Sandeep Kumar

• Senior Member (IEEE), PhD (DTU Delhi)
• Senior Scientist at Central Research Laboratory

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), commonly known as Drones, are one of 21st century most transformative technologies. Emerging first for military use, advancements in materials, electronics, and software have catapulted drones into multipurpose tools for a wide range of industries. In this paper, we have covered the history, taxonomy, architecture,...

Quantum Machine Learning represents a paradigm shift at the intersection of Quantum Computing and Machine Learning, leveraging quantum phenomena such as superposition, entanglement, and quantum parallelism to address the limitations of classical approaches in processing high-dimensional and large-scale datasets. This survey provides a comprehensive...

As the demand for internet of things (IoT) and device-to-device (D2D) applications in next generation communication systems increases, we are confronted with a challenge of spectrum scarcity. One promising solution to this problem is cognitive radio network (CRN), where the key element is the spectrum - a valuable and sharable natural resource that...

This paper provides a detailed analysis of the important performance metrics like effective capacity (EC) and symbol error rate (SER) over fluctuating Nakagami-m fading channel. This distribution is obtained from the ratio of two independent random variables (RVs), where the numerator follows the Nakagami-m distribution, while the denominator is a...

In this paper, we develop a novel mobility-aware transformer-driven tiered structure (MASSFormer) based cooperative spectrum sensing method that effectively models the spatio-temporal dynamics of user movements. Unlike existing methods, our method considers a dynamic scenario involving mobile primary users (PUs) and secondary users (SUs)and address...

In this work, the detailed investigation of the bit error rate (BER) over the \(\alpha\)-\(\eta\)-\(\mu\)/Inverse-Gamma composite fading channel is performed.The analysis aimed to explore the error rate characteristics over this channel under the influence of additive Laplacian noise. The findings are presented in the form of a bivariate Fox’s H-fu...

This paper provides a detailed analysis of the important performance metrics like effective capacity and symbol error rate over fluctuating Nakagami-m fading channel. This distribution is obtained from the ratio of two random variables, following the Nakagami-m distribution and the uniform distribution. Our study derives exact analytical expression...

With the demanding need for next-generation wireless networks and the emergence of real-time applications in wireless communication, data rate performance over these systems is being researched for different fading channels. This study looked into the effective throughput analysis of the shadowed Beaulieu-Xie composite fading channel. The probabili...

The present disclosure provides a point to multiple point communication system for enhancing channel efficiency for wireless communication over a network, generate a set asynchronous balance mode (SABM) based on the received one or more data by the control centre to be transmitted to the one or more remote nodes; transmit any or a combination of th...

A system and method for determining geographical location points to deploy repeaters is disclosed. The system includes a control unit to: plan radio network with first and second location points; select a region of interest (ROI); analyze third location points in selected ROI to remove some of third location points, and obtain fourth location point...

With the emergence of new technologies in the field of airborne platforms and imaging sensors, aerial data analysis is becoming very popular, capitalizing on its advantages over land data. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the computer vision tasks within the domain of aerial data analysis. While addressing fundamental aspects such as o...

Simpler statistics are always preferred in wireless communication. With this motivation, in this work, we have presented simpler analytical expressions for the outage probability and average symbol error probability (SEP). In the case of coherent average SEP, expressions are derived for scenarios that experience additive white Gaussian noise and ad...

Unified statistics are valuable in the performance analysis of communication systems. In this context, Fox's H-function has been shown to be eminently suitable for diverse scenarios. Another pivotal requirement is to have a low computational complexity, which is often hard to achieve for generalized models. Given this motivation, in this article we...

In this letter, we design a hierarchical cooperative long short-term memory (LSTM) network-based cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) method which utilizes convolutional neural network (CNN) and LSTM network. The CNN extracts spatial features from the input covariance matrices (CMs) which are generated by sensing data of each secondary user (SU) and...

In contrary to Shannon’s ergodic capacity, the delay-constrained effective rate is used to define the maximum data rate of the real-time applications in 5G and beyond networks. Moreover, the received signal envelope in urban micro-cells environment follows a cascaded Rayleigh distribution with correlated channels. The effective capacity (EC) perfor...

The hidden node problem is one of the most challenging issue in Cooperative Spectrum Sensing (CSS). The system models adopted by the existing Deep Learning-based spectrum sensing methods have not focused on modeling the hidden node scenario in cognitive radio networks. Further, these methods are unable to adapt to the dynamic channel conditions in...

The present work proposes analytical solutions for the integral of bivariate Fox H-function in combination with algebraic, exponential, and complementary error functions. In addition, the work also presents the derivative identities with respect to function arguments. Further, the suitability of the proposed mathematical solutions is verified with...

In this work, the asymptotic performance analysis over double shadowed κ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\kappa $$\end{document}-μ\documentclass[12pt]{mi...

Cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) is an efficient method, which is used to detect the presence/absence of primary user (PU) signal in the received spectrum at the secondary user (SU). Clustering is a vector quantization technique that classifies the observed signal into some fixed number of clusters depending upon the nearest mean. In this work, t...

Intelligent reflecting surfaces aided communication have been emerging as strong candidates to support the 6G wireless physical platforms. IRS has shown promising qualities in enhancing the spectral efficiency of wireless networks because of its capability to alter the conduct of interacting electromagnetic waves through intelligent handling of the...

In this paper, we consider α-κ-µ-Extreme/gamma composite fading channel model, which is used to characterize non-linear severe fading and shadowing impairments in enclosed wireless propagation scenarios. For this model, we first obtain the probability density function (PDF) expression for the received signal-to-noise ratio(SNR). Using the derived P...

With the rapid development of next‐generation wireless communication technologies and the increasing demand of spectrum resources, it becomes necessary to introduce learning and reasoning capabilities in cognitive radio networks (CRN). In particular, our focus is on two fundamental applications in CRNs, namely spectrum sensing (SS) and spectrum sha...

To address the explosive traffic demands, the capacity of the fading channel is increasingly becoming a prime concern in the designing of the wireless communication system. The channel capacity is an extremely important quantity, since it allows the transmission of the data through the channel with an arbitrarily small probability of error. In othe...

Due to the open nature of wireless communication systems, the data transmission over these networks are vulnerable to malicious attack. To safeguard the transmitted data, physical layer security (PLS) has been emerged as a promising technique because of its unique feature of utilizing randomness of the wireless channel to secure the information. Th...

In this work, we study the performance of energy detector (ED) over generalized fading channels expressed in terms of Fox’s H-function over the air-to-ground (A2G) and ground-to-ground (G2G) networks. Firstly, the closed-form expression for the probability of missed-detection (PM) is derived. Then utilizing it, a unified and novel closed-form expre...

In this study, the transmissibility estimation of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has been presented using the generalized fractional-order calculus (FOC) based extended Kalman filter (EKF) and wavelet transform (WT) methods. Initially, the state-space representation for the bats-hosts-reservoir-people (BHRP) model is obtained using a set of fractiona...

Several emerging application scenarios for the multi-hop wireless networking have been introduced in 5G and beyond networks, to provide ultra-low latency and much higher data rate to the end users. In this work, an integrated performance evaluation of a decode-and-forward (DF) multi-hop wireless communication system is undertaken over the non-linea...

Effective capacity (EC) defines the most appropriate information rate that a wireless channel can support for real time applications, where delay constraint is considered as a quality of service (QoS) parameter. Mellin transform (MT) based approach is used for evaluating the performance over generalised fading channels. The closed-form expressions...

Composite fading channels are used to characterize the real time wireless communication system, as it can account for multipath fading as well as shadowing effect on the channel. To analyse the performance of the wireless communication systems supporting real time applications effective capacity is a crucial performance measure. In this paper, anal...

Relying on the fact that, cascaded \(\alpha\)–\(\mu\) distribution provide simplified and excellent fitting to the measurement data compared to the other composite fading model. This work investigates the performance of versatile cascaded non-identical \(\alpha\)–\(\mu\) fading channel. The \(\alpha\)–\(\mu\)/\(\alpha\)–\(\mu\) model has emerged as...

This paper analyzes the performance of decode-and-forward (DF)-based multi-hop relaying communication systems over α-κ-μ and α-κ-μ-Extreme fading channels. Analytical formulas for the probability density function (PDF) and the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as well as its moment generating functio...

In this paper, a novel closed form expression for the effective capacity (EC) over the 𝛼-𝜂-μ/Lognormal and 𝛼-𝜅-μ/Lognormal composite fading channels has been derived. Using the proposed expression, the influence of various fading and shadowing parameters on the composite fading channels is investigated. Moreover, to get more insight behavior of the...

This paper portrays a method for the reduction of distortion at the matched filter (MF) due to the velocity of the target. Linear frequency-modulated (LFM) signals are used for better range and velocity resolutions. However, LFM signals are not preferred when the velocity of the target is high due to large distortion at the MF output. Hence, nonlin...

In this work, the performance of energy detection (ED)-based spectrum-sensing in cognitive radio (CR) networks over the Log-Normal (LN) fading channel has been analyzed. More specifically, accurate analytical expressions for the average detection probability using various diversity techniques, namely maximal ratio combining (MRC), equal gain combin...

With the expansion of IoT and device-to-device communication applications, the security and privacy of the information have been kept at the forefront. The existence of a secondary eavesdropper, which attempts to access the confidential information of the legitimate partners, makes the data communication insecure. In this regard, we study the effec...

Multiplicative fading statistics usually encountered in different radio propagation environments. In this context, we evaluate and analyse the performance of a wireless communication system over the nonidentical cascaded generalised Gamma Fading Channels, also known as generalised Bessel‐K fading channel. To this end, the closed‐form expressions fo...

Anomaly detection in crowded scenes plays a crucial role in automatic video surveillance to avert any casualty in the areas witnessing the high amount of footfalls. The key challenge for automatically classifying the anomalies in crowd image is the usage of feature set and techniques which can be replicated in every crowded scenario. In this paper,...

This paper presents a comparative performance evaluation of energy detector (ED) under the assumption that the propagation signal experiences fading modeled by the non-linear generalized a-k-u or a-k-u-Extreme fading channels. The area under the receiver operating charac- teristics (AUC) curve are derived in terms of the now highly prevalent bivari...

In this work, an integrated performance evaluation of a decode-and-forward (DF) multi-hop wireless communication system is undertaken over the non-linear generalized $\alpha-\kappa-\mu$ and $\alpha-\kappa-\mu$-Extreme fading models. Analytical formulas for the probability density function (PDF) and the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the...

The present work covers the wide range of distributions and proposes the moment generating function (MGF) based analytical framework to derive the average symbol error probability (SEP), the average probability of detection (PD), and the average area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for the wireless system with maximal ratio...

This study investigates the unified performance analysis of an energy detector (ED) over a � g � l/IG and a � j � l/IG generalized fading channels. The probability density functions (PDF) of the received signalto-noise ratio (SNR) for the composite fading channels are derived using Gauss-Laguerre method. Novel analytical expressions for the average...

Spectrum sensing (SS) is the important function of cognitive radio and energy detection is the most popular technique used for SS. When the channel is composite (multipath/shadowed) fading, the detection of unused spectrum holes becomes difficult for the secondary users. In this paper, the analytical expressions of average probability of detection...

Spectrum sensing is the important function of cognitive radio and energy detection is the most popular technique used for spectrum sensing. Detection of the availability of unused spectrum for the secondary user becomes difficult when the channel is affected by composite multipath/shadowed fading. In this paper, the performance analysis of an Energ...

Internet of things contains the hefty number of devices communicating with each other; give rise to the problem of spectrum scarcity. Cognitive radio has emerged as the promising solution to this problem. Spectrum sensing is the important function of cognitive radio and energy detector is the most popular technique used for spectrum sensing. In thi...

In 5G communication, spectrum sensing is a viable technology to use the available spectrum efficiently. Energy detection based spectrum sensing is known to be very simple as far as the implementation of hardware circuitry is concerned. The performance of Energy Detector (ED) over α–η–μ/gamma and α–κ–μ/gamma composite fading channels is obtained usi...

In this article, mixture gamma (MG) distribution is used for analysing the performance of L-Hoyt/lognormal composite fading channel. To overcome small-scale fading effect, micro-diversity using maximum ratio combining (MRC) is used at the receiver. Due to mathematical complexity, performance analysis of composite (L-Hoyt/lognormal) fading models is...

In wireless communication system, various parameters such as average symbol/bit error probability (ASEP/ABEP), outage probability and average channel capacity, etc. are studied for its performance analysis. In this paper, the performance of L-Hoyt/Gamma (HG) composite fading channel with Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) employing micro-diversity is an...

Hoyt distribution is used to model the wireless communication system with more severe channel fading conditions. The large-scale signal power variation is statistically modeled by the lognormal distribution. In this paper, we have analyzed the performance of Hoyt-lognormal channel by using the Holtzman approximation method. The performance analysis...

The presence of both the fading and shadowing effects (also called composite multipath/shadowed fading) is often encountered in a realistic radio propagation scenario, thus, making it necessary to consider the simultaneous effect of fading and shadowing on the received signal. The multipath effect is captured using models such as Rician, Nakagami-m...

In this paper, we provide the performance of diversity systems in the presence of log normal shadowing. The performance measures of fading communication systems such as probability of density function (PDF) of received signal to noise ratio (SNR), Amount of fading (AF) and Outage probability (Pout) have been calculated and graphically represented f...

Wireless communication plays an important role in mission plan activities of various military and battlefield situations. In each of these situations, a frequency assignment problem arises with application specific characteristics. This paper presents a novel extension to binary constraint [1] method for automation of frequency assignment in battle...