Sandip Chakraborty

State Disease Investigation Laboratory, Abhoynagar, Agartala, West Tripura

Background As set out in Sustainable Development Goal 3.3, the target date for ending the HIV epidemic as a public health threat is 2030. Therefore, there is a crucial need to evaluate current epidemiological trends and monitor global progress towards HIV incidence and mortality reduction goals. In this analysis, we assess the current burden of HIV...

Background : Smoking is the leading behavioural risk factor for mortality globally, accounting for more than 175 million deaths and nearly 4·30 billion years of life lost (YLLs) from 1990 to 2021. The pace of decline in smoking prevalence has slowed in recent years for many countries, and although strategies have recently been proposed to achieve t...

Up-to-date estimates of stroke burden and attributable risks and their trends at global, regional, and national levels are essential for evidence-based health care, prevention, and resource allocation planning. We aimed to provide such estimates for the period 1990–2021. We estimated incidence, prevalence, death, and disability-adjusted life-year (...

Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses an important global health challenge in the 21st century. A previous study has quantified the global and regional burden of AMR for 2019, followed with additional publications that provided more detailed estimates for several WHO regions by country. To date, there have been no studies that produce com...

Background Upper respiratory infections (URIs) are the leading cause of acute disease incidence worldwide and contribute to a substantial health-care burden. Although acute otitis media is a common complication of URIs, the combined global burden of URIs and otitis media has not been studied comprehensively. We used results from the Global Burden o...

Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is caused by a specific strain of the 6 types of human coronaviruses (HCoV). MERS-CoV has spread unchecked since it was first discovered in Saudi Arabia in 2012. The virus most likely spreads through nosocomial and zoonotic channels. Genetic analyses suggest that bats were the initial hosts and that the disea...

Introduction Monkeypox (mpox) is an evolving infectious disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV). On July 23, 2022, the WHO declared the recent mpox outbreaks a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC), which terminated on May 11, 2023. As of July 11, 2023, 88,288 confirmed cases and 149 deaths have been reported from 112 countr...

Background Understanding the health consequences associated with exposure to risk factors is necessary to inform public health policy and practice. To systematically quantify the contributions of risk factor exposures to specific health outcomes, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 aims to provide comprehensiv...

Summary Background Future trends in disease burden and drivers of health are of great interest to policy makers and the public at large. This information can be used for policy and long-term health investment, planning, and prioritisation. We have expanded and improved upon previous forecasts produced as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injur...

Alzheimer's disease (AD) has few effective treatment options and continues to be a major global health concern. AD is a neurodegenerative disease that typically affects elderly people. Alkaloids have potential sources for novel drug discovery due to their diverse chemical structures and pharmacological activities. Alkaloids, natural products with h...

Plant-based functional foods have gained wider attention in current scenario with mung bean harboring several bioactive compounds with promising gut health benefits and pharmacological importance. Consumption of mung bean has a positive impact on beneficial gut microbes and microbial metabolite production. The effects of dietary mung bean on gut mi...

Rubus ellipticus is a native plant to India's tropical and subtropical regions and has been used as a traditional medicinal. The aim of study was to identify and evaluate the antimicrobial and anti-arthritis activities of hydroethanolic extract of R. ellipticus leaves (HEERE). The leaves were collected from the Narkanda Valley, India and were shade...

Tularemia caused by Gram-negative, coccobacillus bacterium, Francisella tularensis, is a highly infectious zoonotic disease. Human cases have been reported mainly from the United States, Nordic countries like Sweden and Finland, and some European and Asian countries. Naturally, the disease occurs in several vertebrates, particularly lagomorphs. Typ...

The surge in severe neonatal sepsis cases caused by a novel variant of Echovirus 11 (E-11) in France and several European countries has sparked concern. The affected infants, mostly premature and twins, displayed rapid clinical decline within days after birth, presenting symptoms akin to septic shock with hepatic impairment and multi-organ failure....

The challenge of delivering sufficient healthcare services remains a formidable barrier confronting rural communities across the globe. Rural areas frequently grapple with significant impediments to the timely and suitable delivery of healthcare, ranging from a scarcity of healthcare professionals to the inadequacy of medical infrastructure, and th...

The repair and remodeling of injured tissues, known as wound healing, is a multifaceted process. The use of nanotechnology to speed up the healing process of wounds by promoting the right kind of mobility through different mechanisms has shown a lot of promise. Several nanotechnologies with novel properties have emerged in recent years, each of whi...

Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases (PIDs) are a group of over 400 rare and diverse hereditary disorders that affect the immune system's ability to combat infections. PIDs are caused by genetic mutations and are present from birth, as opposed to secondary immunodeficiency disorders, which are acquired later in life as a result of infections, medicine...

A 7.8-magnitude earthquake in Turkey and Syria, followed by a 7.6-magnitude earthquake, caused over 50 000 deaths and over 100 000 injuries. The immediate physical injuries were severe, but the health repercussions, including the strain on healthcare services and the possibility of disease outbreaks, were equally concerning. Infections due to multi...

The Marburg virus (MARV), a member of the Filovirus family of RNA viruses, causes a severe haemorrhagic fever known as Marburg virus disease (MVD), which can be lethal with casefatality ratio (CFR) of up to 88% in both humans and nonhuman primates. According to the most recent reports, Equatorial Guinea has been infected with an unknown, fatal haem...

CAR T-cell (chimeric antigen receptor T-cell) has shown encouraging outcomes in the treatment of several cancers, including mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) that is a rare type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) which begins in the lymph nodes. It is distinguished by cyclin D1 protein overexpression caused by a chromosomal translocation between the immunoglob...

One of the major issues impacting the health of the public globally is HIV. Healthcare practitioners are allowed to provide antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens at optimal levels by HIV Antiretroviral Selection and Sequence Tool (HIV-ASSIST) through the integration of the most recent research, treatment recommendations and information that are pat...

According to the Food and Agricultural Organization, global poultry output increased from approximately 115 million tons in 2016 to around 136 million tons in 2023. The production of poultry has increased significantly in tandem with the dramatic uptick in meat and egg demand. Feed accounts for between 65 and 70 percent of total production costs, m...

In the last decade, both biochar production and use have seen a surge in popularity. Biochar is comparable to charcoal and activated charcoal in that it is a pyrogenic carbonaceous matter made by pyrolyzing organic carbon-rich materials. There is a lack of research into the effects of adding biochar to animal feed. Based on the reviewed literature,...

Cow's milk, urine, dung, ghee, and curd (together known as "Panchgavya") are considered to have incomparable medicinal value in Ayurveda and ancient Indian clinical methods. Panchgavya is also known as Cowpathy in Ayurveda. In India, the cow is revered as a goddess known as "Gaumata" because of its nurturing qualities similar to those of a mother....

Positive results have been seen when bioactive components from herbal plants are added to poultry diets. Efficacy in feeding, digestion of nutrients, antioxidant health, immunological indices, and other factors can all be improved with the help of these additives, which in turn increases growth rates and improves poultry welfare.Several researches...

Lead, a non-essential metal, enters the body in various ways, making it a major public health issue. Painters and smelters report lead poisoning in children and staff. Mining and battery workers risk lead exposure. Traditional and cultural remedies may include dangerous quantities of lead, producing lead poisoning. These drugs must be properly unde...

Before the advent of the era of mobiles, medical technologies were primarily known as classic devices for medical purpose viz., stents, prosthetics, implants etc. The evolution of wearables, sensors along with smart phones and systems of communication has brought revolution in clinical practice with the ability to contain tools of artificial intell...

Hepatitis E outbreak has been reported since 2018 in the Bentiu camp, South Sudan. The camp is for the internally displaced persons (IDPs). There is seasonal upsurge especially during the rain every year, when drinking water gets easily contaminated due to flooding. However, outbreaks have occurred during the dry seasons too. The possibility of tra...

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a deadly, fast progressing, and contagious neurodegenerative disorder caused by the build-up of misfolded prion protein in the brain. Since the mid-1990s, when variant CJD (vCJD) first emerged as a disease associated with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) that is a zoonotic disease generally known as "mad cow...

It takes over a decade and billions of dollars to bring a new drug to market. These extensive financial and time commitments contribute significantly to the current soaring health care costs and pose substantial barriers to the delivery of innovative medicines to patients. These difficulties may be traced back in large part to the laboratory models...

In the pharmaceutical sector, there is a sudden acceleration in digitalization of data during past few years. This digitalization has arrived with challenges to acquire, scrutinize and apply such particular knowledge for reaching solution of complex clinical problems, which has ultimately motivated applications of artificial intelligence (AI) as it...

Large volume of patient data (multimodal) is generated by medical care in modern times. Processing and synthesis of such data to actionable knowledge is troublesome for several clinicians. In this regard, there is emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) as an efficacious tool having useful applicability in medical science and the field of hepatol...

Introduction Workers in the healthcare industry form the backbone of health systems everywhere. In the face of global health crises like the current monkeypox (mpox) outbreak, healthcare workers like doctors, dentists, pharmacists, nurses, midwives, paramedics, administrators, support staff, laboratory technicians, and community health workers all...

For over five thousand years, people in Asia and Africa have known about the health benefits of camel milk. Thus, it is used not only as a food source, but also as a medicine. The similarities between camel milk and human milk have been scientifically proven. Camel milk is unique among ruminant milk in that it is high in vitamins C and E, and low i...

Milk and milk derivatives are widely consumed because of their high nutritional density. Donkey milk and milk products have been consumed since ancient times. The use of donkey milk in the human diet is gaining popularity. The abundance of antibacterial components and protective elements in donkey milk sets it apart from the milk of other animals....

When it comes to food and fiber production, flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) has been around the longest. Oil makes up over 41% of a flaxseed's total weight, and of that, more than 70% is polyunsaturated. Protein, α-linolenic acid, fiber, flaxseed gum, and other beneficial compounds are abundant in flaxseed meal (FSM). There is as much as 30% crude p...

The recent spread of the monkeypox virus (MPXV), causing monkeypox (mpox), to non-endemic areas, and the atypical and unusual clinical manifestations observed during its 2022 outbreak has focused international interest on the clinical features of the disease. Mpox is usually a self-limiting disease with mild symptoms with common manifestations, inc...

Goats provide an essential food supply in the form of milk and meat. Goat milk has its own distinct set of qualities, but it shares many similarities with human and bovine milk in terms of its nutritional and therapeutic benefits. Modifications in composition aid in determining the viability of goat milk processing methods. Goat's milk and cow's mi...

Most, if not all, of the vaccine candidates designed to counteract COVID-19 as a result of SARS-CoV-2 infection require parenteral administration. Mucosal immunity established by vaccination could make a significant contribution to containing the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, which is spread by infected respiratory secretions. The world has been impacted on...

Newly emerging variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are continuously posing high global public health concerns and panic resulting in waves of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Depending on the extent of genomic variations, mutations and adaptation, few of the variants gain the ability to spread quick...

Marburg virus (MARV), an enveloped single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Filovirus genus of Filoviridae family, and a zoonotic pathogen, is one of the deadliest pathogens causing rare but severe, devastating hemorrhagic fever known as Marburg virus disease (MVD) with high case-fatality (24-88%), similar to Ebola virus disease (EVD). This highl...

The recent report of Seang et al with regards to first evidence of human-to-dog transmission of MPXV urges a priority demand of enhancing surveillance and conducting further explorative and in-depth disease investigations, and strengthen researches on this zoonotic virus (1). This will facilitate to find out the real magnitude of MPXV reverse zoono...

The name Neocoronavirus (NeoCoV) is derived from the name of its reservoir host, i.e., Neoromicia capensis, a species of South African bat that has been infected by this virus. The virus was detected in the fecal material of the bats and found to spread exclusively among these animals. NeoCoV is closer to Middle East respiratory syndrome coronaviru...

Several variants of SARS-CoV-2 have emerged after the its first infection was reported in December 2019. The world has noted several significant variants from time to time, such as B.1.351 (Beta; originated from South Africa, during May 2020), B.1.1.7 (Alpha; originated from the UK, during September 2020), B.1.617.2 (Delta; originated from India, d...

Recent outbreak of Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF), a tick-borne disease with high fatality rate, caused by an arbovirus named as Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), has posed an emerging public health concern in Iraq. CCHF is endemic in some parts of Asia, Africa and Europe. The disease has been earlier reported in Iraq (1979-...

Marburg virus (MARV), a highly pathogenic RNA virus belonging to the Filoviridae family, the causative agent of Marburg virus disease (MVD), was first identified in Germany and Serbia in the year 1967 in a laboratory personnel working for poliomyelitis vaccine development with African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) imported from Uganda [1]....

Amid the global health threats of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, recent re-emergence of rising cases of monkeypox posing public health emergency of international concern, and very recent re-emergence of Marburg virus disease in Ghana, another zoonotic disease as a febrile illness in humans has been reported from China as per one report published mo...

Monkeypox (MPX) has now been declared global public health emergency due to its rising cases and rapid spread in more than 80 countries with over 25000 cases. Smallpox vaccines cross-protect against MPXV owing to antigenic similarity, however after smallpox eradication, cessation of smallpox vaccination program in 1980 has led to virtual lowering o...

The resurgence of the disease in humans that is very similar to smallpox called monkeypox (MPX) disease, caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), is the dominant topic of discussion in the scientific and popular press around the world right now. This is taking place as the world celebrates the historic accomplishments made in the fight against the Cor...

Marburg virus (MARV), a highly pathogenic and deadly virus and causing Marburg virus disease (MVD) with upto 90% case fatality rate, has very recently been in news during mid of July 2022 owing to its outbreak in Ghana, while its last outbreak was reported from Guinea during August 2021.... MVD is a zoonotic disease, mainly transmitted from bats-to...

Marburg virus disease (MVD) is a highly fatal disease caused by Marburg virus (MARV) which belongs to the family- Filoviridae. The disease has been recently reported from Ghana, an African country, and nearly 15 outbreaks of MVD have been reported in past five decades. Various species of bats viz., Rousettus aegyptiacus, Hipposideros caffer and cer...

The demand for dairy products is expanding around the world, which leads to the growth of the dairy industry and the accumulation of waste. There is a large amount of whey, dairy sludge, and wastewater (processing, cleaning and sanitary)that is produced. They have a high nutritional concentration, biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen dem...

Very recently, another plausible threat from the world of zoonotic viruses became the hot topic of the news when a new virus namely Langya virus (LayV), a Henipavirus, was reported to be identified in patients with febrile illness during July month of 2022 from China (Zhang et al., 2022). The genus Henipavirus of the family Paramyxoviridae contains...

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a highly contagious disease caused by viruses of the genus Enterovrirus, family Picornaviridae, especially serotypes coxackivirus A16 (CVA16), A6 (CVA6) and enterovirus 71 (EV71). The disease was first recognized in New Zealand in 1956 and afterwards spread widely. Currently, HFMD outbreaks occur frequently i...

The recent appearance of monkeypox (MPX) outbreaks in multiple non-endemic countries beyond Africa has now posed a public health emergency of international concern amid its rising cases. Being a neglected / rare disease, much attention had not been paid on its management and treatment aspects. The present article provides updated information on cli...

Recently, the researchers in South Africa have identified two game-changing lineages of Omicron variant called as BA.4 and BA.5, reflecting continuous emergence and evolution of Omicron, and due to which resurgence of COVID-19 cases are noticed again in South Africa .............

Very recently, since May 13, 2022, multiple cases of monkeypox have been identified and reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) in nearly 12 non-African countries that are not endemic for monkeypox virus. Monkeypox disease is endemic and normally limited to West and Central Africa, however its epidemiology has been reported to be changing a...

Poultry is the most important source of animal protein in the world, and it is also one of the largest users of antibiotics as growth promoters.Medicinal properties of Allium sativum (Garlic) have been recognised since ancient times. The emergence of multi-drug resistant diseases in poultry is linked to antibiotic use in poultry feed. Therefore,gar...

Present study demonstrates the effect of enzyme supplementation on performance of weaned pigs. 15 nos of 56 days old Large White Yorkshire piglets with mean body weight of 10.43 ± 0.20 kg were randomly assigned to 3 treatments (Control, T 1 & T 2) with 5 piglets in each group and were fed with iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric diets containing the en...

The present study was undertaken to investigate the changes in body weight, body measurements, reproductive parameters, hemato biochemical variables, faecal parasitic load and incidence of disease rate in black Bengal female goats (n=60) managed under extensive, semi-intensive and intensive system for evaluating the sustainability and economic viab...

The present review gives an overview of a few herbal plants that have exhibited in vitro antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity and have the potential for managing bovine mastitis. Herbal plants such as Morinda citrifolia, Ocimum sanctum, Minthostachys verticillata, Tinospora cordifolia, Liquidambar orientalis, Cinnamon cassia, Phyllanthus em...

Mycoplasmosis, caused by mycoplasma spp, is a challenging and continuous threat to livestock farming, causing huge economic and production losses. The high morbidity and mortality associated with the disease causes very high economic losses in the areas concerned with the farming of small animals, besides leads to loss of production. Treatment of t...

Mastitis causes huge losses of economy to dairy farmers hence analysis of losses is important for devising interventions to minimize losses and make dairy farming profitable. In this study economic analysis of 59 dairy farmers before, during and after mastitis was carried out in different seasons. This study revealed that mastitis causes losses irr...

Background The world population is continuously growing. It has been estimated that half of the world’s population is from the Asian continent, mainly from China and India. Overpopulation may lead to many societal problems as well as to changes in the habitat. Birth control measures are thus needed to control this growth. However, for the last 50–6...

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are gaining attention among the cell biologists and researchers over the last two decades. Prostasomes are considered to be (Evs) secreted by prostate epithelial cells into the semen during emission or ejaculation. Prostasomes contain various proteins required for immune regulation namely, amino and dipeptidyl peptidase...

Sperm of humans, non-human primates, and other mammalian subjects is considered to be antigenic. The effect of changes in autoimmunity on reproductive cells such as spermatozoa and oocytes play a critical but indistinct role in fertility. Antisperm antibodies (ASAs) are invariably present in both females and males. However, the degree of ASA occurr...

Various internal and external factors negatively affect the homeostatic equilibrium of organisms at the molecular to the whole-body level, inducing the so-called state of stress. Stress affects an organism’s welfare status and induces energy-consuming mechanisms to combat the subsequent ill effects; thus, the individual may be immunocompromised, ma...

Mastitis, an inflammation of the udder, is a challenging problem in dairy animals accounting for high economic losses. Disease complexity, degree of economic losses and increasing importance of the dairy industries along with public health concerns envisages devising appropriate diagnostics of mastitis, which can offer rapid, accurate and confirmat...

Nipah (Nee-pa) viral disease is a zoonotic infection caused by Nipah virus (NiV), a paramyxovirus belonging to the genus Henipavirus of the family Paramyxoviridae. It is a biosafety level-4 pathogen, which is transmitted by specific types of fruit bats, mainly Pteropus spp. which are natural reservoir host. The disease was reported for the first ti...