Samuel P. Kozaitis

Florida Institute of Technology · Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering

Mechanical systems in motion type parallel structures are solid, fast and accurate. Between mobile systems parallel the best known and used system is that of a Stewart platforms, as being and the oldest system, quickly, solid and accurate. The paper presents a few main elements of the Stewart platforms. In the case where a motto element consists of...

The today main challenge to protect the environment through the development of new and more efficient transportation systems is presented. The absolutely necessary goods distribution and human transfers are polluting and damaging the environment and new solution should be envisaged; the conflicting strategies to adopt new types of environment frien...

Despite research carried out around the world since the 1950s, no industrial application of fusion to energy production has yet succeeded, apart from nuclear weapons with the H-bomb, since this application does not aims at containing and controlling the reaction produced. There are, however, some other less mediated uses, such as neutron generators...

Abstract The exact sizes of a Deuteron are extremely important today because deuterons are proposed for use as a raw material for the completion of the merger in the nuclear power station. The work proposes a study in the kinematic and dynamic design of a particle deuteron in motion. Mechanical equations of movement introduced are original and hav...

Abstract Over time it has advanced the idea that the achievement of a hot nuclear reaction can require tens or hundreds of millions of degrees. Precise calculations clearly indicate a much higher temperature. At least 10 million degrees are necessary for 1 keV in thermonuclear reaction. At 400 keV it needs a temperature of 4000 million degrees to...

Abstract Man always dreamed of flying. The important thing is not that it succeeded but that it has evolved permanently, improving its flight. The main problem in aviation was also the safety of the flight. How to keeps in the air, even when serious problems arise. Generally, the porting was made with engines and wings. But such support can’t be v...

Abstract Man always dreamed of flying. The important thing is not that it succeeded but that it has evolved permanently, improving its flight. The main problem in aviation was also the safety of the flight. How to keeps in the air, even when serious problems arise. Generally, the porting was made with engines and wings. But such support can’t be v...

In this study, the theoretical principles necessary to determine the exact magnitude of a moving electron, depending on the speed of movement, will be exposed. The equations are specifically discussed to determine the radius R of the moving electron, which refers to the electron movement velocity v and the resting mass m0. The mechanical moment of...

This paper describes an application of industrial robots that gain ground mainly in the aerospace industry. It is a TTT manipulator whose task is to automatically position the end-effector, in this case a complex sensor system and a eddy-current probe in the position set by the software application for testing by non-destructive ultrasound control...

The paper presents an original method to determine the general dynamics of rotating cam and lifting, customized to flat-plate mechanism. First, the dynamic cinematic is presented. Then the Lagrange equation is resolved and with an original dynamic model with a degree of freedom with variable internal damping the dynamic analysis of two models is th...

The success of a color night navigation system often depends on the accuracy of the colors in the resulting image. Often, small regions can incorrectly adopt the color of large regions simply due to size of the regions. We presented a method to improve the color accuracy of a night navigation system by initially splitting a fused image into two dis...

An effective color night vision system for ground vehicle navigation should operate in near real-time to be practical. We described a system that uses a public database as a source of color information to colorize night vision imagery. Such an approach presents several problems due to differences between acquired and reference imagery. Our system p...

We described a method to improve night vision for vehicle navigation that combined images from a thermal infrared camera and from a public database of stored images. Such an approach allows a night scene to appear as if it were daytime for automotive applications thereby increasing safety. We described a new metric to evaluate the fusion of such an...

Operating in a degraded visual environment due to darkness can pose a threat to navigation safety. Systems have been developed to navigate in darkness that depend upon differences between objects such as temperature or reflectivity at various wavelengths. However, adding sensors for these systems increases the complexity by adding multiple componen...

We presented a system to display nightime imagery with natural colors using a public database of images. We initially combined two spectral bands of images, thermal and visible, to enhance night vision imagery, however the fused image gave an unnatural color appearance. Therefore, a color transfer based on look-up table (LUT) was used to replace th...

We presented a method for colorizing fused imagery using a synthetic image as the color source. Imagery acquired at night from two sensors with different spectral bands were fused into a single image. We used a color transfer method based on a look-up table approach to change the false color appearance of the fused image to a natural appearance. Be...

A novel multiplexing technique known as Spatial Domain multiplexing (SDM) has been developed in recent years and offers many advantages over its counterparts. With multiple channel transmission of the same wavelength over a single multimode carrier fiber, SDM increases the data capacity by multiple folds. Input channels are launched at appropriate...

Bandwidth increase has always been an important area of research in communications. A novel multiplexing technique known as Spatial Domain Multiplexing (SDM) has been developed at the Optronics Laboratory of Florida Institute of Technology to increase the bandwidth to T-bits/s range. In this technique, space inside the fiber is used effectively to...

We present a new approach for network traffic anomaly detection based on a denoising algorithm that uses wavelet transforms. Using a block-matching technique and considering network traffic as noise, we suppress the traffic in order to detect anomalies. This approach is data-driven in the sense that samples of network traffic determine the amount o...

We denoised computed tomography (CT) imagery using a novel framework. This approach allows methods optimized for white noise to be used for signal-dependent noise present in low-dose CT imagery. Lowering the dose of x-rays results in an increase in quantum noise. We denoised an image independently several times using different parameters, then we s...

Small blood vessels may be difficult to detect in magnetic resonance angiography due to the lack of blood flow caused by disease or injury. Our method, which uses a block-matching denoising approach to segment blood vessels, works well in the presence of noise. We examined extended regions of an image to determine whether they contained blood vesse...

We proposed a novel framework that allows a method optimized for white noise to be used for denoising CT imagery. We considered low-dose x-ray CT imagery where lowering the dose of x-rays results in an increase in quantum noise. We first denoised an image independently several times using different parameters. Then, we selected pixels from those de...

We described a way to use a block-matching 3-D denoising algorithm to reduce noise in x-ray imagery. We first filtered an image multiple times using different estimates of the noise variance. From a simple estimate of the denoised image, we then estimated the noise variance at each pixel of the image. Using this approach, we obtained improved resul...

We investigated the denoising of medical imagery using a nonseparable third-order statistical approach. By using an efficient algorithm, we were to keep the execution time low. We performed experiments with medical imagery corrupted by nostationary Gaussian noise. We found that our approach showed improved results when compared to other thresholdin...

We showed that a hard threshold for wavelet denoising based on higher order statistics is comparable to a second order soft threshold. The hard threshold can made adaptive by using a third order statistic as an estimate of the noise. In addition, the relationship between an adaptive hard threshold and retaining a fraction of wavelet coefficients is...

Hard thresholding seems to work well for denoising signals using higher-order statistics. We statistically examined the best values for hard thresholding and related this to the fraction of wavelet coefficients set to zero to obtain the minimum MSE. In addition, we found that the minimum MSE obtained was less sensitive to the threshold when impleme...

The most commonly used smoothing algorithms for complex data processing are low pass filters. Unfortunately, an undesired side effect of the aforementioned techniques is the blurring of scene discontinuities in the interferogram. For Digital Surface Map (DSM) extraction and subsidence measurement, the smoothing of the scene discontinuities can caus...

We applied an image fusion approach that uses different wavelet transforms for the forward and reconstruction transforms to efficiently compact energy for improved reconstruction. In addition, we used denoising to reduce the error induced by this approach. We found that using such an approach generally increases the Average Relative Entropy (ARE) o...

We introduce a variational approach to wavelet denoising and phase unwrapping of interferometric SAR data using the Mumford-Shah framework. The Mumford-Shah variational framework can handle discontinuities in the scene besides unifying the phase unwrapping and denoising in one mathematical formalism.

We identified important features in ECG signals after using a third-order, correlation-based method for denoising. Using a small sample of test and actual clean ECG signals, we found that the third-order method for denoising preserved the values and location of important peaks better than a conventional second-order wavelet-based method for denoisi...

We used measures based on entropy to evaluate a method designed to fuse imagery from different sensor types. The method uses different forward transforms of input images and a common transform to reconstruct the final result. We attempted to examine the link between the error in a reconstructed result and its associated entropy.

We presented a method to reduce noise in signals using a higher-order, correlation-based approach. This paper examines the differences between hard and soft thresholds using the higher-order method, and the use of different wavelets in the denoising algorithm. Using a detection algorithm derived from third-order statistics, we determined if a wavel...

We determined the signal-to-noise ratios for an image fusion approach that is suitable for application to systems with disparate sensors. We found there was reconstruction error present when the forward and reverse transforms for image fusion give perfect reconstruction.

We reduced noise in images using a higher-order, correlation-based method. In this approach, wavelet coefficients were classified as either mostly noise or mostly signal based on third-order statistics. Because the higher than second-order moments of the Gaussian probability function are zero, the third-order correlation coefficient may not have a...

We used a method designed to fuse imagery from different sensor types. The method uses different forward transforms of input images and a common transform to reconstruct the final result. When measuring the average relative entropy of the fused results, we found that our method gave generally better results when compared to a more conventional appr...

Improving the accuracy of line segment detection reduces the complexity of subsequent high-level processing common in cartographic feature detection. We developed a new extension to the Hough transform and reported on its application to building extraction. We expanded the Hough space by a third parameter, the horizontal or vertical coordinate of t...

We developed a method to fuse imagery for from different sensor types. The core of our method uses different forward transforms of input images and a common transform to reconstruct the final result. When measuring the entropy and power of the fused result, we found that our method gave generally better results when compared to a more conventional...

We combined cross-sensor data that leads to improved extraction of information from disparate sensors. We presented a new method for signal fusion that uses different transforms for the forward transforms of two images and a common transform for the inverse. When using a fusion rule that selects the maximum value between images, we were able to tra...

A sequence of increasing translation invariant subspaces can be dened by the Haar-system (or generally by wavelets). The orthogonal projection to the subs- paces generates a decomposition (multiresolution) of a signal. Regarding the rate of convergence and the number of operations, this kind of decomposition is much more favorable then the conventi...

We reduced noise in aerial imagery using a higher-order correlation-based method using wavelet transforms. In our approach, we separated wavelet coefficients and noise based on a third-order detection algorithm. Because the higher that second-order moments of the Gaussian probability function are zero, the third-order correlation coefficient will n...

We applied a method to fuse imagery from different sensor types to visible and infrared imagery. The method uses different forward transforms of input images and a common transform to reconstruct the final result. We used entropy and average relative entropy as metrics for evaluating the reconstructed images. We found that this approach generally s...

We detected road pixels in aerial imagery using a multi-resolution, wavelet-based approach. Our method involved the description of a differential geometry approach for road seed pixel detection in terms of wavelet transforms. Using this approach allowed us to extend the differential geometry approach to incorporate multiple scales. We found that us...

We combined images from different sensors based on the magnitude of multiscale products of the wavelet transform. Using the product of nondownsampled wavelet coefficients across scales, we formed a fusion rule between two images. In this way, the products represented features than were related to contrast. Therefore, using our approach allowed us t...

The link characteristics of a digital spread-spectrum communication system between a launch vehicle and a space-based range during the launch phase were determined. Using this approach the link margin for a particular vehicle launch profile, data rate and the signal-to-noise ratio can be calculated. The features of spread-spectrum communication lin...

We determined the overall disparity from stereo images using multiscale products of disparity values. Using the wavelet transform, we used a multiresolution analysis to calculate disparity values from stereo images at different scales. Forming the product of disparities and rescaling resulted in a disparity map that was directly related to depth. U...

We combined images from different sensors that were enhanced by multiscale products of the wavelet coefficients. Using the wavelet transform, we used a multiresolution analysis to form products of coefficients across scales. Then, a fusion rule was applied to the product images to determine how the original images could be combined. Using this appr...

We reduced speckle noise in SAR imagery by retaining only those wavelet coefficients with significant third-order correlation coefficients. These coefficients were generated from the cross-correlation functions of the image and wavelet basis functions. Using this approach, we compared the results between directly applying our denoising method, and...

We reduced speckle noise in SAR imagery by retaining only those wavelet coefficients with significant third-order correlation coefficients. These coefficients were generated from the cross-correlation functions of the image and wavelet basis functions. Using this approach, we compared the results between directly applying our denoising method, and...

In an effort to make automatically detect image features for pattern recognition, we described a 3-dimesional (3-D) Hough transform. We describe two interlocking theoretical extensions to greatly enhance the Hough transform"s ability to handle finite lineal features and allow directed search for various features while balancing memory and computati...

We proposed a new line detection method in noisy images using Mexican hat wavelet filters. In our approach, we applied the wavelet transform in a multiresolution sense by forming the products of wavelet coefficients at the different scales to locate and identify lines at different scales. In addition, we also considered shifting line locations thro...

We used a higher-order correlation-based method for signal denoising of images corrupted by multiplicative noise. Using the logarithm of an image, we applied a third-order correlation technique for identification of wavelet coefficients that contained mostly signal. In our approach, we examined wavelet coefficients in an environment where the contr...

Hough transform theory provides a heuristically appealing approach toward finding lineal features in imagery. Unfortunately direct algorithmic implementation of its theory results in many practical problems. We provide two interlocking theoretical extensions to greatly enhances the Hough transform"s ability to handle finite lineal features and allo...

It is shown that the image chain has important effects upon the quality of feature extraction. Exact analytic ROC results are given for the case where arbitrary multivariate normal imagery is passed to a Bayesian feature detector designed for multivariate normal imagery with a diagonal covariance matrix. Plots are provided to allow direct visual in...

We detected roads in aerial imagery using a method based on lineal feature detection. Our method used the products of wavelet coefficients at several scales were to identify and locate lineal features. Using our approach effectively increased the size of the region we examined when looking for possible road pixels, and decreased the probability of...

Bits are allocated to various subbands to minimize a particular cost function to achieve compression in subband coding. The most common cost function is the L2 norm based on mean squared error (MSE). However, the MSE often fails to correspond to the perceptual quality of the image, especially at low bit rate. In this paper, we allocate bits into va...

We used a higher-order correlation-based method for signal denoising. In our approach, we determined which wavelet coefficients contained mostly noise, or signal, based on higher-order statistics. Because the higher that second-order moments of the Gaussian probability function are zero, the third-order correlation coefficient will not have a stati...

In this work, we proposed a method to detect roads in aerial imagery. In our approach, we applied the wavelet transform in a multiresolution sense by forming the products of wavelet coefficients at the different scales to locate and identify roads. After detecting possible road pixels, we used a graph searching algorithm to identify roads. We found...

We detected roads in aerial imagery based on multiresolution linear feature detection. Our method used the products of wavelet coefficients at several scales to identify and locate linear features. After detecting possible road pixels, we used a shortest-path algorithm to identify roads. The multiresolution approach effectively increased the size o...

This work involves the analysis of a communication system that uses the NASA Tracking and Data Relay Satellite/space Network (TDRSS/SN) to provide range safety and flight termination system support for expendable launch vehicles and the space shuttle. We examined the high-alphabet scheme for flight termination, and considered an analogous digital s...

We described an adaptive denoising method to improve image quality in a wavelet-based image compression process that uses dithered quantization. In our method, the second-order moment of the quantization noise is made independent of the signal by random quantization. Then, the quantization noise is reduced by thresholding wavelet coefficients. We f...

We detected edges in noisy images using multiresolution analysis with the wavelet transform. Products of wavelet coefficients at several scales were used to identify and locate edges. We found that it was important to consider the changes in edge position at different scales to detect edges in noisy imagery. We analyzed 1D edges and compared the re...

We applied dithered quantization to image compression using a wavelet transform, scalar quantization method. The results indicate that dithered quantization could change the noise characteristics of the reconstructed image.

We use circular versions of advanced distortion-invariant filters such as optical trade-off synthetic discriminant function and distance classifier correlation filters to obtain rotation invariance with an optical correlator. The filter noise performance is compared using a common measure of probability of error because the filters have different c...

We used the multiresolution property of the discrete wavelet transform to detect edges in noisy images. In our approach, we used wavelets corresponding to 1st and 2nd derivatives to generate noisy wavelet coefficients. Then, we compared the wavelet coefficients as a function of scale to reduce the effects of noise. In addition, our approach conside...

We used the multiresolution property of the discrete wavelet transform to detect edges in noisy images. In our approach, we used wavelets corresponding to 1st and 2nd derivatives to generate noisy wavelet coefficients. Then, we compared the wavelet coefficients as a function of scale to reduce the effects of noise. In addition, our approach conside...

Acousto-optic tunable filters have ben well documented throughout the last 30 years. Unfortunately, although the filtering characteristics of these system have been explored until recently little has been done with regards to the data analysis or exploring the advantages of processing multi- spectral information. Here we use the wavelet transform t...

We used a 3-D wavelet-based denoising method to reduce the noise from multispectral imagery. In our approach, we compared denoising of different bands of a multispectral image using a 2-D denoising technique, by which the wavelet coefficients corresponding to each band were denoised independent of each band, and a 3-D denoising technique by which t...