Sanjay Kalra

Diabetes and obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) are interconnected chronic conditions. The increasing prevalence of obesity drives the pathogenesis of these interrelated disorders. OSA, characterised by nocturnal hypoxia resulting from recurrent episodes of upper airway obstruction during sleep, is common in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T...

Electrolyte imbalances are a common and challenging aspect of managing chronic kidney disease (CKD). Despite advances in treatment, a phenomenon known as "electrolyte inertia"-the inertness to correcting abnormal electrolyte levels-may persist in CKD patients. This inertia can result from various factors which include delayed therapeutic interventi...

With the increasing prevalence of obesity, a triage systemis needed to prioritize access to obesity care services, aswell as support efficient choice of education andcounselling strategies. The sapiopsychosocial triage(SPST) system, based upon cognitive, psychological andsocial assessment of the person living with obesity, helpsdetermine the style...

complaint. Asthenia is a subjective, static feeling of weakness, not necessarily related to effort. We propose a simple algorithm which can help primary care physicians in evaluation and counselling of persons presenting with asthenia. (Table 1). This is equally important in persons with acute symptoms and chronic lifestyle diseases. Keywords: Anab...

Glucosarcopenia, or sarcopenia coexisting with diabetes,is a common condition. Caused by various factors,including poor glucose control, as well as some glucoseloweringtherapies, sarcopenia negatively impacts qualityof life and long-term health. Nandrolone, or 19-nortestosterone, is a selective anabolic receptormodulator (SARM), classified as an an...

Fasting during Ramadan poses distinct challenges for individuals with kidney disease, requiring a careful balance between spiritual commitments and health maintenance. This article combines insights from recent research and guidelines to offer a thorough framework for risk assessment. Patients are classified into low, moderate, and high-risk catego...

Highlights •Asian Indians with Type 2 Diabetes should undergo mandatory screening for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) using non-invasive tools like Fibrosis-4 Index (FIB-4) or vibration-controlled transient elastography for disease assessment and progression monitoring. •Lifestyle modifications through culturally ap...

Physical inactivity (PIA) is a pressing public health issue globally, contributing significantly to the rise of non-communicable diseases (NCD), such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. The World Health Organization emphasises the importance of regular physical activity (PA) for preventing and managing NCDs. Initiatives to promote active...

Introduction Burnout is a growing concern among healthcare providers, with varying prevalence by specialty. While reports suggest that up to half of endocrinologists experience burnout, few systematic studies exist to identify the factors responsible. Methods We conducted an electronic survey of practicing endocrinologists across India. The survey...

Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in India, yet no standardized guidelines exist for classifying vitamin D status or its prevention and treatment. Even more, there is no consensus specific to vitamin D supplementation for the Indian population, and there are inconsistencies in the cut-off values for deficiency, severe deficiency, and insuffi...

Medical Science is ever-evolving, advancing and progressing for better understanding and management of diseases. However, despite these advancements and progression, even today we can find superstition, non-scientific thinking and supernatural beliefs influencing the way people think and behave to manage their diseases. Supernatural beliefs are bel...

The terms ‘adrenal asthenia’, ‘adrenal fatigue’ and ‘adrenalburnout’, sometimes used in lay language, are not a part ofthe medical or endocrine lexicon. In this opinion piece, weexplore the relevance of adrenal asthenia and describe howit can be used in different clinical situations, with varyingconnotations. Adrenal asthenia may refer to adrenocor...

Nutrition is a complex and sometimes confusing subject.The existing classification of nutrients into two groups,macro and micronutrients, does not do justice to the widespectrum of nutritional foods available. In this opinionpiece, we suggest a six-layered 6M hierarchal classificationof nutrients that offers a comprehensive and completeunderstandin...

As obesity becomes more and more common, it will get (ormay already have) converted from an epidemic to anendemic. This opinion piece discusses theseepidemiological definitions in the context of obesity andproposes three obesity epidemicity indices to quantifytheir indices. It discusses the rationale behind using suchratios to measure endemicity. T...

Motivation is an essential part of medicine. The best of medication will have no benefit if the patient is not motivated to accept or adhere to prescribed therapy. Motivational therapeutics, therefore, becomes an integral part of every patient-physician interaction. This is especially true in chronic disease management. Keywords: Chronic disease, d...

Schools, workplaces, and society play a critical role in providing a safe and supportive environment to individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). However, for many people with T1DM in India, this still remains elusive. This white paper, led by distinguished experts from TiEUP, a national conclave for T1DM in India, thoroughly summarizes the...

Depression is a common and debilitating comorbidity in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), particularly those with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD, CKD stage 5). This association stems from a complex interplay of biological and psychosocial factors, including the accumulation of uraemic toxins such as middle molecules, chronic inflammation,...

Sarcopenia is a common yet an underrecognized clinical entity that is associated with multiple health consequences including high mortality. Though diagnostic criteria are published by different international working groups, there are no unified criteria to assess severity of sarcopenia. In this brief manuscript, we propose a novel comprehensive sa...

Nutrients are substances used by an organism to survive,grow and reproduce. ‘Social’ used in relation tocompanionship and society. In this opinion piece, wepropose and propound a novel concept, Socionutrition,and discuss the science of socionutrients, socionutrienttriggers and modifiers, as well as socionutrient abuse. Wediscuss these parameters in...

The impact of the surrounding social ecosystem on thewellbeing of an individual is well known. Based on thisconcept in this brief article we propose a novel termcalled the socebo effect, which may be defined as thepositive impact that occurs secondary to a change in thepsychological factors associated with disease, thephysician, the person-physicia...

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1D) is an autoimmune disordermarked by the destruction of insulin-producingpancreatic beta-cells. While insulin therapy remains thestandard of care, advancements in immunotherapypresent promising alternatives aimed at halting diseaseprogression and reducing insulin dependence. This briefreview highlights key immunomodulat...

Background Of the numerous complications encountered by people with diabetes (PWD), the effect on mental health is concerning. Within mental health, diabetes distress (DD) occurs when a patient has unfavourable emotional stress while managing their condition, which can be managed by coping strategies but are less studied together in Indian settings...

Hyperkalaemia is a life-threatening dyselectrolytaemia which is characterized by elevated serum potassium levels. It needs a systematic and overarching approach to effectively manage a case of hyperkalaemia. We propose a structured A-to-H approach to guide clinicians in managing hyperkalaemia, ensuring that no critical aspect is neglected or inadve...

Sleep stewardship is a systematic effort to ensure relaxedand restorative sleep, by optimizing pre-sleep, intra-sleepand post-sleep environment and ambience, in a rationalmanner. It includes not only sleep hygiene andprevention of sleeping pill abuse, but also macro- andmeso-level interventions to improve sleep quality. Theperson living with sleep...

Obesity has been described as a chronic metabolicdisease, characterized by excessive adiposity.1 Mostdiscussion about the consequences and complications ofobesity revolves around metabolic dysfunction, such asdysglycaemia, dyslipidaemia and hypertension. There isalso increasing awareness about ectopic adipose tissuedeposition and its deleterious ef...

Graves' disease (GD) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by activation of the TSH receptor by stimulatory autoantibodies (TSH Receptor Antibodies, or TRAbs), leading to unregulated thyroid hormone production. Diagnosis is largely based on the typical clinical picture and laboratory thyroid panel. Establishment of elevated serum levels of TRAbs...

The rising global prevalence of diabetes poses a serious threat to public health, national economies, and the healthcare system. Despite a high degree of disease heterogeneity and advancing techniques, there is still an unclear diagnosis of patients with diabetes compounded by the array of long-term microvascular and macrovascular complications ass...

Background: The COMPANION research survey was conducted to understand glycemic durability and compliance with existing care among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in India. Methods: The cross-sectional observational survey enrolled 367 physicians; each physician responded to a questionnaire based on observation of 15 T2DM patients in their...

Kwashiorkor is a form of protein energy malnutrition,while obesity usually occurs due to overnutrition. Thesesyndromes, therefore, are considered to be poles apart.However, there are many similarities, between the twoconditions. Both are forms of malnutrition, and havecommon features in causation, clinical presentation,comorbidities and complicatio...

The conventional approach views diabetes in binaryterms: as type 1 or type 2 diabetes, with acute or chroniccomplications, needing either insulin or non-insulinagents. This, however, is an over-simplified impression.Diabetes may be a single eight-letter word, but it packs awide spectrum of causative factors, clinical presentations,comorbid conditio...

This conceptual paper defines and describes pragmaticperson centred care as an enhanced and expandedversion of the construct of person centred care (PCC).Pragmatic person centred care is defined as health carethat is respectful of, and responsive to the person’spreferences, needs and values, while being reflective ofavailable resource, reserves, an...

In this opinion piece, we introduce the concept ofergonomic endocrinology. Ergonomic endocrinology isdefined as the bidirectional and multifaceted relationshipbetween endocrine health and dysfunction on one hand,and ergonomic design and engineering on the other. Wedescribe the various domains of ergonomicendocrinology, using the classification rubr...

This communication describes beverage hydration index (BHI) and reviews its utility in clinical practice. BHI is defined as the urine output within 4 h of consuming 1000 ml of still water, relative to the urine output after taking an equal amount of a particular beverage. BHI can be used to objectively assess the hydrating capacities of beverages....

The Bhagavad Gita is a timeless reservoir of knowledge, guiding us in facing life’s challenges with clarity and resilience. As Lord Krishna declares, the Gita’s wisdom is available for those who believe in it, yet its principles can resonate universally, especially when simplified and contextualized for today’s world. The 18 chapters and 701 verses...

Dry eye disease (DED) is an inadequately addressed condition in the diabetes management process and can significantly impact the quality of life and self-care. Therefore, it was imperative to review DED in the diabetic population. The aim of this article was to obtain insights into the correlation between dry eye and diabetes, with a focus on data...

Background and aims: The profile of hypercalcaemia in hospitalized patients in India seems to be changing. However, studies evaluating the profile of hypercalcaemia in hospitalized settings in India are extremely limited. This prospective study aims to evaluate the clinical and biochemical profile of hospitalized patients with hypercalcaemia from a...

In this opinion piece, we appraise the International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome 2023 from a person-centric perspective. We discuss how the authors balance evidence with empathy and offer excellence in clinical decision-making while ensuring the empowerment of the affected individual. We n...

Obesity, which has emerged as a major global public healthchallenge, is associated with myriad medical andmultisystemic complications. Obesity impacts the malereproductive and sexual function in multiple ways as well.However, perhaps because of the focus on cardiovascularand metabolic health, the gonadal aspects of obesitymedicine have not been giv...

The term somnometabolic syndrome has been used todescribe a condition where obstructive sleep apnoeacoexists with one or more components of metabolicsyndrome. We propose a wider definition, stating thatsomnometabolic syndrome refers to the multifaceted,bidirectional relationship between sleep and metabolichealth, including vascular health. This als...

Colours of India is an annual cultural phenomenon that transcends the boundaries of professional conferences, uniting endocrinologists through the universal language of music and dance. Since its inception in 2016, this vibrant event has brought together teams from across India and other participating countries, showcasing diverse dance forms while...

This brief communication describes the concept of physiofriendlypharmacotherapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus.Physio-friendly therapy is defined as that which restoresmetabolic, including glycaemic and weight homoeostasis,to near normal levels. Drugs such as glucagon likepeptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP1RA), sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors...

This article provides an overview of the diabetic kidney disease paradigm, explaining important aspects such as prognostic markers, clinical assessments, and therapeutic options. The importance of the term gluconephrotic syndrome (GlucoNS) is emphasized, highlighting its significant influence on clinical evaluations, research procedures, screening...

Diabetes can present with multiple manifestations andsubjective symptoms. One of these is headache.Headache can be a clinical presentation of diabetes perse, its complications or its comorbidities. It can also pointtowards certain causes of secondary diabetes, as well asiatrogenic issues. This communication lists the variouscauses of headache in di...

Endocrinology is an ever-evolving almanac of science.Precise measurement of hormones and associatedanalytes are necessary to practice endocrine medicine. Asthe endocrine system depends upon feedback and crosstalkbetween various glands and hormones, it makessense to assess ratios or proportions of related hormones.We review the ratiocination, or rat...

The Ominous Octet is a popular construct, which has beenused to describe the aetiopathology of diabetes, as wellas the endocrine causation of obesity. We utilize thismodel to create a smart and salutogenic rubric of obesitypathogenesis. Our optimistic Octagon of Opportunitieslists eight causative or contributory factors, all of whichare associated...

Background: No meta-analysis has holistically analyzed and summarized the safety and therapeutic efficacy of the newer RNA interference (RNAi) therapies, olezarsen, plozasiran, and zodasiran, in managing conditions associated with hypertriglyceridemia (HTG). Methods: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving patients with HTG or mixed hyperlipi...

Obesity has reached pandemic proportions globally and, in the South Asian countries. However, the rate of increase in the South East Asian region is alarming. This rapid increase is not only associated with a sharp increase in the metabolic and psychosocial complications of obesity but also will be a huge burden on the health economics of these dev...

Obesity has emerged as a major clinical and public health challenge. At Colombo, the South Asian Obesity Federation (SOF) declares its commitment to a comprehensive person-centered, public-inclusive, policy-concordant campaign against obesity. The SOF commits to conducting academic/research activities, awareness campaigns, advocacy efforts, and aud...

While examining the social perspectives of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its most common cause, diabetes, a common problem is spread of misleading information by unqualified people. This concerning trend makes it more difficult for patients to receive prompt and proper medical advice, which in turn further delays their referral to nephrologists...

Precision medicine and personalized care have been atcentre-stage in diabetology, and rightfully so. Variousmeans of classification and clustering have been proposedto help identify clinical features, causative factors and‘curative’ strategies for people living with diabetes.Sapiotype describes “the various attitudes that person withdiabetes may ha...

Type 2 diabetes is a major clinical and public healthdisorder worldwide.1 While multiple drugs are nowavailable for its treatment, no management strategy can besuccessful without nutritional and dietary intervention. Thenature of lifestyle-related interventions including diet, issuch that they intrude into one’s preferred way of life. Suchtherapies...

The adrenal gland is a player in the Ominous Octet ofobesity, which lists eight endocrine contributors to thedevelopment of obesity. Baro-adrenal axis describes thebidirectional, multifaceted link between weighthomoeostasis and adrenal function, in health and disease.This communication lists the various ways in which adrenalfunction influences, and...

Couscous, a staple food of Northern Africa and the MiddleEast, is consumed across the world. Being carbohydrate –rich, it is often forbidden to persons with diabetes. Its socialand cultural connotations, however, do not allow absoluteavoidance of this dish in real life. This brief article exploresvarious ways of preparing, serving and eating cousco...

The octopus, an eight-legged invertebrate, is known forits unique biology, as well as its intelligence. Famed forits mystique and mysteriousness, the octopus is anemblem of the wonders of nature. Octopuses can bitehumans, can secrete fatal neurotoxins (tetrodotoxin),and are a cannibalistic species. While they are a benthicspecies, living in deep se...

In this communication, we introduce the descriptivediagnostic term ‘testomalacia’. Testomalacia may suggestsoftness of the testes, both anatomic and/or functional, ormay suggest malaise or illness related to testosteronesecretion/function. While the term is not in vogue as ofnow, we feel that it describes functional androgendeficiency in an apt man...

This review delves into relatively less discussed role of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) as an accessible alternative to intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) in the context of bone health assessment, particularly focussing on its potential boon for underprivileged individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in South Asia. The financial constraints faced...

Background No meta-analysis has holistically analyzed and summarized the therapeutic efficacy and safety of albiglutide in type 2 diabetes (T2D). This meta-analysis addresses this knowledge gap. Methods Randomized controlled trials involving patients with T2D receiving albiglutide in the intervention arm and either a placebo or an active comparato...

India has a high prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with unique clinical characteristics compared to other populations. Despite advancements in diabetes therapy, a significant number of patients in India still experience poor glycemic control and complications. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors continue to be an important compone...

Background: The implication of intermediately elevated fasting plasma glucose (FPG) in the first trimester of pregnancy is uncertain. Purpose: The primary outcome of the meta-analysis was to analyze if intermediately elevated first-trimester FPG could predict development of GDM at 24–28 weeks. The secondary outcomes were to determine if the common...

Dehydration is a well-known problem worldwide, and its assessment can be challenging due to confusing physical signs. The most effective way to assess hydration status is through the costly stable isotope methodology, but this approach has practical limitations. More commonly accepted and utilized indicators of hydration status are hematological an...

Achieving and maintaining optimal glycemic targets is the fundamental goal of the management of diabetes. However, failure of oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) to sustain the targeted glycemic levels in individuals with progressing disease often requires initiation of insulin therapy. This article consolidates the expert opinions of 377 doctors who pa...

This communication defines and describes the novelconcept of endocrine entropy. The authors share insightsregarding the various facets of entropy in endocrineepidemiology, physiology, clinical presentation andmanagement. The discussion opens up a new way ofapproaching endocrinology. Recent advances in artificialintelligence, assessment and addressa...

In this communication, we discuss the concept ofpsychological first aid, as relevant to diabetesmanagement. Psychological first aid, in the diabetes carecontext, is defined as “the empathic support, counsellingand education to improve coping skills, and optimize selfcareof persons living with diabetes, so that psychologicalwell-being can be optimiz...

Oneirotherapy is a form of psychotherapy that is based onvisual imagery and symbolism. In this communication. Wediscuss the role of oneirotherapy, or using vivid imagery,as adjuvant therapy in obesity care. Oneirotherapy can beused to promote acceptance of, and adherence to,prescribed therapy. It may also help improve quality of lifeand enhance sel...

Diabetes is a multifactorial disease with far-reaching consequences. Environmental factors, such as urban or rural residence, influence its prevalence and associated comorbidities. Haryana—a north Indian state—has undergone rapid urbanisation, and part of it is included in the National Capital Region (NCR). The primary aim of the study is to estima...

Despite insulin being a lifesaving medication, insulin distress, insulin hesitancy, and insulin inertia remain oft-repeated themes in diabetes discourse. The current model lists three issues: temperament, troublesomeness, and technicality, which contribute to insulin perceptions. Therapeutic patienteducation (TPE), value-added therapy (VAT), and me...

Global warming and endocrine disorders are intertwined issues posing significant challenges. Greenhouse gases emanating from human activities drive global warming, leading to temperature rise and altered weather patterns. South Asia has experienced a noticeable temperature surge over the past century. The sizable population residing in the region h...

Chronic diseases require long term commitment from boththe patient and the treating physician for improving theirclinical outcomes. This journey can be made more easier ifa proper communication bridge can be made betweenboth of them. This paper describes an alliterative C-basedflow-chart to describe a Collaborative Conversation Mapfor chronic disea...

Fever is usually thought to be of an infectious orinflammatory etiology. In this brief communication, weexplore the multifaceted connections between fever andendocrine dysfunction. Impaired resistance to infectionoften leads to fever in conditions like diabetes andCushing's syndrome. Additionally, several endocrinedisorders, including hyperthyroidi...

Purpose of Review Postprandial hyperglycemia, or elevated blood glucose after meals, is associated with the development and progression of various diabetes-related complications. Prandial insulins are designed to replicate the natural insulin release after meals and are highly effective in managing post-meal glucose spikes. Currently, different typ...

Glucokathexis is a clinical state characterized by low plasma glucose levels, in the presence of adequate glucose precursor stores. We conceive and construct this rubric to initiate interest and inspire insight into this field of metabolic medicine. We list various conditions that can cause true as well as pseudo-glucokathexis. Keywords: Autoimmuni...

Much has been written, and much more has been said, about the unique challenges and demands of chronic disease management. Various chronic disease models, including Chronic Care Model (CCM), Improving Chronic Illness Care (ICIC), and Innovative Care for Chronic Conditions (ICCC), Stanford Model (SM) and Community based Transition Model (CBTM), have...

Obesity has multiple causes and correlates. Usually studied as a metabolic and endocrine disease, with mechanical and musculoskeletal comorbidities, obesity also has a communicable angle to it. Obesity can be considered a communicable disease from the conventional point of view, as it is associated with viral etiology in animal and human models. It...

The landscape of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) management is evolving with the emergence of imeglimin alongside the longstanding use of metformin. While both drugs share structural similarities and target mitochondrial complex I, they exhibit distinct mechanisms of action and therapeutic effects. Imeglimin, with its mitochondrial modulation and c...

Vildagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor is effective in reducing HbA1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) when administered as monotherapy, dual or triple combination therapy. In India, Vildagliptin is commonly prescribed in T2DM patients because it reduces mean amplitude of glycemic excursion (MAGE), has lower risk of...

There is a vast multitude of foodstuffs available, and health care professionals find it challenging to distinguish between healthy and unhealthy offerings. Recent evidence suggests that ultra processed foods should be avoided, as they are associated with harmful effects on health. This communication defines and describes ultra-processed foods, usi...

While diabetes manifests multiple clinical presentations, complications and comorbidities, most modern discourse focuses on the cardiovascular aspects of the syndrome. In this communication, we explore the vast spectrum of fever and diabetes. We highlight the bidirectional interactions between febrile illness and diabetes, as well as drug-drug inte...

Psychological well-being is essential for the maintenance of good metabolic health. Modern management of most chronic metabolic disorders rightly focusses on improving the health-related quality of life of persons living with disease. In this brief communication we describe the bidirectional association between muscle function and mood (psychologic...

This communication defines and describes the Barocene era, as that phase of human development which is characterized by a major impact of overweight and obesity. We use this term to highlight the fact that overweight and obesity need to be prevented and managed on an urgent footing. If not checked, these endocrine diseases will retard our growth an...

Diabetes gastroparesis is a common manifestation of autonomic neuropathy in persons with long-standing, uncontrolled diabetes. Most discussion about its management revolves around the mitigation of symptoms. Here, we share tips on choosing the right glucose-lowering medication, based upon predominant symptomatology of gastroparesis. We highlight ab...

In this communication, we define and describe gut guardianship as the processes, behaviours and activities that may be followed or undertaken, so as to achieve and maintain a healthy gut, and gut microbiome. These include aspects such related to nutrition, lifestyle, rational drug use, and microbial modulation by using prebiotics and probiotics. Gu...

Motivation is essential to maintain achieved targets in the long-term management of chronic diseases like obesity. Moreover, the role of motivation becomes even more important when the physiological set point tries to act against the achieved targets. In this brief communication the authors propose a rubric that should assist health care profession...

This communication describes a few functional seeds and spices, commonly consumed in South Asia, which may impair the absorption of drugs that are used in diabetes and medical management. The aim of this article is to highlight the possibility of these foods having a ‘dysfunctional’, rather than functional effect on health. Physicians should includ...

The management of type 2 diabetes (T2D) has evolved significantly with the emergence of diverse medication classes, including metformin, sulfonylureas, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, and various insulin types. However, the complexit...

Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is a chronic condition and an emerging health challenge, in view of the growing elderly population and the obesity epidemic. Due to a lack of awareness among treating doctors and the non-specific nauture of the associated symptoms, SO remains grossly underdiagnosed. There is no consensus yet on a standard definition or diagn...

Here we discuss the interactions between prostatic health and diabetes. Diabetes may be associated with changes in prostatic anatomy, physiology, clinical morbidity, and clinical outcomes. Certain glucose-lowering drugs may impact prostatic health, and some prostato-tropic medications can influence glycaemic control. One should be vigilant for symp...

In this exploratory opinion piece, we define emotional fluidity as a state of changing emotions which influence choice of, attitudes and behaviour towards, and response to, chronic health care and therapy. This manifests clinically as changing opinions regarding suitability of modern health care, and as or varying, responses to suggestions and inte...

Te prevalence of overweight and obesity has more than doubled since 1980, and it is predicted that around two-thirds of the global burden of the disease will be attributed to chronic non-communicable diseases. Developing countries are experiencing a more dramatic rise in the prevalence of obesity in recent years. As per National Family Health Surve...

Background and Aims Hypoglycemia and insulin-related adverse events are crucial barriers to effective diabetes management, particularly in the elderly, people with renal impairment, people with diabetes fasting during Ramadan, or people with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). There is a scarcity of clinical and real-world evidence assessing the effec...

Background Endocrinology has been a popular choice of super-specialisation in India in recent years. The PURsuit of Endocrinology (PURE) survey aims to determine the factors that facilitated the selection of endocrinology as the area of super-specialisation among first-year residents across India. Methods We conducted an electronic questionnaire-b...

Allotriophagy is defined as food cravings that are different from the expected or the norm. It gives clinical pointers to an underlying diagnosis. We propose a new term, allotriodipsia which suggests a preference for beverages that are different from the norm. Taken together, these two entities may point towards certain endocrinological abnormaliti...