Samares Pal

Verified

Samares verified their affiliation via an institutional email.

Learn more

Verified

Samares verified their affiliation via an institutional email.

Learn more

• Ph.D.
• Professor at University of Kalyani

In the realm of pollinator declination, understanding the dynamics of plant–pollinator interactions is a critical area of research to maintain healthy ecosystems. This study employs a mathematical modeling approach to investigate the dynamics of a saturated plant–pollinator mutualism, particularly aiming on the effect of predation on pollinator spe...

Several experimental evidences and field data documented that zooplankton may alter its behavioral response in the presence of toxic phytoplankton, reducing its consumption to the point of starvation. This paper is devoted to the mathematical study of such interactions of toxic phytoplankton with grazer zooplankton. The non-toxic phytoplankton is a...

In this paper, we have considered an SEIT epidemic model with new modulated saturated incidence and discrete time delay. From our motivation first we prepare the mathematical model and the effect of time delay is investigated. Our main consideration that the disease is transmitted only by contact with the infected individuals of the same species. T...

The sterile insect technique (SIT) is an environmentally friendly approach to insect management involving the release of sterile insects to reduce the population of their wild counterparts. In this study, we analyze a stage-structured entomological model depicting the dynamics of a wild-type mosquito population. Our observations reveal that mosquit...

In this investigation, we delve into the dynamics of an ecoepidemic model, considering the intertwined influences of fear, refuge-seeking behavior, and alternative food sources for predators with selective predation. We extend our model to incorporate the impact of fluctuating environmental noise on system dynamics. The deterministic model undergoe...

Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) is a biological insect (or pest) control tool aiming to reduce or eliminate wild insect (or pest) populations by releasing sterile insects (or pests). In this paper, we propose and study a stage-and sex-structured entomological model describing the dynamics of wild-type mosquito population and observed that the extinc...

The study explores the impact of fear levels and intra-species competition on the predator-prey system’s dynamics. High fear levels or competition among prey stabilizes the system by preventing periodic solutions. In contrast, low fear levels or competition triggers the emergence of limit cycles through Hopf bifurcation. Additionally, higher intrin...

In this paper, we propose a predator-prey model with infection in prey population only. We incorporate the fear effect in the growth rate of susceptible prey and the Allee effect in the predator population. Both are the most crucial factors and have a great impact in regulating population size, community structure, and system dynamics. The level of...

An HIV-COVID-19 co-infection dynamics is modeled mathematically assimilating the vaccination mechanism that incorporates endogenous modification of human practices generated by the COVID-19 prevalence, absorbing the relevance of the treatment mechanism in suppressing the co-infection burden. Envisaging a COVID-19 situation, the HIV-subsystem is ana...

Coral reef ecosystems are most vulnerable to changes in sea surface temperature (SST), a key environmental factor critical to reef-building growth. Elevated SST reduces the ability of corals to produce their calcium carbonate skeletons. Prolonged high SST results in coral bleaching, owing to the uncoupling of symbiosis among corals and microalgae....

In this article, we contemplate the dynamics of an additional food-provided prey-predator system. We assume that the behavior of cooperative predators induces fear in prey, which affects prey's birth and death rates radically. We observe that the structural instability imposed by strong cooperative hunting among predators goes away with higher inte...

The goal of this research is to investigate the dynamical behaviour of a predator-prey system with Holling II functional response in a systematic way. The system’s various dynamical behaviours have been investigated, with the prey refuge being proportional to both species. The proposed model has been tested in the absence and presence of environmen...

An eco-epidemic model is studied in the present paper by assuming that the predators are able to pick out prey that have been infected by some parasite and have a habit to avoid such prey for reducing fitness cost. The disease is assumed to be SI−type, and the predator population is assumed to face intraspecific competition besides natural death. W...

Dealing with the prey-predator interactions in presence of disease is very important to understanding the dynamical behavior of population models. Here, we examine an eco-epidemiological model, in which both populations are infected. The predator population becomes infected by consuming infected prey. Once the predator population gets infected thro...

In ecological systems, the fear of predation risk asserts a privilege to the prey species by restricting their exposure to the potential predators. It also imposes costs by constraining the exploration of optimal resources. Additional foods for predators play a pivotal role in the biological conservation programs. The predators have ability to dist...

This paper is devoted to the study of ecosystem based fisheries management. The model represents the interaction between prey and predator population with Holling II functional response consisting of different carrying capacities and constant intrinsic growth rates. We have considered the continuous harvesting of predator only. It is observed that...

The well-being of humans is closely linked to the well-being of species in any ecosystem, but the relationship between humans and nature has changed over time as societies have become more industrialized. In order to ensure the future of our ecosystems, we need to protect our planet’s biodiversity. In this work, a prey–predator model with fear drop...

In this article, we contemplate the dynamics of a three-tier system of nutrient, phytoplankton and zooplankton with a gestation delay of discrete type and a distributed delay in nutrient recycling. Phytoplankton secretion-mediated alteration in the grazing pattern of zooplankton is encapsulated by Monod-Haldane functional response. We carry out glo...

An HIV/AIDS transmission model is constructed and analyzed that assimilates spontaneous change in human behaviour depending on the disease prevalence incorporating self-shielding mechanism and treatment control. It is assumed that human population become aware of HIV disease from exposed environment, and are conscious enough to make their knowledge...

In this article, we have analyzed the effect of prey apprehension on a modified Leslie–Gower predator–prey fishery model with Allee effect on the prey population. We investigate the predator–prey dynamics for linear, Holling type II, and Holling type III functional responses of the predator and observed that the systems undergo a sudden change in d...

In this paper, the impact of environmental noise on prey-predator interactions with seasonal fluctuations of water level has been studied. Both intensity of noise and water level variations together play significant role on the dynamics of an aquatic prey-predator system. Analytically, we have shown existence of positive solution and its uniqueness;...

In this article, we apply different functional responses to introduce new mathematical feature in marine ecosystem. Strength of phytoplankton refuge and zooplankton refuge play big impacts in our system. We examine the different bifurcation scenarios when one or two different parameters vary together at the same time. A comparison of deterministic...

Media-based public health knowledge is vital in curbing the spread of different infectious diseases. The information broadcasted through the internet and TV makes people aware of newly emerging infectious diseases and alters their actions towards awareness propagation. In this paper, we have constructed a non-linear mathematical model to investigat...

In this study, we propose an HIV-TB co-infection model by considering the treatment provision limitation induced by recent COVID-19 pandemic that impacts this dual epidemic immensely, assimilating the significance of educational attempts. We analyze the model and its submodels with single infections individually. We obtain the awareness induced bas...

Social media initiatives educate the public about the tools and strategies necessary to defend themselves from emerging diseases. The effect of media advertisements in combating an infectious disease is explored in the present investigation. The numerical results show that the system destabilizes when the growth rate of media advertisements goes ab...

The excessive population of macroalgae along with invasion of lionfish (Pterois volitans) in the coral reefs posses a major challenge to their ecosystem. The community shape of coral reef approaches to macroalgae-dominated ecosystem due to aggressive nature of macroalgae. The herbivores fish like parrotfish act as a favourable character in controll...

In this paper, we study a predator-prey system in which the prey population is infected from a parasite and the growth of susceptible prey is suppressed due to fear of predation. We consider that the predators have ability to distinguish between susceptible and infected prey, and they avoid the infected ones to reduce fitness cost. The predators are...

The number of coral reefs around the world is slowly declining due to environmental and anthropogenic reason, and Pterois volitans also put extra stress on coral reefs by decreasing the number of herbivorous fishes (parrotfish). Moreover, uncontrolled growth of algae interrupts the growth of corals since corals and algae grow together on algal turf...

A predator–prey model with infection in the prey population, including fear, refuge and harvesting factors, is proposed. An expression for basic reproduction number is obtained. Depending on reproduction number, global stability of disease-free and endemic equilibria is established. We have found that disease can be eradicated from the system by co...

Significant variations of the water-level of the lake can have a strong impact on the persistence of species. Indeed, when the water-level is low, during the autumn, the contact between the predator and the prey is more frequent, and the predation increases. Conversely, when the water-level is high, in the spring, it is more difficult for the preda...

The interaction of prey (small fish) and predator (large fish) in lakes/ponds at temperate and tropical regions varies when water level fluctuates naturally during seasonal time. We relate the perceptible effect of fear and anti-predator behaviour of prey with the water level fluctuations and describe how these are influenced by the seasonal changi...

In this paper, we have formulated a non-linear HIV/AIDS epidemic model with awareness and treatment. For our convenient study, we have incorporated a new compartment, that is pre-AIDS compartment P. First, we notice the equilibrium points and criticize its stability. The disease persists or fade-out totally depends on the basic reproductive number...

Intricate functional diversities in marine ecosystems often lead to exhibit a variety of dynamical behaviors, including chaos. To bring order into such chaotic situations, the system develops different mechanisms of self-adaptability. Our present investigation is based on the study of an eco-epidemiological model for virally infected toxic phytopla...

In this article, we study the dynamics of a three species food chain model for a predator-prey system with hunting cooperation in predators; due to fear of predation risk, prey population shows anti-predator behaviour. Fear of middle-predator affects the growth rate of prey and the fear of top-predator reduces the predation of middle-predator on pr...

We propose and analyze the effects of a generalist predator-driven fear effect on a prey population by considering a modified Leslie-Gower predator-prey model. We assume that the prey population suffers from reduced fecundity due to the fear of predators. We investigate the predator-prey dynamics by incorporating linear, Holling type Ⅱ and Holling...

Fear of predation risk may assert privilege to prey animals by restricting their exposure to potential predators, meanwhile it can also impose costs by constraining the exploration of optimal resources. In this article, we investigate the impact of fear on the dynamics of an eco-epidemiological switching model. We observe that both the force of inf...

In this paper, a mathematical model for the interacting dynamics of phytoplankton-zooplankton is proposed. The phytoplankton have the ability to take refuge and release toxins to avoid over predation by zooplankton. The zooplankton are provided some additional food to persist in the system. The phytoplankton are assumed to be affected directly by e...

Competition between macroalgae and corals for occupying the available space in the seabed is an important ecological process underlying coral reef dynamics. Several benthic macroalgae species produce allelopathic chemical compounds that hinder the settlement and survival of coral larvae. The release of allelochemicals by harmful macroalgae helps th...

In this chapter, we have considered a nutrient–phytoplankton–zooplankton interaction model in which phytoplankton is assumed to be able to detect the presence of zooplankton and to counteract it by forming patches and releasing some toxic chemicals in the surrounding water. Our observations indicate that the degree of toxicity plays an important ro...

The importance of fear, refuge and additional food is being increasingly recognized in recent studies, but their combined effects need to be explored. In this paper, we investigate the joint effects of these three ecologically important factors in a prey-predator system with Crowly-Martin type functional response. We find that the fear of predator...

In this paper, we investigate the combined effects of fear, prey refuge and additional food for predator in a predator–prey system with Beddington type functional response. We observe oscillatory behaviour of the system in the absence of fear, refuge and additional food whereas the system shows stable dynamics if anyone of these three factors is in...

It is well known that coral reefs are at a high risk of destruction from terrestrial runoff, various anthropogenic activities and pollution in marine ecosystem. The growth of coral reef and macro algae depend on the activities of herbivores on it. Here, we introduce a mathematical model to explain the effect of activities of herbivores on growth of...

The widespread problem of water pollution due to enhanced concentration of anthropogenic effluents is becoming a global issue. Public environmental awareness may be a plausible factor for the control of toxicants in the aquatic medium. The present paper is devoted to study the impact of awareness among human on reduction of environmental toxins aff...

Water level regulates the dynamics of different populations residing in water bodies. The increase/decrease in the level of water leads to an increase/decrease in the volume of water, which influences the interactions of fishes and catching capability. We examine how seasonal variations in water level and harvesting affect the outcome of prey-preda...

Infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is an infectious pathogen of salmon fish and this pathogen is highly contagious among juvenile salmonid species. The disease has pervaded to continental Europe and Asia via the gathering of infected fish and eggs, i.e. the disease may have both direct and indirect effects on salmon fish. They enter th...

In any ecosystem, chaotic situations may arise from equilibrium state for different reasons. To overcome these chaotic situations sometimes the system itself exhibits some mechanisms of self-adaptability. In this paper, we explore an eco-epidemiological model consisting of three aquatic groups: phytoplankton, zooplankton and marine free viruses. We...

The increasing input of environmental toxins in aquatic systems raises concerns regarding the environmental exposure and impact of toxins on natural aquatic environments. Phytoplankton and zooplankton appear to be among the most sensitive aquatic organisms to environmental toxins. Moreover, toxin-producing phytoplankton plays an important role in r...

Coral reefs are globally threatened by numerous natural and anthropogenic impacts. The proliferation of seaweeds in coral reefs is one of the most common and significant reasons for the decline of healthy corals. Some seaweeds release chemicals that are harmful to corals. The chemicals released by toxic seaweeds damage corals in areas of direct con...

In the present study, we investigate the selective feeding of zooplankton on phytoplankton infected by free-viruses in the presence of environmental toxins in the marine ecosystem. The environmental toxins assume to decrease the growth rate of susceptible phytoplankton, and increase the death rate of infected phytoplankton and zooplankton. Global s...

In this research work, we have developed and analyzed a deterministic epidemiological model with a system of nonlinear differential equations for controlling the spread of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in a population with vital dynamics (where birth and death rates are not equal). The model examines the disease transmission dynamics with isolation fro...

Unsustainable fishing has been identified as one of the most important direct drivers of the degradation of coral reef ecosystems. Herbivorous reef fish, which prevent excessive accumulation of coral-suffocating algae, are in a steady decline due to the presence of invasive predators together with overfishing in many coral reef systems. Here, a two...

The progressive and increasing invasion of an opportunistic predator, the lionfish (Pterois volitans) has become a major threat for the delicate coral reef ecosystem. The herbivore fish populations, in particular of Parrotfish, are taking the consequences of the lionfish invasion and then their control function on macro-algae growth is threatened. In t...

In ecology, the interactions between prey and predator can be direct or indirect. Predators can affect prey population by means of direct consumption and by inducing a non-consumptive fear effect in the prey population. In our present study, we investigate the impact of an indirect prey–predator interaction by considering the effect of fear of pred...

We formed a plankton-nutrient interaction model which consists of phytoplankton, herbivorous zooplankton, dissolved limiting nutrient with general nutrient uptake functions, instantaneous nutrient recycling, and harvesting on plankton population. Afterward, we modified and expanded the primary model by considering the effect of sunlight, additional...

We propose and analyze a predator-prey model, in which both population is infected by disease. The total population has been classified into susceptible prey, infected prey, susceptible predator , and infected predator. The disease cannot be transmitted between prey and predator by predation. The predation ability of susceptible predator is stronge...

A plankton model including the latest mathematical features introduced in a very recent specialistic contribution showing the emergence of the Holling type III response function is here formulated and developed in its deterministic and stochastic counterparts. The effects of additional food source and harvesting rate of zooplankton are analyzed. Th...

In this paper, we propose and analyze a plankton system consisting of two plankton species one is toxin producing plankton, another is non-toxin producing plankton and zooplankton population which depends on both the phytoplankton species. We investigate the boundedness and stability criteria of the system and existence conditions of all possible e...

Microbial disease in corals associated with the proliferation of benthic macroalgae are the major contributors to the decline of coral reefs over the past few decades. Several benthic macroalgae species produce allelopathic chemical compounds that negatively a�ect corals. The emergence of microbial diseases in corals occur simultaneously with the e...

Microbial disease in corals associated with the proliferation of benthic macroalgae are the major contributors to the decline of coral reefs over the past few decades. Several benthic macroalgae species produce allelopathic chemical compounds that negatively affect corals. The emergence of microbial diseases in corals occurs simultaneously with the...

We formulate and analyze a predator-prey model followed by Leslie-Gower model in which the prey population is infected by disease. We assume that the disease can only spread over prey population. As a result prey population has been classified into two categories, namely susceptible prey, infected prey where as the predator population remains free...

A four dimensional stage-structured ratio-dependent predator-prey model with constant prey refuge is proposed and analyzed to study the effect of predation and cannibalism of the organisms at the highest trophic level with harvesting. Our analysis leads to different thresholds in terms of the model parameters acting as conditions under which the or...

Infectious disease outbreaks are considered an important factor for the degradation of coral reefs. Reef-building coral species are susceptible to the influences of black band disease (BBD), characterized by cyanobacteria-dominated microbial mat that migrates rapidly across infected corals, leaving empty coral skeletons behind. We investigate coral...

A three-dimensional plankton-nutrient interaction model is proposed and analysed which mediated by a toxin-determined functional response. The new functional response is a modification of the traditional Holling Type II functional response by explicitly including a reduction in the consumption of phytoplankton by the zooplankton due to chemical def...

This paper deals with a prey–middle predator–top predator ecosystem model with Holling type IV predator response in the unreserved zone. The model system is studied analytically and the threshold values for the existence and stability of various steady states are worked out. The global stability analysis is carried out. It is observed that if the i...

The invasion of predatory lionfish (Pterois volitans) represents a major threat to the western Atlantic coral reef ecosystems. The proliferation of venomous, fast reproducing and aggressive P. volitans in coral reefs causes severe declines in the abundance and diversity of reef herbivores. There is also widespread cannibalism amongst P. volitans po...

In this paper, we have proposed a plankton-nutrient interaction model consisting of phytoplankton, zooplankton and dissolved limiting nutrient with type II functional response and instantaneous nutrient recycling. The model system is studied analytically and the threshold conditions for the existence and stability of various steady states are worke...

The invasion of predatory lionfish (Pterois volitans) represents a major threat to the western Atlantic coral reef ecosystems. The proliferation of venomous, fast reproducing and aggressive P. volitans in coral reefs causes severe declines in the abundance and diversity of reef herbivores. There is also widespread cannibalism amongst P. volitans po...

This paper is devoted to the study of a plankton–fish ecosystem model. The model represents the interaction between phytoplankton, zooplankton, and fish with Holling II functional response consisting of carrying capacity and constant intrinsic growth rate of phytoplankton. It is observed that if the carrying capacity of phytoplankton population cro...

Macroalgae exhibit a variety of characteristics that provide a degree of protection from herbivores. One characteristic is the production of chemicals that are toxic to herbivores. The toxic effect of macroalgae on herbivorous reef fish is studied by means of a spatiotemporal model of population dynamics with a nonmonotonic toxin-determined functio...

A three dimensional (3D) stage-structured predator–prey model is proposed and analyzed to study the effect of intraguild predation with harvesting of the adult species. Time lags in reproduction and maturation of the organism are introduced in the system and conditions for local asymptotic stability of steady states of delay differential forms of t...

Macroalgae and corals compete for the available space in coral reef ecosystems.While herbivorous reef fish play a beneficial role in decreasing the growth of macroalgae, macroalgal toxicity and overfishing of herbivores leads to proliferation of macroalgae. The abundance of macroalgae changes the community structure towards a macroalgae-dominated r...

Models of plankton-based ecosystems with delay have received a great deal of attention for the last few decades. This paper deals with a plankton-based ecosystem involving nutrient, phyto- plankton and zooplankton. The model system is studied analytically and the threshold conditions for the existence and stability of various steady states are work...

We consider a mathematical model in virus infected phytoplankton and zooplank- ton system with the help of reaction-diffusion equations that studies the bifurca- tion. The analytical explanation provide for understanding phytoplankton dynam- ics with virus infection in phytoplankton population. This model has a nonlinear disease transmission rate a...

This paper deals with a nutrient-phytoplankton-zooplankton ecosystem model consisting of dissolved limiting nutrient with nutrient uptake functions. We use a Holling type-II harvest function to model density dependent plankton population. It is assumed that phytoplankton release toxic chemical for self defense against their predators. The model sys...

A mathematical analysis of a virus–marine bacteria interaction model is proposed to study the role of virus infection on a bacterial community in the presence of a nutrient. Our model includes four state variables, namely, nutrient concentration, susceptible bacteria biomass, infected bacteria biomass and phage virus concentration. The phage virus...

A two-dimensional single-species stage-structured model is proposed and analyzed to study the effect of intraguild predation with harvesting of the adult species. Time lags in reproduction and maturation of the organism are introduced in the system and conditions for local asymptotic stability of steady states are derived. The length of the delay p...

A predator–prey model is proposed in a virus infected phytoplankton, zooplankton marine system to investigate the behaviour of the system with nonlinear incidence rate and crowding effects. We assume that the viral disease transmitted only on prey species according to the nonlinear incidence rate (for higher number of infective) in place of the mas...

We consider a phytoplankton–zooplankton interaction model which depends on two complementary nutrients. For a realistic representation in chemostat plankton ecosystem, we have incorporated various natural phenomena such as dissolved limiting nutrients with nutrient uptake functions and yield constants. For the model with two different constant nutr...

The dynamics of a predator–prey reaction–diffusion system with Holling type III functional response, where the predator has two stages, a juvenile stage and an adult stage, is proposed and analyzed to study the effect of predation with non-constant harvesting of an adult predator. Our analysis leads to different thresholds in terms of the model par...

A three-dimensional stage-structured predator-prey model is proposed and analyzed to study the effect of predation and cannibalism of the organisms at the highest trophic level with non-constant harvesting. Time lag in maturation of the predator is introduced in the system and conditions for local asymptotic stability of steady states are derived....

A three dimensional predator-prey-resource model is proposed and analyzed to study the dynamics of the system with resource-dependent yields of the organisms. Our analysis leads to di�erent thresholds in terms of the model parameters acting as conditions under which the organisms associated with the system cannot thrive even in the absence of preda...

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) associated with fish morbidity and mortality have increased in frequency and severity over the past several decades. We investigate the effects of low level (sub-lethal) HAB stressor exposure on reef fish by means of a continuous time model of the dynamics of organisms in a food chain in presence of a constant rate of fl...

A three dimensional mathematical model is considered to investigate the effect of virus infection in bacterial community. Due to virus infection the bacteria population is divided into susceptible class and infected class. The model is formulated by considering logistic growth of the susceptible class and a standard incidence function governing vir...

We consider a three dimensional mathematical model in virus infected phytoplankton andzooplankton system with the help of reaction-diffusion equations to study stability under diffusion. The analytical explanation provides for understanding phytoplankton dynamics with three popula-tion classes: susceptible phytoplankton (Ps), infected phytoplankton...

In this paper, we study a predator-prey fishery model with ratio-dependent functional response under deterministic and stochastic environments. Prey and predator populations are continuously harvested following the CPUE (catch-per-unit-effort) hypothesis. Mathematical results like positive invariance, dissipativeness, stability of equilibria and pe...