Sandeep Sharma

Centre for Reliability Science & Technology Chang Gung University · Electronics Engineering

This paper demonstrates a novel kind of cavity-backed self-quadplexing slot antenna for the S and C-band applications. The proposed antenna consists of 4 distinct “U”-shaped slots of different lengths and produces the quad frequency band for wireless communication systems. These slots are excited through the separate and orthogonal placed microstri...

The sensitivity of a standard surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor in angular interrogation is low. A unique 2-dimensional substantial heterostructure, franckeite/graphene layer, has been deposited over the metal surface to improve the sensitivity; moreover, the sensitivity is limited to a certain extent. A SPR biosensor based on modified Kret...

The recognition of human facial expressions with the variation of poses is one of the challenging tasks in real-time applications such as human physiological interaction detection, intention analysis, marketing interest evaluation, mental disease diagnosis, etc. This research work addresses the problem of expression recognition from different facia...

Optical delay lines are vital components in integrated optics circuits and systems having numerous applications in optical sensing, beamforming networks, microwave signal processing and optical coherence tomography. In this paper, we have reported spiral optical delay lines on a silicon nitride platform having various advantages such as a wide wave...

A unique surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors is proposed computationally in this paper, combining recently developed Perovskite (e.g., BaTiO 3) with 2D materials (e.g., black phosphorus) atop of standard SPR biosensors. The performance of the proposed structure, such as sensitivity, the figure of merit (FOM), and the quality factor (QF) of t...

The optimization of the features is vital to effectively detecting facial expressions. This research work has optimized the facial features by employing the improved quantum-inspired gravitation search algorithm (IQI-GSA). The improvement to the quantum-inspired gravitational search algorithm (QIGSA) is conducted to handle the local optima trapping...

The proposed all-optical circuit utilizes the deep sub-wavelength confinement properties of plasmonic metal–insulator–metal waveguides. All-optical priority encoder accepts 2n\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgree...

In this work, a high-performance multioperation bit-manipulator is presented. The presented electro-optical design can perform several bit-manipulations such as bidirectional bit-shifting, bit-rotation, multiply-by-2 and divide-by-2, and sequence designing operation. The technique relies on the electrooptic principle in lithium niobate. Lithium nio...

Half adder and half subtractor are at the core of all arithmetic operations; these optical circuits add or subtract two input bits at a time to produce sum and carry or difference and borrow as outputs, respectively. In this work, Half adder/subtractor design based on the electro-optic principle is proposed. The operating speed of the proposed desi...

We report a design of 55 cm long spiral delay line at 850 nm wavelength. Propagation characteristics were simulated and analysed with a fully vectorial EigenMode Expansion (EME) method. Bending losses were calculated and analysed for the optimization of minimum bending radius for reported structure. We have also simulated and analysed excess loss f...

Abstract In this paper, a low profile substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) based self-quadplexing antenna with high isolation is demonstrated for multiband wireless applications. Here the SIW based resonator cavity is integrated with an “X”-shaped resonator and formed the four quarter mode cavities having the individual microstrip feed lines. Each...

In this letter, an efficient and electrically compact cavity-backed self-triplexing antenna using a substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technique is proposed. The antenna model is nested with an inverted “T”-shaped cavity and convert the rectangular SIW cavity into the two quarter mode (QM) and a half mode cavity (HM) approximately; excited throug...

The success of any automation system depends upon the many a factors including communication between the nodes and the host, security, reliability, etc. With the advent of IoT, the demand for wireless communication and the need for faster reliable communication grew multifold. While 5G addresses the communication speed requirements, blockchain offe...

In this paper, an autonomous ensemble approach of improved quantum inspired gravitational search algorithm (IQI-GSA) and hybrid deep neural networks (HDNN) is proposed for the optimization of computational problems. The IQI-GSA is a combinational variant of gravitational search algorithm (GSA) and quantum computing (QC). The improved variant enhanc...

We have designed a 2 × 2 directional coupler based on Mach–Zehnder configurations using Si3N4 waveguides at three different wavelengths used in optical coherence tomography. The couplers are compact in size and have very low loss. The analysis and calculation of reported design is done using eigen mode expansion (EME) method and is broadband over 1...

An optimized design of a two-bit array multiplier is proposed here. The multiplication operation for an array is performed using half adder and AND gate. Multiplication is a basic operation for arithmetic logical devices. The performance of the proposed device is simulated using the beam propagation method (BPM). The extinction ratio and insertion...

Amalgamation of engineering with medical science and implementation of artificial intelligence in receiving more accurate results precisely for preventive health care has made it challenging to detect the concentration or presence of biological analyte. Such systems needs an analyte for sensing the sample, generates a signal required to send throug...

Optical error detection has appeared as a fresh research area in the past two decades. Here, a 2-dimensional parity generator has been proposed that works on the electro-optic effect inside a lithium niobate based Mach–Zehnder Interferometer. Parity generation using the 2-dimensional method is a step towards multiple bit error detection that increa...

We report a design of 55 cm long spiral delay line at 850 nm wavelength. Propagation characteristics were simulated and analysed with fully vectorial Eigen Mode Expansion (EME) method. Bending losses were calculated and analysed for the optimization of minimum bending radius for reported structure. We have also simulated and analysed excess loss fo...

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a promising imaging modality for clinical. Its certain limitations such as size and complexity are rather challenging wherein exploiting integrated optics provide benefits over reduced size and lesser complexity. We have designed and reported a broadband and low loss linearly tapered directional coupler as a su...

A simple kind of self-diplexing antenna using two dumbbell-shaped cross-slots based on substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technique is presented in this paper. The two dumbbell-shaped cross-slots are imprinted on the top conducting layer of SIW cavity with corresponding two individual 50 Ω micro-strip feeding line networks. These slots are of dif...

The multiplexer is a combinational circuit that transfers multiple data inputs over a single output line. The input data are selected and transferred to the output line based on the selection line. In this work, 2 × 1 and 4 × 1 multiplexer is proposed. The proposed multiplexer has been worked out using the electro-optic principle. It is implemented...

This paper addresses an autonomous facial expression recognition system using the feature selection approach of the Quantum-Inspired Binary Gravitational Search Algorithm (QIBGSA). The detection of facial features completely depends upon the selection of precise features. The concept of QIBGSA is a modified binary version of the gravitational searc...

Error detection using optical parity generation has emerged as an evolving area of research in the field of optical communication networks. This paper presents the popular forward error correction technique of cyclic redundancy check (CRC) code words using the electro-optical method. CRC has served as a dominant technique to tackle multiple bit err...

In this paper, tri-state buffer and tri-state inverter circuits using the electro-optical effect have been proposed. Both the tri-state devices have three terminals as input, output and enable. An enable terminal is used to control the direction of the flow of the input towards the output. Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) is used as the switching...

Data communication around the whole globe has seen an enormous increase in the exchange of data across the networks. This has urged the need of optical communication systems that can provide the desired bandwidth. This paper is a step to the path of building such optical processing elements. The paper presents optical designs of a 3-bit incrementer...

A planar substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) based cavity-backed self-triplexing slot antenna is proposed for X-Ku band applications. The antenna comprises of the SIW cavity, radiating slots, and feeding networks. The radiating slots; that are etched on the upper metallic plane of the SIW, are backed up by the three radiated quarter cavities (QCs)...

A design of substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) based self-diplexing dumbbell-shaped slot antenna is presented in this paper. The proposed antenna comprises of two micro-strip feed lines of impedance 50Ω and two parallel dumbbell-shaped slots. These transverse parallel slots are of different lengths, etched on the patch (top surface) of the SIW ca...

The substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) based self-triplexing plus slot antenna is demonstrated in this paper. The proposed antenna comprises of SIW cavity with an etched plus-shaped slot on the patch along with three individual and orthogonal micro-strip feed lines of 50 ohms. Here the plus-shaped slot on the upper metallic is contributed as the...

Amalgamation of engineering with medical science and implementation of artificial intelligence in receiving more accurate results precisely for preventive health care has made it challenging to detect the concentration or presence of biological analyte. Such systems needs an analyte for sensing the sample, generates a signal required to send throug...

In this work an optimized design of two bit array multiplier is proposed. The multiplication operation for an array is performed using electro-optic effect based Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) as a switching device. Multiplication is a basic operation for arithmetic logical devices. The performance of the proposed device is verified using beam p...

Optical error detection has appeared as a fresh research area in the past two decades. Here, a 2-dimensional parity generator has been proposed that works on the electro-optic effect inside a Lithium Niobate based Mach-Zehnder Interferometer. Parity generation using a 2- dimensional method is a step towards the multiple bit error detection that inc...

Directional Coupler (DC) is one of the vital components in integrated optics and optical communication which is used to exchange optical power between the two adjacent waveguides due to the modal interaction. Broadband DC can be used to replace fiber couplers in optical coherence tomography (OCT). OCT is non-contact imaging modality having numerous...

In this paper novel designs for linear block code encoder and decoder using optical techniques have been proposed. The structures are designed and simulated using lithium niobate based Mach–Zehnder Interferometer (LN-MZI) and nonlinear material MEH-PPV [poly (2-methoxy-5-(28-ethylhexyloxy)-PPV)] (plasmonic) based MZI (P-MZI). The proposed LN-MZI de...

In this work, we report the design and simulation of a relatively simple, compact, low loss, and broadband BS based on a silicon nitride ADC. The reported structure uses asymmetric waveguides in the coupling section so as to produce a relative phase shift and operates over a wide bandwidth of 100 nm at various splitting ratios for TE, TM, and fully...

This work presents an electro-optic effect-based design for the widely used Hamming code for checking single bit errors in the received data. The structure is based on Mach-Zehnder Interferometer, designed using Titanium-diffused Lithium Niobate-based waveguides. The proposed device has been successfully tested using the beam propagation method. Fo...

In this work, an optimized design of all-optical NAND gate using plasmonic-based Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (P-MZI) is proposed using the metal-insulator-metal waveguide. It is an essential element for ultra-fast logic designing in integrated circuits at nanoscale. The proposed structure is designed with the minimum number of P-MZIs to operate in...

An all-optical full-adder device is implemented using a two-dimensional photonic crystal waveguide. The design of the full-adder circuit is based on a beam-interference principle that utilizes a combination of Y- and T-shaped waveguide structures formed from silicon dielectric rods in air background. Available optical full-adder circuits are design...

Decoder is a device that allows placing digital information from many inputs to many outputs. Any application of combinational logic circuit can be implemented by using decoder and external gates. In this paper, 2–4 line and 3–8 line decoder is proposed using electro-optic effect inside lithium–niobate-based Mach–Zehnder interferometers (MZIs). The...

Pollution in water caused by sewage, industrial waste, oil pollution, and various bacteria and viruses damage inhabitants in water and affects the entire biosphere. As water is one of the major resources which we consume directly and indirectly, so it must be protected. To avoid this water quality degradation, it is required to construct the real-t...

Set-Reset (SR) latch or flip-flop is bistabile circuit. The circuit maintains a binary state indefinitely until directed by an input signal (clock signal) to switch state. Sequential logic circuits for specific application can be implemented by using SR flip-flop and external gates. In this article, SR latch and SR flip-flop is proposed using elect...

A design of all-optical half-subtractor (AOHS) is presented based on two-dimensional (2-D) photonic crystal (PhC) waveguides without using optical amplifiers and nonlinear materials. It is an essential component of various photonic integrated circuits. The design of AOHS circuit is based on beam interference principle, using square lattice of Y-sha...

Optical 1's and 2's complement devices are proposed with the help of lithium-niobate-based Mach-Zehnder interferometers. It has a powerful capability of switching an optical signal from one port to the other port with the help of an electrical control signal. The paper includes the optical conversion scheme using sets of optical switches. 2's compl...

Set-Reset (SR) latch or flip-flop is bistabile circuit. The circuit maintains a binary state indefinitely until directed by an input signal (clock signal) to switch state. Sequential logic circuits for specific application can be implemented by using SR flip-flop and external gates. In this article, SR latch and SR flip-flop is proposed using elect...

Seven-segment decoder is a device that allows placing digital information from many inputs to many outputs optically, having 11 Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) for their implementation. The layout of the circuit is implemented to fit the electrical method on an optical logic circuit based on the beam propagation method (BPM). Seven-segment deco...

This paper includes optical Boolean function generator unit. It can generate multiple logical operations (16 operations). The device is proposed using electro-optic effect inside lithium niobate-based Mach–Zehnder interferometers (MZIs). The MZI structures have powerful capability to switching an optical input signal to a desired output port. The p...

Binary to octal and octal to binary code converter is a device that allows placing digital information from many inputs to many outputs. Any application of combinational logic circuit can be implemented by using external gates. In this paper, binary to octal and octal to binary code converter is proposed using electro-optic effect inside lithium-ni...

Encoder is a device that allows placing digital information from many inputs to many outputs. Any application of combinational logic circuit can be implemented by using encoder and external gates. In this paper, 4 to 2 line encoder is proposed using electro-optic effect inside lithium-niobate based Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs). The MZI struc...

In this paper, an optical finite impulse response (FIR) filter is proposed. An optical FIR filter can produce arbitrary spectrum output based on transfer function. The corresponding relationship between an optical filter and FIR filter is analyzed and analysis is presented in detail.

Image recognition is the need of the hour. In order to be able to recognize an image, it is of immense importance that the image should be distinguishable from the background. In the present work, an approach is presented for automatic detection and recognition of regular 2D shapes in low noise environments. The work has a large number of direct ap...

Now a day’s photonic crystals (PhCs) are in trends for designing of various integrated circuits like combinational and sequential circuits. The designing of all-optical half adder circuit based on beam interference principle, using T-shaped square lattice with silica dielectric rods in air background, is proposed. This design is a combination of tw...

Efficient application of the electro-optic effect in a lithium-niobate-based Mach–Zehnder interferometer to construct universal gates has been demonstrated. The study is carried out by simulating the proposed device with the beam propagation method, and the results are verified using MATLAB. Various parameters influencing the performance of the dev...

By every new day alternative technologies are being developed which in turn are helping to increase the speed of trains. Indian Railways aims to increase the speed of its passenger trains to 140 -- 180 km/h on conventional tracks. Thus it can be seen from the trending aspects of railways that they are primarily focusing on increasing the speed rath...

able to control devices by voice has always intrigued mankind. Today after intense research, Speech Recognition System, have made a niche for themselves and can be seen in many walks of life. The accuracy of Speech Recognition Systems remains one of the most important research challenges e.g. noise, speaker variability, language variability, vocabu...

An optical binary storage cell of a random access memory is demonstrated for Read/Write operation based on the electro-optic effect of Mach Zehnder Interferometer which can be arrayed to form optical memory units.