often leads to drug resistance. The objective of this study was to develop a facile method to enhance the anticancer activity of the phytomolecules, acetlyshikonin (AS) and beta,beta-dimethylacrylshikonin (BDS). Herein, we demonstrated that jacalin capped silver nanoparticles (JAgNPs)...

Acetyl shikonin (AS), a naphthoquinone isolated from Arnebia nobilis, was tested against visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in this study. AS induced anti-VL activity was examined for a number of intracellular amastigotes in Giemsa-stained BALB/C derived macrophages in vitro and hepatic-splenic parasite burden by the stamp smear method in vivo. Mediators...

Semi-synthetic modification of ferulic acid isolated from Salicornia brachiata was performed and the derivatives showed gratifying in silico binding scores with the BCR-Abl protein, comparable with imatinib. Anti-proliferative activity against K562, U937 and Hep G2 cancer cell lines and the BCR-Abl kinase inhibitory activity using an ADP-Glo assay...

A series of arene ruthenium(ii) (Ru) complexes with N-monodentate (AAP) and N,O- and N,N-bidentate chelating ligands (AAPS, ADABS, AAPPA and P2P) have been synthesized and evaluated for preliminary antileukemia activity. Single crystal X-ray studies of AAP-Ru, ADABS-Ru and P2P-Ru indicates that Ru(ii) adopted a typical "three-leg piano-stool" geome...

Leishmania donovani, a protozoan parasite, causes the disease visceral leishmanisis (VL), characterized by inappropriate CD8+ T-cell activation. Therefore, we examined whether the Toll-like Receptor 2 (TLR2) ligand Ara-LAM, a cell wall glycolipid from non-pathogenic Mycobacterium smegmatis, would restore CD8+ T-cell function during VL. We observed...

Studies relating to the adjuvanic role of self assembly, nanosized betulinic acid (SA-BA) are relatively limited. The concept of immunostimulatory activity of SA-BA is based on the activation of immune system against cancer antigen. This study showed that SA-BA, a pentacyclic triterpene isolated from the bark of the Ziziphus jujube tree, elevated t...

Eugenol (1-allyl-4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzene) is the phenolic component of essential oil and the main constituent of Eugenia caryophyllata, Ocimmum gratissimum and several others medicinal plant. In view of its non-mutagenic and non-carcinogenic properties, eugenol is generally regarded as safe by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United...

The objective of this study was to develop folate receptor mediated delivery of self assembled betulinic acid nano fibers (SA-BA) to human leukemic cells and to investigate their specific induction of apoptosis. The physicochemical properties of PEG conjugated SA-BA followed by conjugated with folic acid (FA-PEG-SA-BA) were examined using Fourier t...

The purpose of this study was to determine the intracellular signaling transduction pathways involved in oxidative stress induced by nanoparticles in cancer cells. Activation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has some therapeutic benefits in arresting the growth of cancer cells. Cobalt oxide nanoparticles (CoO NPs) are an interesting compound for ox...

Malaria is a major public health problem in tropical and subtropical countries, including India. This study elucidates the cause of chloroquine treatment failure (for Plasmodium falciparum infection) before the introduction of artemisinin combination therapy. One hundred twenty-six patients were randomized to chloroquine treatment, and the therapeu...

Objective: To evaluate phytopharmacologically eugenol and two extract products of Ocimum gratissimum Linn. (O. gratissimum) (Labiaceae) on free radical scavenging and antioxidant activity. Methods: Aqueous and methanol extract of fresh aerial part of O. gratissimum were prepared and eugenol (1-allyl-4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzene) was isolated from...

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Accumulating evidence indicates that wide range of polymer based nanoconjugated drug have the ability to overcome the microbial infection. The present study was to evaluate the effects of nanoconjugated chloroquine (Nch) against Plasmodium berghei NK65 (P. berghei) infection on selective makers of oxidative damage, antioxidant status, pro-inflammat...

The objective of this study was to develop chitosan-based delivery of cobalt oxide nanoparticles to human leukemic cells and investigate their specific induction of apoptosis. The physicochemical properties of the chitosan-coated cobalt oxide nanoparticles were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, X-ray di...

Chitosan is a natural polysaccharide that has attracted significant scientific interest during the last two decades and chitosan based nanodrug delivery systems seem to be a hopeful and viable strategy for improving disease treatment. This study aims to evaluate the potency of the polymer based nanochloroquine in application for attenuation of Plas...

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by the protozoan parasite, Leishmania donovani, is associated with irregular fever, weight loss, hepatosplenomegaly and anemia. The therapeutic arsenal against VL is limited and the recent advent of a novel immunomodulatory drug, Miltefosine has shown promising results for effective treatment of VL but its depende...

Chewing of gutkha is a risk factor for several diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of gutkha on oxidative damage and antioxidant enzyme status in serum, lymphocyte, and neutrophils. Male subjects were randomly selected from university students (21–24 years) in a rural community in the District of Midnapore, West Bengal,...

To evaluate the free radical generation and antioxidant enzymes status in murine peritoneal macrophage during in vitro amikacin resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ARPA) treatment with different time interval. Peritoneal macrophages were treated with 1×10(8) CFU/mL ARPA cell suspension in vitro for different time interval (1, 2, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h) a...

Objective To evaluate the molecular mechanism of chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in West Bengal, eastern part, India.Methods Parasitic bloods were collected from patients in Kolkata and Purulia, in vitro drug susceptibility test were performed in those 179 isolates. Now parasitic DNA was isolated by phenol chloroform extraction...

Staphylococcus aureus is most frequently isolated pathogen causing bloodstream infections, skin and soft tissue infections, and pneumonia. The immune cells use reactive oxygen species (ROS) for carrying out their normal functions, while an excess amount of ROS can attack cellular components that lead to cell damage. The aim of the present study was...

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) are severely compromised for the induction of proinflammatory mediators following toll-like receptor (TLR) activation. Here, we reported that the defective TLR response in TAM was due to the malfunctioning of the myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88)-dependent signaling cascade in concert with d...

Objective. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible antioxidant effects of nanoconjugated vancomycin against VRSA infection on select makers of oxidative damage and antioxidant status in spleen. Methods. A coagulase-positive VRSA strain was used for this study. VRSA infection was developed in Swiss mice by intraperitoneal injection...

To observe the biochemical characters and antibiotic susceptibility of isolated Staphylococcus aureus (S. auerus) strains against some conventional and traditional antibiotics. Thirty post operative pathogenic isolated S. aureus strains were used in this study. Bacterial culture was done in Mueller-Hinton broth at 37 °C. Characters of these strains...

To test the survival of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) inside lymphocyte that contributes to the pathogenesis of infection and possible anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effect of nanoconjugated vancomycin against in vivo S. aureus infection in a dose and duration dependent manner. 5×10(6) CFU/mL vancomycin-sensitive S. aureus (VSSA) and vanco...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the immune functions by nicotine-induced murine peritoneal macrophages, and Th1/Th2 cytokine balance in it, and concurrently to establish the immunomodulatory role of eugenol, and N-acetylcysteine in nicotine-induced macrophages. Eugenol was isolated from Ocimum gratissimum, and characterized by HPLC, FTIR, and...

To evaluate the potency of carboxymethyl chitosan-2, 2' ethylenedioxy bis-ethylamine-folate (CMC-EDBE-FA) on tissue injury, antioxidant status and glutathione system in tissue mitochondria and serum against nicotine-induced oxidative stress in mice. CMC-EDBE-FA was prepared on basis of carboxymethyl chitosan tagged with folic acid by covalently lin...

Staphylococcus aureus is most frequently isolated pathogen causing bloodstream infections, skin and soft tissue infections and pneumonia. Recently, S. aureus have evolved resistance to both synthetic and traditional antibiotics. This study was carried out to isolate pathogenic S. aureus from post-operative pus sample, and VRSA was identified by eva...

Staphylococcus aureus is the most frequently isolated pathogen causing bloodstream infections, skin and soft tissue infections and pneumonia. Lymphocyte is an important immune cell. The aim of the present paper was to test the ameliorative role of nanoconjugated vancomycin against Vancomycin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (VSSA) and vancomycin-res...

The aim of this present study was to evaluate the immune functions and immune responses in nicotine-induced (10 mM) macrophages and concurrently establish the immunomodulatory role of aqueous extract of Ocimum gratissimum (Ae-Og) and ascorbic acid. In this study, nitrite generations and some phenotype functions by macrophages were studied. Beside t...

Objective: To test the in vitro protective role of aqueous extract of Ocimum gratissimum Linn. (O. gratissimum) and ascorbic acid against nicotine induced murine peritoneal macrophage. Methods: Peritoneal macrophages from mice were treated with nicotine (10 mM), nicotine (10 mM) with aqueous extract of O. gratissimum (1 to 25 mu g/mL), and nicotine...

: Nicotine is an alkaloid and the precursor to many tobacco carcinogens present in various tobacco products. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the free radical generation and status of the glutathione cycle in murine peritoneal macrophage during in vitro nicotine exposure with different time interval. Peritoneal macrophages were treated...

Lymphocytes are an important immunological cell and have been played a significant role in acquired immune system; hence, may play in pivotal role in immunosenescence. Oxidative stress has been reported to increase in elderly subjects, possibly arising from an uncontrolled production of free radicals with aging and decreased antioxidant defenses. T...

More than 90% of Staphylococcus strains are resistant to penicillin. In 1961 S. aureus developed resistance to methicillin (MRSA), invalidating almost all antibiotics, including the most potent beta-lactams. Vancomycin, a glycopeptide antibiotic, was used for the treatment of MRSA in 1980. Vancomycin inhibits the bio-synthesis of peptidoglycan and...

The present work is aimed at evaluating the protective effect of eugenol against in vitro nicotine-induced toxicity in murine peritoneal macrophages, compared with N-acetylcysteine. Eugenol was isolated from Ocimum gratissimum and characterized by HPLC, FTIR, (1)H NMR. To establish most effective protective support, we used five different concentra...

In the present study, methanol extract of Ocimum gratissimum Linn (ME-Og) was tested against nicotine-induced murine peritoneal macrophage in vitro. Phytochemical analysis of ME-Og shown high amount of flavonoid and phenolic compound present in it. The cytotoxic effect of ME-Og was studied in murine peritoneal macrophages at different concentration...

The immune cells use reactive oxygen species (ROS) for carrying out their normal functions while an excess amount of ROS can attack cellular components that lead to cell damage. In the present study, peritoneal macrophages (6 x 10(6) cells, >95% viable) isolated from male Swiss mice were treated with nicotine (1 mM, 5 mM, 10 mM, 25 mM, and 50 mM) i...

The ameliorative properties of bioactive compound andrographolide (ANDRO), aqueous extract of Andrographis paniculata (AE-AP) and vitamin E (vit.E) were tested against nicotine induced liver, kidney, heart, lung and spleen toxicity. A group of male Wistar rats were intraperitoneally administered vehicle, nicotine (1mg/kg body weight/day), nicotine+...

Cigarette smoking has been implicated as a significant risk factor for the establishment and progression of several diseases. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of smoking in serum as well as in neutrophil oxidative damage and antioxidant status. Subjects were randomly chosen from male university students (22-25 years) in a rural c...

Our aim was to assess the oxidative stress and ameliorative effect of L-glutamine in serum, neutrophils, and lymphocytes of oral cancer patients by measuring the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidants. This study has been conducted on serum and specific blood cells in adult, male oral cancer patients (stage III-6, stage IV-42) and normal...