Samuel Bacharach

Samuel Bacharach
Cornell College · ILR

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114
Publications
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Introduction
Skills and Expertise

Publications

Publications (114)
Article
Do the key drivers of alcohol misuse change as young adults transition from early to late stages of employee onboarding? To answer this question, a series of hypotheses were tested based on two waves of data collected from 1240 college graduates from four different universities in the United States who reported obtaining full-time employment follow...
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With a significant proportion of college students in many countries engaging in risky drinking behavior, this study examines the tendency of such young adults to ‘mature out’ of such behavior in their first year of employment after graduating, and the degree to which three mainstream organizational on-boarding experiences may expedite such ‘maturin...
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Little is known about its prevalence of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) and its work-based etiology among employed adults in developing countries. To address this knowledge gap, we surveyed a total of 423 Ethiopian textile workers (of whom 313 were non-abstaining) assessing AUD. Using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test or “AUDIT” and categori...
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While some studies suggest that alcohol use reduces productivity and hence may reduce wages, others argue that it can enhance network relations and thus increase wages. The current study aims to unravel these equivocal findings by employing a prospective design focusing on young adults. Applying a social capital perspective, we posit that the relat...
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To what extent and under what conditions do college graduates disengage from employment‐incompatible behaviors during the college‐to‐work transition? Drawing from the life course perspective, we proposed a model highlighting considerable stability of employment‐incompatible behaviors during initial months of organizational socialization. Our model...
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Findings regarding the mechanism underlying the impact of supervisor incivility on subordinate alcohol misuse remain equivocal. Specifically, some studies indicate that stress mediates the impact of supervisor incivility on subordinate alcohol misuse, while others, find no evidence for such an effect, suggesting the need to investigate other mechan...
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What drives newcomers to adopt behaviors that, while perhaps helping them meet short-term role demands and organizational objectives, may also place themselves and/or their organization at risk in the long term? Based on social learning theory, research on onboarding and newcomer socialization suggests that such behavior may be explained by peer mo...
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Although scholars have extensively studied the impact of academic and vocational factors on college students’ employment upon graduation, we still know little as to how students’ health-related behaviors influence such outcomes. Focusing on student alcohol use as a widely prevalent, health-related behavior, the current study examines the employment...
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The aging of the workforce in the developed world has prompted organizations to implement human resource (HR) policies and practices encouraging older workers to defer retirement. However, little is known about the prevalence of such practices, and the organizational factors associated with their adoption. In this study, we used data collected from...
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Organizational veterans and external stakeholders such as clients often play an important and informal role in newcomer socialization, influencing newcomer cognition and behavior and providing learning opportunities and social support that facilitate employee adjustment and performance enhancement. However, from a sensemaking perspective, newcomers...
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Concern over the impact of baby-boomers' retirement on needed skills and proprietary knowledge has stimulated an interest in identifying workplace factors associated with retirement upon eligibility. Drawing from embeddedness theory, the authors identify work-based antecedents potentially underlying a related, but distinct, form of withdrawal—retir...
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Given that it influences the appraisal of situations and the utilization of coping resources, attachment orientation may condition the effects of retirement-related stressors on retiree well-being. Focusing on depression, psychosomatic complaints and health, as well as income decline as a retirement-related stressor, we followed a sample of workers...
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We generate and test a moderated mediation model of the effects of two retirement-related stressors (namely, financial and marital) on the severity of alcohol misuse among retirees. We posit that in addition to using alcohol to cope with stressors in retirement, alcohol may also be used to self-medicate the secondary, sleep-related effects of such...
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Studies suggest that the psychopathological effects of involvement in critical incidents among emergency service workers failing to seek help in a timely manner may be detrimental both for the individual and for the organization. However, little is known as to the factors governing when individuals seek such help. Consequently, drawing from the hel...
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Seeking to explain divergent empirical findings regarding the direct effect of social support on well-being, the authors posit that the pattern of supportive exchange (i.e., reciprocal, under-, or over-reciprocating) determines the impact of receiving support on well-being. Findings generated on the basis of longitudinal data collected from a sampl...
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Reports an error in "Alcohol consumption and workplace absenteeism: The moderating effect of social support" by Samuel B. Bacharach, Peter A. Bamberger and Michal Biron ( Journal of Applied Psychology , 2010[Mar], Vol 95[2], 334-348). The R-square estimates for models 4 and 5 of Table 2 on page 343 are incorrectly reported. The correct R-square val...
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Although it is commonly assumed that alcohol consumption has a significant impact on employee absenteeism, the nature of the alcohol–absence relationship remains poorly understood. Proposing that alcohol impairment likely serves as a key mechanism linking drinking and work absence, we posit that this relationship is likely governed less by the amou...
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Based on recent findings that post-retirement adjustment may be influenced by the conditions leading up to the decision to retire, we examine the impact of individual agency in the retirement decision on problematic drinking behavior, as well as the extent to which such an effect may itself depend upon the valence of the pre-retirement work experie...
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Although recent research on the link between retirement and drinking behavior among older adults suggests that retirement may also serve as a risk factor for drug abuse, the latter association has yet to be subject to rigorous research. We examined this association, as well as the possible conditioning effects of age and retirement trajectory, usin...
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Based on recent findings that post-retirement adjustment may be influenced by the conditions leading up to the decision to retire, we examine the impact of individual agency in the retirement decision on problematic drinking behavior, as well as the extent to which such an effect may itself depend upon the valence of the pre-retirement work experie...
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An offshoot of management-based Employee Assistance Programs, Member Assistance Programs (MAPs) are peer-based programs designed to help union members suffering from substance abuse and other personal problems. Although a relatively recent phenomenon, MAPs are rooted in traditional union principles of voluntarism and mutual aid. This article examin...
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This article examines the relationship between aging and drinking problems among mature workers and the moderating effects of positive alcohol expectancies (PAEs) and workforce disengagement. This longitudinal study collected data on mature adults (i.e., retirement eligible) in three employment sectors (i.e., construction, manufacturing, and transp...
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The authors investigated the moderating role of unit-level performance resources on the distress-mediated relationship between the intensity of involvement in workplace critical incidents and problematic drinking behavior (i.e., drinking to cope). Building on recent developments in hierarchical linear modeling, the authors tested a cross-level, mod...
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We generate and test a context theory of the impact of involvement in work-related critical incidents, positing that variation in units' postevent support and control climates explains cross-unit variation in individual stressor-strain relationships, that posttraumatic distress mediates the link between critical incident involvement and negative em...
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Although previous research examining drinking behaviors among older adults suggests that significant life events are likely to have their strongest alcohol-related effects among those with a history of heavy or problematic drinking, to date researchers have not directly examined the association between such events and the drinking behavior of such...
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Drawing from the literature linking alcohol consumption and aggressive behavior, the authors examine the degree to which the risk of gender harassment toward female workers may be associated with the drinking behaviors and perceived workplace drinking norms of their male coworkers. Using multilevel analyses to examine data from 1,301 workers (inclu...
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Although individuals often work in groups and groups function within a larger environment, researchers have rarely examined the effect of context on employees’ emotions, attitudes, or behaviors. This study uses the World Trade Center attack to generate and test a context theory concerning the impact on first responders of their involvement in a cat...
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Human Resource (HR) researchers have a tendency to generalize their results and prescriptions across a wide range of organizations without regard to possible contingencies. This can be dangerous. This article demonstrates the nature of the difficulties that can arise in two ways. First, by comparing hypotheses concerning the relationships between H...
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We test hypotheses derived from two alternative perspectives regarding the association between supervisory abuse and subordinate problem drinking. Drawing from the employee resistance literature, we examine the degree to which such an association may be sensitive to variation in subordinate personality. Drawing from the stress literature, we examin...
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Diversity proponents argue that expanding the pool of human and social capital within organizations can sharpen their competitive edge. Researchers generally agree that supportive coworker relationships based on trust and expressive, self-revealing ties positively affect individual and organizational performance. But making the most out of diverse...
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Recent research suggests that inter-group knowledge and information sharing are often required in order for employee diversity to yield significant dividends, and that such patterns of inter-group cooperation may themselves be contingent upon the prior emergence and continued maintenance of more intimate and supportive peer relations. However, litt...
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Arguing that current theories of organizational change fail to pay adequate attention to how organizations move from one stable state to another, a model is generated of the organizational transformation process. It is argued that to the degree that organizations are systems of exchange, they may be said to be transformed through a process by which...
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From a qualitative study of flight attendants volunteering as support providers in a peer-based employee assistance program, a typology of the boundary management tactics used by peer-support providers to maintain a comfortable distance from help recipients is derived and a grounded theory explaining providers' selection of tactics is proposed. Aft...
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In this study, we assess the initial effects of employment status (not yet retired/continued employment, retirement with bridge employment and full retirement) on the alcohol consumption and drinking problems of retirement-eligible blue-collar workers. Data were collected at two points from a random sample of members of nine unions within 6 months...
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Using a random sample of 1,475 nonexempt workers, we explore the potential spillover effects of demographic dissimilarity on two key elements of members’ union attachment, namely, union commitment and instrumentality. Consistent with similarity-attraction theory, our findings indicate that gender dissimilarity has a significant negative effect on u...
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The authors examine a model of employee grievance activity that encompasses both workplace and labor market determinants and attempts to reconcile inconsistent findings in the literature by taking into account the possible moderating effects of labor power. A multi-level analysis of data from 1996-97 on 1,383 blue-collar workers suggests that labor...
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ABSTRACT Using a sample of blue-collar workers and drawing from managerial control theory, we derive and then test an integrative model of employee drinking behavior focusing on four key sets of work-related risk factors: (1) workplace culture, (2) alienation, (3) stress and (4) policy enforcement. Our results suggest that perceived permissive drin...
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Drawing on a perspective originally developed by Braverman and Edwards, and using a sample of 42 elementary and 45 secondary schools, we examine the consequences of (as well as the interrelationships among) three traditional administrative control mechanisms (direct control through supervision, and indirect control through routinization and partici...
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Recent theory suggests that individual performance at work is influenced not only by individual effort and ability, but also by situational constraints. Focusing upon job resources inadequacy as a specific situational constraint, we develop a typology of job resources and propose a framework by which to assess the inadequacy of job resources. On th...
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Organizational researchers tend to explain the often high degree of unpredictability in managerial decision-making in terms of differences in the cognitive processes of decision-makers. However, the decision criteria used by managers remain relatively unexplored. Viewing the use of decision criteria as a method by which managers justify their decis...
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This book brings together different analytical perspectives from organizational theory and applies them to examinations of schools. The editors maintain that the current debate over school restructuring is essentially a debate over which strategy of organizing will achieve the best results. Organizational theory suggests that there are two primary...
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This article attempts to develop a framework for analyzing the politics of school organizations. After examining relevant literature, the authors maintain that a Weberian perspective (instead of Marxian or neo-Machiavellian perspectives) is appropriate for the examination of organizational politics. The concept of the "logic of action" (the implici...
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This paper adopts the concept of status inconsistency from the wider sociological literature in order to explain one of the social psychological processes possibly underlying the linkage between organizational demography and occupational stress. In doing so, we review the methodological and theoretical difficulties that arise in applying status inc...
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Researchers have examined the issue of role stress—its antecedents and its consequences—across a variety of organizational and occupational contexts. In doing so, a generic model of the interrelationships among role stressor antecedents and consequences seems to have emerged. This paper examines some of the possible weaknesses in such a model, part...
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Introduction - professionals in bureaucracies the work of teachers autonomy and control restructuring the job of teaching compensating teachers structuring participation the changing role of unions conclusion - restructuring relationships in schools.
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Using structural equation modeling, this paper compares a more traditional, unmediated model of work-based role stress and its consequences on job satisfaction and burnout to two models in which the role stress-affective work outcome relationship is mediated (partially and completely) by work-home conflict across two samples of public sector profes...
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This paper examines four sets of work design variables with respect to their relationship with role conflict and role ambiguity in elementary and secondary schools. The findings suggest that managerial strategies appropriate for minimizing role conflict are not necessarily those appropriate for minimizing role ambiguity, and that the determinants o...
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In his seminal 1972 work Hirschman suggested that members of organizations have two primary alternatives when faced with conditions that they find objectionable: exit (i.e., turnover) and voice (i.e., militancy). This study examines the degree to which two key affective work consequences (job satisfaction and stress symptomology) and two of their h...
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In the early phase of this country's reform movement, merit pay plans were gaining in popularity throughout the country. The central question was, how do we improve our compensation and performance appraisal systems to motivate teachers in the classroom? With the failure of many of these plans came the recognition that in concentrating on the quest...
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While the literature on education reform has called for increased teacher participation in decision making, little is known about the decision participation construct itself Previous research in this area may be categorized according to the approach taken with respect to the conceptualization and operationalization of participation in decision maki...
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This study examined five sets of work process variables with respect to their relationship with role conflict and role overload among samples of public sector nurses and engineers. The findings suggest that managerial strategies appropriate for minimizing role conflict are not necessarily appropriate for minimizing role overload. The findings also...
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Using a sample of 524 elementary and 816 secondary school teachers, the authors evaluate the plausibility of seven alternative models of the determinants of teacher militancy concerning issues of workplace control. The findings suggest that the more plausible models are those that explain militancy as a function of (a) the extent of the teacher's i...
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This paper examines four sets of work design variables with respect to their relationship with role conflict and role ambiguity in elementary and secondary schools. The findings suggest that managerial strategies appropriate for minimizing role conflict are not necessarily those appropriate for minimizing role ambiguity, and that the determinants o...
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A set of ground rules and vocabulary to facilitate focused discussion about the structure of organization and management theories are proposed. The many previous efforts at defining and evaluating theory help establish criteria for theory construction and evaluation. In the establishment of these criteria, description is distinguished from theory,...
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The reform movement has focused primarily on issues of teacher preparation and compensation. However, as our schools are currently structured and managed, many teachers become dissatisfied with their careers regardless of their level of preparation and compensation. If we can discover the organizational work characteristics of schools that are asso...
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This research examines the impact of the power relationship on tactical action (i.e., damage and concession tactics) in conflict. It tests a theory of bilateral deterrence and determines whether theoretical principles designed for punitive power extend to power dependence. The theoretical principles are that unequal power will produce more use of p...
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Concerned with problems of implementing the Holmes Group proposals, Conley and Bacharach explore from an organizational theory point of view issues relating to standards for entry into teaching, differential staffing models, and school management. They focus on the central issue of control vs. autonomy in the organizational structure of our schools...
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This article is an organizational analysis of stress in 42 elementary school organizations and 45 secondary school organizations. Organizational stress is operationalized as the aggregate average response to survey questions on the teachers' level of general stress on the job. The predictors of stress differ for elementary school organizations and...
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Arguing that those factors that hinder task completion will relate to dissatisfaction, dissatisfaction with agents, and dissatisfaction with pay in superintendents and principals. The authors believe that this approach to the study of satisfaction, when applied to specific roles, provides a detailed picture of the constraints of a given role. The r...
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This essay reviews quality of work life as a management technique and argues that quality-of-work-life programs, conceptualized multidimensionally, offer a unique mechanism for improving working conditions in schools and within districts. A brief analysis of major management ideologies concludes that some techniques advocated under the label of qua...
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This essay reviews major trends in methodological and theoretical approaches to the study of organizations since the mid-sixties and espouses the political analysis of organizations, a position representing a middle ground between comparative structuralism and the loosely coupled systems approach. This position emphasizes micropolitics as well as m...
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Conceptualizing militant behavior as a strategic choice involving collective action and occurring within a specific organizational context, this paper examines the impact of various organizational factors on elementary and secondary school teachers' willingness to engage in militant behavior. Teachers in 83 New York districts were surveyed as to th...
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Because research on job characteristics as predictors of turnover is of debatable relevance to the study of school board turnover, the research reported here examines the impact of variables capable of capturing the political context. In a survey including data from 263 board members from 83 school districts in New York State, the dependent variabl...
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A comparative case study methodology was employed to investigate the formation and maintenance of consensus in school district governance and administration in six central New York school districts. Based on these case studies, eight critical variables were identified as affecting consensus. These variables include: the environmental constraints wh...
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This study examines the rationality of role-allocation processes in public bureaucracies. The article specifically examines the perception of recruitment and promotion. Comparative organizational data provided support for the arguments that: (a) politically neutral civil service entrance exams are adopted to increase bureaucratic autonomy from exte...
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This paper develops and tests an analytical framework for analyzing the selection of tactics in bargaining. Using a variant of power-dependence theory, the authors propose that bargainers will use different dimensions of dependence, such as the availability of alternative outcomes from other sources and the value of the outcomes at stake, to select...
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This paper examines the effect of organizational structures and processes on the reported proposals of innovation by middle and lower echelon officials in 44 Belgian bureaucracies. Technical and administrative innovations were examined. It was found that the determinants of proposal making differ, depending on the actor's level in the organization.

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