Sankar Kumar Acharya

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Sankar verified their affiliation via an institutional email.

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• Ph D in Agricultural Extension
• Professor (Full) at Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya

Albeit August Comte, way back in the later part of 19 th century, conducted an array if heuristics, in Social physics in his path breaking work on Positive Philosophy, not much of progress has been there in this genre of research in India. The interchange ability of physics and social science has recently been drawn with the realms of social networ...

Quantum social science (QSS) is the latest and the swashbuckling progress in the genre of social science research which got off to a start since 2013 only. This is basically an extrapolation of Heisenberg's and Schrodinger's empirical researches on quantum mechanics harboring on entanglement and complementarity principles. The present paper delves...

Context: Decision-making is a cognitive process involving problem identification, analysis, evaluation, and choice selection. It follows a structured hierarchy and is influenced by internal, external, and contextual factors. Various decision types and styles exist, guided by different decision-making theories, shaping individual, organizational, an...

Productivity, income have got classical propensity to move in mutual contradiction. Albeit, an operational reconciliation has been possible when these are put to a process of synchronization. With the escalation of income in an expected situation, it is deemed that the livelihood will have a proportionate change. The present study has been conducte...

Informed decision-making by the farmers is crucial for the sustainability, productivity, and profitability of their farms. The study conducted during 2023-24, aimed to develop a scale for assessing farmers' decision-making in agriculture. The construction of the decision-making scale began with item analysis, using the Likert's technique. The study...

This study examines the relationship between the perceived sways of contract farming on employment generation and poverty reduction among smallholders, focusing on socio-demographic factors using Path Analysis. Conducted in the Cooch Behar II block of West Bengal’s Cooch Behar district, this research followed an ex-post-facto research design. This...

In the evolving extension science, the need of extrapolation of principles of physics, biology or material sciences have become a unique approach to re-engineering conceptual inputs of extension science. August Comte, the father of sociology dealt with social physics, Durkheim experiments with functionalism. Green revolution in India has triggered...

Millet: The Magic seeds Prof (Dr) Sankar Kr Acharya Dean, PGs, BCKV Abstract: The planet is heading for a serious shortage of sweet water, essential for the production of food, drinking purposes and the very existence of civilization. During 50 s, per capita of available ground water in India was approximately 5000 cubic meter/yr, now it has been...

In a first, we used Preference Ranking Organization Method and Geometrical Analysis for Interactive Aid (PROMETHEE-GAIA) tool in agricultural research for identifying the best management decision with weakening factors for cultivation of mustard following rice under fifteen regimes of conservation agriculture (CA) practices, because of its versatil...

"Migration is encrypted with our DNA, we are migrants by nature. If pollen migrates from even continent to continent, it quite natural human being would migrate from place to place, occupation to occupation and rural to urban ecology. The book empirically tested the nature, cause and impacts of migration in a typical CDR, complex-diverse-risk prone...

"Any disruption or perturbation in ecological system can generate serious consequences and network of ripples for resilience and livelihoods as evidenced by the challenges confronting Indian agriculture by fact and figure. Approximately, 67 per cent of Indias cultivable land is suffering from organic carbon status, and, the indiscriminate depletion...

"A metamorphosis in Indian agriculture is inevitable and imminent. Agriculture must have to go by a profit making venture with fresh, dazzling and performing entrepreneurship. Our farmer producers need to undergo a drastic and robust change in their outlook, skill and pace of execution so that all green produces can have transformation into a produ...

"The global agriculture industry is currently facing serious threats, which have arisen from the promotion of unsustainable farming practices over an extended period, resulting in significant disruptions to ecological systems and their related functions. The complexity of this problem is further compounded by the unpredictable pace of global warmin...

"Communication plays a crucial role in facilitating production and shaping production behavior within a business ecosystem. In Indian agriculture, Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) have emerged as a new institutional arrangement for farmers, extending beyond the scale of individual holdings. The primary challenge in promoting such transformation...

"The book, Migration in Social Ecology of North East Himalayas and Visualization through Mental Modeling, which will go a long way in contributing policy research and empirical studies in regard to migration and its impact in any operation social ecology across the globe. It is going to be a worth reading ocument for all scholars and faculties hail...

Informed decision-making by the farmers is crucial for the sustainability, productivity, and profitability of their farms. The study conducted during 2023-24, aimed to develop a scale for assessing farmers' decision-making in agriculture. The construction of the decision-making scale began with item analysis, using the Likert's technique. The study...

"The contamination of groundwater with arsenic poses a significant threat to both human health and ecological systems. The ingestion of arsenic from groundwater by crops, livestock, and humans leads to biological magnification, causing silent harm to health and ecosystems. The eastern part of the Bhagirathi river in West Bengal is particularly vuln...

This study explored how COVID-19 affected farmers in Chikkaballapur District, Karnataka, India. Using an ex-post-facto research design, data were collected from 50 randomly selected farmers through a pretested structured interview schedule. The goal was to understand their perceptions of the pandemic's impact on farming, productivity, economy, mark...

The brunt of climate change on plant animals and human beings is going to be exponential and millions of hectares of land and ecosystem are to encounter the vagaries of global warming and climate change. In spite of direct negative impacts ,a well-designed expansion, socialization, and institutionalization of spices cultivation and consumption can...

Arsenic contamination in ground water has become a global concern , more prominent in south-east Asian countries. This has thrown a challenge to our agriculture depending heavily on ground water depletion. With an unplanned and mindless extraction of ground water for supporting our irrigated agriculture, we have invited arsenic to go for poisoning...

Albeit we achieve green revolution, we had a quantum jump of food grain production from 50 million tons to 130 million tons during seventies to set the nation free from begging bowl syndromes, yet a plethora of issues remained unsolved. Disruption of ecology and poor status of farm income which has been small, uncertain and frivolous needs to be re...

Indian agriculture is passing through a seminal transformation for the survival and triumph of millions of farmers who want agriculture as a profit making enterprise rather than a tradition to follow without finding any option to switch over. Moringa (Moringa oleifera) has come up as a magic plant to tens and thousands of farmers especially in sout...

India's economy relies heavily on farming, which is crucial for growth, jobs, and survival. However weather uncertainties like droughts, floods, and heatwaves make farming challenging. These uncertainties lower crop yield and quality, causing financial problems for farmers. Despite farmers' efforts, unpredictable weather still hurts crop management...

Recognising the enormous potential of Millets, which also aligns with several UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the Government of India (GoI) has prioritized Millets. In April 2018, Millets were rebranded as “Nutri Cereals”, followed by the year 2018 being declared as the National Year of Millets, aiming at larger promotion and demand genera...

Social-ecological resilience is the capacity to adapt or transform in the face of change in social-ecological systems, particularly unexpected change, in ways that continue to support human well-being.

"Never ever in the annals of human civilization, the importance of ecological resilience has become so important and imperative as we are perceiving now. Both the need and greed of food economics have driven the resource bases of our ecosystem, to a dilapidated and fragile status. By 2050 the world population will touch close to 9.5 billion and we...

Rural-urban migration has its inherent linkages to agricultural development. The prosperity of rural economy depends on the prosperity of agriculture. In rural areas there are low employments opportunities in non-farm sector and thus rural people are compelled to join agriculture sector. These result into surplus labor in the rural farm sector and...

Migration is an inevitable character of evolving civilization. It was there, it is now everywhere and it will continue for the posterity. Two factors are responsible for migration i.e. Push factors and Pull factors. Due to push factors the people under compulsion migrate from their home and on the other hand the pull factors attracts towards outsid...

"Now there is no dearth of experts on climate change, nor even on global warming. Our global leaders are busy with international conferences; experts are predicting what is going to happen to agriculture or livelihood through applying AI devices and perditions. Now we have started taking notes through a blend of participatory and non-participatory...

Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) have emerged as a significant force in the business landscape of Odisha and India as a whole, offering a novel approach to development. For the first time since independence, farmers are establishing their own companies using their own produce, and with proper business processes and communication, they are equip...

Indian agriculture is passing through a seminal transformation for the survival and triumph of millions of farmers who want agriculture as a profit making enterprise rather than a tradition to follow without finding any option to switch over. Moringa (Moringa oleifera) has come up as a magic plant to tens and thousands of farmers especially in sout...

The global agriculture is now under serious threats and these are emanating from persuasion of wrong agriculture over a protractile period leading to serious disruption of ecology and its cognate functions. The problem is more complex due to unpredicted pace of global warming and climate change. India is to support a mammoth population size of 1600...

This research employs Fuzzy-logic Cognitive Mapping (FCM) to study migration in Darjeeling, India, representing stakeholder perceptions through Mental Modeler software. Aggregated cognitive maps form shared models, revealing migration drivers, ordinary factors, and recipients. The pandemic heightened challenges due to tourism dependence. FCM identi...

Every man desires to see him happy, and it is impulsive and instinctive as well. Happiness germinates from the seedbed of security, social, economic and ecological securities. Our classical extension research is busy with estimating adoption level since the beginning of green revolution in 70s, and yet it seldom attempts to estimate the level of ha...

Entering into the 75th year of Independence, Indian agriculture has been shifting its focus towards alleviating the conditions of farmers to make them agri-preneur. For this purpose, Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs) are being projected as one of the potential institutions. When the clusters of farmers are brought together as part of a producer...

In the ’post green revolution’ period , small and marginal farmers got lesser benefits than the big farmers, apart from this, continuous mono-cropping for the years after years in the same pieces of land has done some serious harm. There are also many evidences of diminishing returns the intensive chemical agriculture Conservation Agriculture: A c...

Indian farming has been classically suffering from a systemic conflict amongst and between yield, income and livelihood. It is very usual to see that when yield of crop increases , the income slashes down; and when both inreasing , livelihood sufferes. The book based on a Ph D thesis work , rveals the complex interaction .

This is an empirical reasech on how best the conflict and compliances can be estimated between and amongst yield , income and livelihood in Indian farming. There has been a classical conflict when yield increases , farmers' income suffers, and when both are improving , livelihood suffers. The book is a unique repository and expression of this class...

Social entropy is a sociological theory that evaluates social behaviors using a method based on the second law of thermodynamics. The equivalent of entropy in a social system is considered to be wealth or residence location. The term "social entropy" was first used by physicist Peter Tait in 1874.The theory was introduced by Kenneth D. Bailey in 19...

Empowering women is one of the most crucial concerns of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) of the United Nations. Women need, at the best, a tiny opportunity either to build their own pathway to empowerment. In this study we identified the relationship among and between some exogenous variables and change in empowerment of the women in SHGs. Th...

Natural resource management, conservation agriculture, and stewardship are nothing more than a socio-ecological continuum that unites nature and mankind. The ecological system is now at a dangerously inelastic level because of the depletive nature of conventional agriculture. The present study aims to identif y and characterize the variables respon...

This research employs Fuzzy-logic Cognitive Mapping (FCM) to study migration in Darjeeling, India, representing stakeholder perceptions through Mental Modeler software. Aggregated cognitive maps form shared models, revealing migration drivers, ordinary factors, and recipients. The pandemic heightened challenges due to tourism dependence. FCM identi...

This study explored how COVID-19 affected farmers in Chikkaballapur District, Karnataka, India. Using an ex-post-facto research design, data were collected from 50 randomly selected farmers through a pretested structured interview schedule. The goal was to understand their perceptions of the pandemic's impact on farming, productivity, economy, mark...

Jute is an important crop that contributes a pivotal role in the economy and supports the livelihoods of the farmers of the Northern part of West Bengal. However, farmers in the region are gradually shifting away from traditional jute cultivation to adopting maize as their preference and the study investigated the factors influencing transformation...

The current study conducts an in-depth investigation into communication strategies employed by FPOs, explicitly focusing on the interaction between two distinct paradigms: the Localite and Cosmopolite Information Systems. This research was carried out in the 5 villages of Uttar Dinajpur and Nadia districts of West Bengal. For the state, districts a...

The agricultural challenges in Eastern India's emerging alluvial region stem from geographical variations, climate differences, excessive mechanization, and energy inefficiency. To restore ecological balance, reclaiming ecosystems' ability to function and recover from disturbances is crucial. Stronger farming methods, including soil preservation, d...

Fly ash emissions from thermal power stations are inflicting detrimental impacts on the crop, livestock, icthyofaunal population, livelihood, and ecosystem services across the world. Kolaghat Thermal Power Plant (KTPP) has been no exception to it. The research has been conducted on 100 respondents pursuing agriculture as their primary occupation to...

The agricultural challenges in Eastern India's alluvial region stem from geographical variations, climate differences, excessive mechanization, and energy inefficiency. To restore ecological balance, reclaiming ecosystems' ability to function and recover from disturbances is crucial. Stronger farming methods, including soil preservation, diverse cr...

Agriculture manipulates natural ecosystems for crop production. However, in the initial times of civilization, humans were an integral part of the wild ecosystem as were other animals and were dependent on the natural energy flow in these systems. When the human population started growing above the carrying capacity, they initiated modification of...

Modern-day farming has been confronting the dynamics of change of farm ecosystem and evolving needs of the farmers. It is vital to drive the farmers to varied sources of income and make them adapt to the trajectory of entrepreneurships. To elicit the hard evidences, farmers must indulge an active communication process and receive valid information...

Emissions from thermal power stations have got a deleterious impact on the surrounding agro-ecosystem including rural health. The present study was carried out to elicit the facts and information regarding the detrimental effect caused by the Kolaghat thermal power station on people's general health, which has been studied in the state of West Beng...

The new institutional reforms in Indian Agriculture is being spearheaded by FPOs. The business ecosystems are evolving with new trajectories to bring hope and aspiration for millions of farmers , mostly small and marginal by socio-economic topography.

Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs) are the emerging means for attaining benefits of value addition apart from achieving a decent source of income for the farming diaspora.The collective approach for branding agricultural products paves the way for creating an identity of localized products across the markets at the global level. Along with provid...

Farmers are the primary producers of food and other agricultural goods and play a crucial role in the agricultural sector. Farmers need fast and accurate information on a variety of farming-related issues, including weather, markets, pests and diseases, farming techniques, and agricultural inputs, to make informed decisions. Farmers' information-se...

Farmers are the primary producers of food and other agricultural goods play a crucial part in the agricultural sector. Farmers need fast and accurate information on a variety of farming-related issues including weather, markets, pests and diseases, farming techniques, and agricultural inputs, to make informed decisions. Farmers' information-seeking...

Farmer producer organizations (FPOs) help reduce risk, improve new corridors for entrepreneurship, and a new institutional expanse for redefining the value of agriculture for the 21st century. This organization has got the ability to usher a perennial impact on the farm community essential for their evolutionary growth. Economical communication of...

Value chain in enterprise ecology plays the pivotal role and it provides an arterial services to the enterprise ecosystem dynamics. Now almost 35-40 per cent of agricultural produce are damaged due to lack of value chain. If you want to enhance the marketability and consumer's preferences, this is the high time to focus on the value chain managemen...

Farmer producer organizations (FPOs) are the present and future generation institutional innovations focusing on all round development of farmers as well as farm enterprises. This is going to act as single channel delivery system of farm based services. FPO provides a new platform for engaging a new era of group dynamics among farmers as well asses...

A mathematical modelbased approach to assessing water pollution through the ecodynamics of freshwater zooplankton community and remediation strategies

Water resource susceptibility and sustainability

India is being increasingly characterized with high intensity agriculture. New alluvial zone is also highly depending on agriculture which in turn is both powerful and depletive by nature. Most of the blocks in West Bengal facing a major problem of arsenic contamination which affect on human being and livestock by entering into food chain. Due to m...

The role, perception and impacts of Farmers Producer Organization in transforming entrepreneurial behaviourof farmers in Odisha.

Farmer producer organisations (FPOs) are helping a much needed removal of economic fatigue of Indian agriculture by accelerating entrepreneurial growth and business communication at the grassroot farmer’s level. This extended summary gives details regarding the communication behaviour displayed by the farmers of FPOs.

Farmer producer organisations (FPOs) provides a necessary makeover to the micro-sociological agrarian community who have been facing farm distress over decades. These tend to have micro-sociological implications on various stakeholders involved with the farming ecosystem. Information seeking behavior of FPO members has been the prime movers for fur...

Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) provides multifaceted and beneficial services in enabling the farmers with recent innovation and methodologies. The present study deals with the gender issues of Krishi Vigyan Kendra and both the adopted and non-adopted villages have been selected for the study. Following multistage sampling procedure, 150 respondents hav...

Social Entropy , chaos and disorder in Indian Farming. Therodynamics 2nd law has been extrapolated to estimate social entropy.

The sociology of agriculture has now built up a strong kinship with ecology of agriculture; and in between there have been income, productivity and livelihood for myriad of farmers with marginal land and fragile income. It is nearly difficult to drive the apparently conflicting issues of income, ecology, productivity and livelihood to form an organ...

Silence is the lethal catalyst in tranforing poverty into hunger. A mathematical model is being applied to elucidate the nexus

The agricultural production and entrepreneurship basically depends on micro level decision, macro level policy and strategy. Decision is the process to select the best alternatives in neo-modernization of agriculture and the concept of urbanization is the process that is becoming more complex and confusing. Human intuitive judgment and decision mak...

"UN declaration on sustainable goals on 2015, 17 by count, to be achieved by 2030, certainly focuses on ensuring well-being of people, especially of rural populace reeling under faster marginalization process. That is why and how the issues of ensuring happiness has earned that much of importance. The happiness for deprived class is attainable by e...

Indian agriculture at large has been on trajectory of grand uncertainty. The brunt of climate change, sharp undulation in productivity, unpredictability in market price, the consistent up rise in cost of cultivation and downfall of net return are amounting to what we may call the grand uncertainty. Uncertainty is an inevitable character of any syst...

Migration is an integral part of social ecology as well as economic development. The four streams of internal migration are rural-rural, rural-urban, urban-rural, and urban-urban. Rural-urban migration has its inherent linkages to agricultural development. In recent years, COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the process of migration by humongous scal...

In order to produce competitive and healthy products, farmers must use analytics. In reality, farmers make a variety of judgments based on their thinking, which is not always realistic. Data mining, data analysis, and decision support systems have all developed into crucial tools for advancing business. An innovative technology called Agro DSS serv...

To generate an excellent research output, we need to train up our scholars with advanced and appropriate research methodology. Even with a big research project, the outputs are poor because of a fragile methodology or design. The book, Research Methodology: Techniques and methods, has been a well thought out book creation to serve the scholars and...

Conservation Agriculture (CA) has got the huge potential to address the issue of global food security with ecological resilience and replenishment. The present study was conducted across 40 counties of the state of Ohio in the United States of America to assess and prioritize the social-ecological factors operating at CA farms, using both qualitati...

The contribution of Indian women in agriculture is almost 80 %, while they are accessing benefits from agriculture till now is only 7-8%. This is a stark discrimination between contribution made and benefits accrued to. Krishi Vigyan Kendra in India is aiming at imparting training and capacity building programme for the desired empowerment of rural...

History of human civilization initiated with the struggle against hunger, it flourishes with the fight against poverty and turns oblivious with absence of voices being raised against these two bio-social lethal. If hunger is a pain, poverty is an agony, then, keeping silent against this carcinoma of civilization is no doubt a crime. Is it that poor...

The social ecology of tea gardens in north-eastern part of India has been characterized with polymorphic interactions amongst and between three sets of sub- ecological cybernetics viz. physical ecology, biological ecology and social ecology. Each of these sub- ecosystems is being comprised of sets of constituent characters. The present study has en...

Anthropogenic plot-level disturbances may influence insect communities in an ecosystem. Documenting these small-scale disturbances through remote sensing in forested habitats of the developing world can be expensive. Disturbance indices can also be computed using visible signs of disturbance documented through ground-level surveys. In this study, w...

Climate has got a direct impact on global food production. Soil erosion, crop disease-pest outbreaks, and other problems are caused and accentuated by rapid climate change (or other factors), necessitating more resource surveillance and management in order to develop new adaptation techniques and strategies in the face of changing climate and resou...

Uncertainty is an inhabitable character of any system where most of the contradictory factors are either unpredictable or unfathomable. The higher the complexity, the lesser would be the resilience. The agricultural production system, as it is managed in Indian conditions is most vulnerable to a plethora of uncertainties. Mostly managed in open-air...

The impact of thermal power emissions on the environment is escalating day by day. Simultaneously, it is disrupting the resilience of the agroecosystem as well as the livelihood of farmers. So, the present study was carried out to investigate the eco-environmental impact of thermal power emission on operating agro-ecosystems and the livelihood of f...

Productivity, income, livelihood, and ecological resilience have got classical propensity to move in mutual contradiction. Albeit, an operational reconciliation has been possible when these are put into a process of synchronization. With the escalation of income in an expected situation, it is deemed that the livelihood will have a proportionate ch...

Everyone by nature remains in search of happiness, a mental state of well-being. As happiness is an expectation, entropy persists as a reality. Indian farmers are supposed to cope with the humongous responsibility of food security of millions but seldom do we care for their happiness. Happiness is the most adored goal for everyone on this planet an...

Everyone by nature remains in search of happiness, a mental state of well being. As happiness is an expectation, entropy persists as a reality. Indian farmers are supposed to bear the humongous responsibility of food security of millions but seldom do we care for their happiness. This review paper examines different aspects of farmers' happiness in...

DSS, Decision Support System, can play a crucial role in coastal system agriculture and livelihood monitoring. It has been much more effective when gets blended with participatory data analysis and monitoring. This is a very innovative chapter to draw the attention of the international audience for effective data and decision monitoring in coastal...

Unlike other parts of the globe, small and marginal farmers in India have to confront with uncertainty and chaos. These uncertainties are relating weather, market, livelihood, productivity and functional knowledge in agriculture. These are more conspicuous for a coastal ecosystem of Bengal. The brunt of climate change, sea level rise, ingress of sa...

India is an agricultural country. In India, agriculture's contribution to GDP increased from 17.8% in 2019–20 to 19.9% in 2020–21. But now, the sector is most vulnerable. The undetermined change of climate is a major issue for this incertitude. Agriculture is an open-air business. It is extremely exposed to weather operations. The rapid, as well as...

Farmers' analytics is inevitable for a competitive and healthy agricultural production. In the ground reality, various decisions are taken by the farmers considering their mindset, which are not always sound. Decision support systems, data mining, and data analysis have all become important instruments for enhancing business. AgroDSS is a unique sy...

Jute is a major commercial crop grown by the majority of the small and marginal farmers of West Bengal. To make this venture profitable ICAR-Central Research Institute of Jute and Allied Fibres (CRIJAF) had developed innovative jute production technologies. The study was conducted in 2021 in villages of North 24 Parganas and Nadia districts of West...

Depleting natural resources, environmental pollution and climate change are the three major factors of concern simmering up with contemporary global agriculture. Conservation agriculture (CA) is being flagged up as a sustainable adaptation mechanism. Adoption of CA depends upon ecological as well as, farmers' level of perception, knowledge acquisit...

Conservation agriculture (CA) is about conserving natural resources through optimum usage along with adopting proper management measures to cut down on excessive use of inputs. Minimum tillage and retention of crop residues on the field help in the conservation of soil moisture and will result in the saving of irrigation water. To inculcate the ben...

KVK can be considered as the lighthouse simply because it enlightens, directs and motivates the farming diasporas for the betterment of their livelihood as well as ecological growth. The present study deals with the gender issues of Krishi Vigyan Kendra and both the adopted and non-adopted villages have been studied. 150 respondents have been sele...

The Covid-19 impacted the world in many ways, firstly it shattered human health and then it showed ill some effects on the economy and agriculture. In India the farmers faced many constraints in utilizing technology in agriculture during pandemics. This study has been done in the Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh with a sample size of 60 respondent...

The role of Self Help Groups (SHGs) in the development of entrepreneurship especially for women in the rural areas is vital. SHG is a village-based financial intermediary committee normally consist of 10-20 local women or men. Self-help group is basically group of individual members who by free alliance come together for a common communal purpose....

India is a country of agriculture and rivers. Nearly 70 per cent of its population is directly or indirectly depends on agriculture. Having 2/3rd of its population in villages, India’s economy and its problems is largely affected by its people residing in villages. The villages of India are quite wholesome in nature and it has a proper comprehensiv...

Transformation of agricultural lands into non-farm lands or plantations has got tremendous ecological chaos and ripples. Northern part of West Bengal is undergoing rapid changes in rural areas where new opportunities are emerging in the form of demand-driven and market-driven agriculture. Due to persistent low returns from traditional rice cultivat...