Sandra Villacorta

• PhD in Earth Sciences
• Chair at IUGS-COGE

In 2009, the Geological Survey of Peru through the Direction of Environmental Geology and Geological Hazard, concluded the National Inventory of Geologic Hazard. One of products of this work is the “Susceptibility Map of Mass Movements in Peru” on scale 1:1.000.000. The objectives of this map are to set up a model that indicates the zones of high p...

La aparición de este Atlas Ambiental de Lima tiene un sentido muy especial, pues en él se guarda una esperanza y se abren horizontes nuevos e insospechados, a través de una nueva forma de mirar nuestra ciudad. Lima, “La tres veces coronada”, “La perla del pacífico”, “La novia del Perú”, “La ciudad jardín”, es hoy una metrópoli desbordada, que neces...

The Llaminchan basin is located in the Western Cordillera of northern of Peru, within the Cajamarca region. The analysis using Geographic Information Systems of the mapping and inventory of slope movements, the topography, litology, hydrogeology applied to the Llaminchan Basin, allows obtaining the map of susceptibility to slope movements. It is sh...

The geodynamic characterization of the Metropolitan Lima and El Callao region (Peru) has allowed inventorying 848 geological and geohydrological hazards (including 718 movements mass and 130 hydrometeorological events and others) and 107 zones critical susceptible to such processes. 36% of the total inventoried are recent processes (occurred betwee...

Named Entity Recognition (NER) is crucial for accurately extracting and classifying specialized domain terms from textual data. This study introduces the Schema for Mineral Systems (SMS), designed through domain characterization, word disambiguation, taxonomy development, and expert input to refine NER approaches in geosciences. SMS, featuring nine...

The field of geoscience is facing challenges when it comes to combining various data sets and formats to facilitate knowledge discovery. Academic literature often contains unstructured data, which require intricate processing for machine comprehension. Information Extraction can playsa vital role in effectively organizing these data by enhancing th...

This presentation, "Introduction to AI and Knowledge Graphs in Geological Risk Research," was delivered to students of the AAPG UNI Student Chapter. It provides an overview of the application of Artificial Intelligence and Knowledge Graphs in the study of geological risks. It was discussed the transformative effects of these technologies in geoscie...

This study highlights the critical need for geoethics integra- tion into higher education curricula across the Latin Amer- ica and the Caribbean region, grappling with issues like sustainable development, responsible mining, adaptation to climate change, and biodiversity conservation. Geo- ethics is essential for students to develop a holistic unde...

This poster presents the novel integration of arts into geoscience curricula, proposing a dynamic methodology for imparting complex geoscientific concepts within innovative educational frameworks. In tackling the inherent challenge of abstract concepts in geoscience education, our proposal promotes artistic methodologies, exemplified by initiatives...

The International Union of Geological Sciences Commission on Geoscience Education (IUGS-COGE) advocates for global geoscience education initiatives, collaborations, and dissemination of resources so that people everywhere can make informed decisions about Earth's future. Although COGE was established in 2004, it was not until recently (2022) that C...

Gender inequality is still prevalent globally, with women underrepresented in science, technology, engineering and Mathematics careers (STEM) in Latin America and the Caribbean. Although countries like Uruguay and Bolivia have nearly equal numbers of STEM students (Bolivia's female students enrolled in STEM reached 45% of the total enrolment of uni...

The International Association for Promoting Geoethics defines geoethics as "research and reflection on the values and principles that support appropriate behaviours wherever human actions interact with the earth system" and deals with the ethical, social and cultural implications of geoscientific knowledge, constituting a meeting point between geos...

The progress of geoscience education worldwide is severely hampered due to several problems. Global surveys of geoscience education have shown that content on Geoscience is missing or insufficient at school, and, in many cases, educators do not possess appropriate teaching skills. At undergraduate levels, careers related to geosciences are not prom...

This article highlights the importance of geosites and geoheritage in promoting civic values and awareness, especially in developing countries like Peru. Moreover, it discussed the need to promote new geosites in Latin America through collaborative and multidisciplinary approaches, as well as the disconnection between conservation and social respon...

While Knowledge Graphs can benefit geoscience research, current challenges exist due to the sparse and clustered collection of data, unstandardized data formats, measurement errors and reliance on knowledge-based conceptual models. Assumptions and inference made in the absence of empirical data will be easier with more consistent knowledge manageme...

This paper explores the concept of geoethics and its application in the professional practice of geosciences. Geoethics involves research and reflection on the values and principles that underpin appropriate behaviours wherever human actions interact with the earth system. It advocates for solutions to the problems of human-Earth interaction and co...

Great advances have been made by applying natural language processing (NLP) to extract knowledge from texts in general domains. However, in geoscience contexts this task remains challenging and under-investigated. Information extraction (IE), a sub-task of natural language processing (NLP) is challenging in geoscience contexts as named entities can...

This conference aims to promote discussion of the values students of engineering geology and geosciences should practice. It is part of the lecture series: "Towards the construction of the Chilean Geoethics Code", organized by the Group on geoethics of the Geological Society of Chile.

LAIGEO's Project: "GeoArt in Latin America and The Caribbean" seeks to create didactic and educational material in geosciences through an artistic vision, in the context of our geographical area or even beyond. The general and specific objectives of the project are the following: General objectives: Promote knowledge of geosciences through the p...

This presentation introduces the Women and Girls in Geoscience / Geoscience Education Working Group which has been established to develop and implement an Action Plan for assessing and assisting the implementation of gender equality initiatives in IGEO and promoting the participation of girls/women in geoscience education Worldwide under the sponso...

The book illustrates the application of geoethics in Peru and creating awareness about geoscience applications. Broadens the understanding of the application of geosciences to handle problems of its non-application in Peru. Summarizes the experience in leading an association to promote geoethical values in the Latin American region.

This chapter aims to discuss the future of geoethics in Peru and the challenges that it faces. These have been discussed in previous chapters, and the most important challenges are the need to strengthen the geoethical culture in the country and to prioritize the research and implementation of geoethics in Peru. Concerning the implementation of a g...

Mining activity in Peru has a long history dating from Pre-Inca times when, some authors argue, sustainable extraction was practised. However, since establishment of the Colony and the Republic, there has been significant environmental damage. Mining activity in Peru has been regulated since July 1992 by Supreme Decree (N° 014–92-EM), although conc...

This article summarizes an overview of the current situation of geoscience education in Peru. This brief scrutiny highlights the difficulties and needs when teaching Earth Sciences as part of geoscientific literacy in Peruvian society. Geoscience is an important component in school curricula in Peru, however, the lack of training and preparation of...

This chapter reviews the main phenomena in Peru with regards to geological hazards. Using relevant examples, the cause and effects of the events and details of the disaster management by government institutions in Peru are explored. The risk perception and emergency preparedness of the Peruvian society are described. It is also explained how Peruvi...

This chapter presents an overview of the current status of geoheritage in Peru and presents the case study of the Colca and Andagua Volcanoes Geopark, the first to be recognized by UNESCO’s Global Geopark Program. It also highlights geoheritage initiatives developed in the Arequipa region that could be replicated at the national level. The discussi...

The establishment of a sustainable and responsible use of geological resources is a challenge for the modern world. The appropriate starting point is the application of geoethical values. In this presentation, the geoethical bases are mentioned to encourage reflection of citizens worldwide.

The talk introduces geoethics, recent publications in this growing discipline, and a reflection on its importance in helping to address the issues of sustainable development and adaptation to climate change, among other problems affecting Latin American. In order to reflect on how to promote the incorporation of geoethics in Earth sciences educatio...

Presentation on the IAEG Peruvian Group at the 2021 IAEG Council Meeting. The document share the goals and initiatives of the group.

It is shown the current situation of Geoscience Education in Peru and reflections on the subject in Latin America and the Caribbean.

This paper presents a case study from Castronuño (Castilla y León, Spain), where green infrastructure has been used as a nature-based solution for climate change adaptation in water resources. The project focuses on passive adaptation strategies through the modernization of irrigation systems, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, and the integrat...

Son los recursos hídricos los que mayor grado de incertidumbre presentan en las estimaciones, predicciones y proyecciones asociadas al Cambio Climático, ya que este incide, de forma directa en la respuesta de la unidad hidrológica ante las nuevas condiciones de precipitación y temperatura. La respuesta del terreno es una nueva distribución y reorde...

In Peru, some initiatives have been launched to create a more favourable environment to prevent deforestation and subsequent environmental hazard development. Moreover, mechanisms to encourage investments linked to “Natural or Green Infrastructure” have been developed. For example, “Sembramos Agua” funding of the Water and Sewerage Service of Lima,...

The progress of geoscience education in Latin America and the Caribbean is severely hampered due to a problem that affects the whole region. At pre-university levels, it can be seen that contents do not exist or are insufficient and, in many cases, educators have not been trained either in the discipline or its particular didactics. The situation a...

This presentation shows the progress to date on the initiatives of LAIGEO

The presentation gives information on the International Geoscience Education Organization, promoting the improvement of education in Geosciences worldwide since 2000.

Se comparten algunas reflexiones críticas sobre la enseñanza de la Geología en Argentina, con el objeto de fundamentar un marco teórico/práctico que contribuya a su mejoramiento. Se presenta el Proyecto COPLA, que promueve nuevas estrategias para la Alfabetización Geológica, considerando que es conveniente enseñar y aprender Geología partiendo del...

Se presentan las actividades dirigidas a la educación en Ciencias de la Tierra en Chile, como parte de la participación en el capítulo Latinoamericano de la Organización Internacional para la educación en Geociencias.

Se presenta la historia de LAIGEO y actividades en el período 2018-2020.

The presentation provides information on the Latin American chapter of IGEO: LAIGEO and its actions to promote the improvement of education in Geosciences in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Large debris flows in steep-sloped ravines debouching to the Rimac River, in metropolitan Lima (Peruvian capital), have resulted in considerable loss of life and property adversely impacting communities in the region. Temporal, spatial and volumetric features of debris flows are difficult to predict, and it is of utmost importance that achievable m...

The city of Abancay (located in Apurímac, a region of southern Peru) has suffered a very fast population growth which has led to doing an improper land use by the occupation of unstable areas without considering the geographic, geodynamic and climatic characteristics of the area. The constant rains, extreme in some cases, trigger various geo-hydrol...

This Doctoral thesis is the first research focused on the geomorphological evolution of the alluvial fan of Lima, located on the central coast of Peru. The Lima alluvial fan forms the basis of the Peruvian capital city, a nerve centre of a developing country, with a population of more than 10 million inhabitants. Due to its constant urban growth wi...

In recent decades, the frequency of extreme weather events has increased worldwide, as well as vulnerability to floods and debris flows. Deforestation, soil degradation, infrastructure construction without considering a basin approach are some of the factors that have increased the risk of these events. One solution is the restoration of natural en...

The alluvial fan of Lima is a complex landform, resulting from the sediment contributions of the Rimac River and the coalescence of the alluvial fans of the tributaries of the Rimac River. Depositional zones in the fan and changing main channel and distributary channels are influenced by the palaeo-relief inherited from a semi-arid climate and by t...

The sectors affected by geological hazards in Metropolitan Lima are shown in the presentation, as a result of a research completed in 2015.

This presentation explores aspects of disaster management and ethical implications

The presentation is focused on dissemination of false geoscientific results and shows an example from 90’ years when results from geological studies gave a speculation on price on mineral deposit on Borneo

The article shows how the mineralogical heritage of Peru is promoted through MinerLima - The International Minerals Show of Lima (Peru) organized since 2015 by the Peruvian Section of the IAPG.

In the last times, the city of Abancay (located in Apurímac, a region of southern Peru) has experimented a very fast population growth which has led to do an improper land use by occupying geodynamically unstable areas. These areas are prone to suffer geo-hydrological processes often triggered by extreme rainfalls which generate important personal...

For decades the city of Arequipa has been considered as a vulnerable area to geo-hydrological hazards (debris flows, floods); earthquakes and prone to the effects of a possible eruption by the Misti volcano. Due to its location in the Chili River basin, high surface runoff and high drainage density, parameters that are reflected in times of intense...

Lima, located on the central coast of Peru, is the capital and largest city with a population of more than 9 million inhabitants. Lima is situated over the boundary of two tectonic plates: Nazca and South American plates. A large portion of the city is constructed over the unconsolidated sediments of the Rimac River alluvial fan. These geological a...

The debris flow events in the Lurigancho-Chosica district are recurrent in summer; mainly when anomalous rains, like those produced during the ENSO event, occur. Material is accumulated during the drought years in the upper parts of the streams due to the substrate low infiltration. These deposits flow into the main channel until reaching the Rímac...

The Costa Verde cliff located to the southwest of Metropolitan Lima city (the Peruvian capital) is an area where the occurrence of rock falls and other mass movements has in the past caused damages to people and vehicles that travel along the road built in 1960 at the foot of the cliff, which connects six districts of Lima´s coast. Due to its geolo...

The geodynamic characterization of the Metropolitan Lima and El Callao region (Peru) has allowed inventorying 848 geological and geohydrological hazards (including 718 movements mass and 130 hydrometeorological events and others) and 107 zones critical susceptible to such processes. 36% of the total inventoried are recent processes (occurred betwee...

On Monday, March 23, 2015, at around 2:30 p.m., intense rainfall occurred in the districts of Chosica and Santa Eulalia, reactivating debris flows in Chosica of the right bank of the Rímac River and the Cashahuacra ravine into Santa Eulalia river. Debris and mud flows were generated, causing the deaths of nine people and affecting 443 homes, the Ce...

Report of critical areas due to geological and geo-hydrological hazards in the Lurín river basin

La geomorfología pasó de ser una disciplina académica a una ciencia con aplicación pragmática en las últimas décadas, que sirve para resolver problemas de riesgos naturales, potencialidad de aguas subterráneas, caracterización del substrato para la construcción de obras de infraestructura, etc., que sirve como apoyo a la toma de decisiones relacion...

Activities from YES Network Peruvian Chapter in order to promote Geoscientific Research in Peru

Project Progress on Paleo-floods in Peru

The communication process between the geoscientists and native communities in risk areas can significantly affect disaster prevention and land use planning. In Peru, the problem of disaster prevention is a fundamental policy due to unfamiliarity and deficiency of the associate information on the population. It is possible that talk of disaster prev...

In this paper an initiative of the Peruvian Geological Survey, INGEMMET, is shown to promote the research on geomorphology and climate change in Peru. The plan is to elaborate geomorphological maps of the Lima Metropolitan Area and it´s watershed headers (Chillon, Rimac and Lurin rivers), in order to generate analytical instruments to achieve the f...

There have been identified a total of 849 geological hazards and 32 critical areas for these processes in the Apurimac Region (SW of Peru, figure 1) during the year 2012 by the investigation carried out within the National Program on Geological Risks, of the Peruvian Geological, Mining and Metallurgical Institute (INGEMMET). The work has considered...

The Project "Geological hazards in the Apurimac region (Peru)" of INGEMMET, developed between 2011 and 2014, allowed the evaluation of geological, geomorphological and geodynamic aspects of this region, located in south-central Peru, in order to contribute relevant information Adequate disaster risk management in that region. In the Apurímac region...

In the course of the years, Coast Verde cliffs have stood out for being an area where the occurrence of rock fall has caused damage to people who travelled either walking or in their vehicle. The route that connects six districts of the coast of Lima (Peruvian capital), it was built in 1960, at the foot of the cliff, whose geological characteristic...

The article provides an overview of the geological-geodynamic assessment and susceptibility analysis for mass movements that pose potential risks to Metropolitan Lima and the El Callao Region. The study encompasses the characterization and inventory of surface geodynamic processes conducted by the Geological Institute of Peru (INGEMMET) from 1970 t...

En este trabajo se presentan los resultados parciales de un proyecto de investigación cuyo objetivo es evaluar el impacto del cambio climático en los glaciares de los Andes Centrales occidentales. Hasta el presente se han reconstruido las altitudes de la línea de equilibrio (Equilibrium Line Altitude, ELA) de los glaciares en tres áreas de estudio:...

85% of people exposed to earthquakes, hurricanes, floods and drought live in developing countries (IPU, 2010). This population is also exposed to the landslide risk as this phenomenon is mainly triggered by earthquakes and rainfall. There is an urgent need to propose methods to evaluate and mitigate the landslide risk for developing countries, wher...

It is a storybook with educational material on geological hazards in the Huaura river basin (Lima-Peru). It explains why those phenomena are occurring and illustrates how important it is to know what geological processes can cause disasters in remote places. Moreover, some measures to contribute to natural disaster risk reduction are explained.

Presentation of the Project in the second edition of the course: "Specialist in Risk Analysis and Management due to Floods and Debris Flows - CEAGRAI 2012"

This work has been carried out as research project of the "Second Specialist Course in Risk Analysis and Management due to Floods and Floods - CEAGRAI 2012". The objective has been to assess the risk of debris flows in the Cerro Negro Ravine located in the district of San Juan de Lurigancho (Lima, Peru). This evaluation has allowed to determine t...

85% de la población expuesta a sismos, ciclones, inundaciones y sequías vive en países en desarrollo (IPU, 2010). Esta población está directamente bajo riesgo por los movimientos de material geológico en masa, ya que los sismos, ciclones e inundaciones son las causas principales de desencadenamiento de estos fenómenos. Para contribuir a mitigar est...

This paper presents a joint initiative of the Geological Mining and Metallurgical Institute (Ingemmet) with support to the High Mountain Physical Geography Research Group of the Complutense University of Madrid (GFAM-UCM) to promote geomorphological research in Peru. The plan consists of making geomorphological maps of the Metropolitan Lima region...

El 55% de los peruanos vive en la vertiente Pacífica de la Cordillera de los Andes, uno de los desiertos más áridos de laTierra. Diversos estudios demuestran que esta área será una de las más afectadas por el cambio climático, por lo que es imperativo que las autoridades tomen medidas para mitigar sus efectos. Para ello, es aconsejable que se reali...

This article analyzes geoenvironmental aspects in the Huaura river basin, located in the north of the Lima region, to establish a baseline. It will serve as a reference in the future integral basin management. The geodynamic characterization and the analysis of susceptibility to mass movements and floods suggest that the areas most prone to these...

El territorio peruano debido a su ubicación geográfica es una de las zonas más inestables del continente, cuyas características geológicas, geomorfológicas, climatológicas y sísmicas facilitan el desarrollo de Movimientos en Masa – MM, que se constituyen en peligros naturales de ocurrencia cada vez más frecuente (INDECI, 2008; 2005; 2002; 1995). As...

Landslides stand out in the Huaura river basin for being the most frequent and destructive geological processes and for the variety of their types and dimensions. This research is based on the mapping of these processes and the inventory of lithological and geotechnical characteristics of areas prone to landslides. Their typology, dynamics and dist...

In this thesis, the analysis by Geographic Information Systems of the mapping and inventory of hillside movements, topography, lithology and hydrogeology carried out in the Llaminchán basin (Cajamarca, Peru), has allowed to obtain the susceptibility map for hillside movements on that basin lacated in the north of Peru. It is observed that the area...

The Chancay-Lambayeque basin is located in northern Peru and includes part of the departments of Cajamarca and Lambayeque on the Pacific slope. It is placed to important mining prospects such as La Zanja, Los Pircos and Tantahuatay, the reservoir of Tinajones and the hydroelectric power station of Carhuaquero. There are also important archaeologica...

In the Chancay-Lambayeque basin (northern Peru), there are important mining exploration projects, large hydraulic works such as the Tinajones reservoir, and notable tourist activity is developed, due to the presence of archaeological centres such as Sipan and Sican. Part of these infrastructure, economy and cultural heritage is threatened by geolog...

The Metropolitan Lima Environmental Atlas was a project promoted and coordinated by the Metropolitan Institute of Planning (IMP), an entity of the Metropolitan Municipality of Lima. IMP called more than 20 public institutions, including the Geological Mining and Metallurgical Institute (INGEMMET) to participate in the project with the main goal of...

This Thesis is oriented to the planning of land development of a basin, based on the influence of the geological risk. It has been divided into 10 chapters: Chapters I, II and III are treated general aspects of the study. In chapters IV and V, hydrological and geomorphological aspects are evaluated, determined by the parameters and analysis carried...