Salman Nazir

University of South-Eastern Norway | USN · Department of Maritime Operations

This study explores the application of agent transparency in the context of autonomous ships. Four levels of transparency were developed depicting decisions, planned actions, reasoning, and input parameters of a collision and grounding avoidance system in a realistic navigational context. Thirty-four licensed navigators were provided with Human Mac...

Autonomous shipping has received extensive attention from the maritime industry as well as the respective research, academic and training institutes, owing to its major benefits related to cost and safety over traditional shipping in many situations. In reality, the implementation of autonomous technology in shipping can face numerous challenges fr...

Computer-based simulation is utilised across various educational fields, employing diverse technologies to facilitate practical understanding of content and the acquisition of skills that can help close the gap between theory and practice. The possibility of providing scenarios that resemble on-the-job tasks, enables instructors to both train and a...

Transparency is a design principle intended to make the inner workings of autonomous agents visible to end-users such that humans can evaluate the reasoning behind its decisions and actions. To test the effect of agent transparency on situation awareness, mental workload, and task performance, an experiment was performed where 34 nautical navigator...

Automation malfunctions within complex socio‐technical systems reserve the potential to significantly affect human performance. In the context of maritime operations, varying consequences of automation malfunction on human performance can be observed. This study introduced a two‐step research framework to examine the repercussions of such malfuncti...

The evolving complexity of Virtual Reality (VR) technologies necessitates an in-depth investigation of the VR features and their specific utility. Although VR is utilized across various skill-training applications, its successful deployment depends on both technical maturity and context-specific suitability. A comprehensive understanding of advance...

Ongoing trends in society point towards the adoption of intelligent agents across safety critical industries. In the maritime domain, artificially intelligent agents may soon be capable of autonomously performing collision and grounding avoidance (CAGA); a task traditionally performed by humans. Consequently, the role of humans is anticipated to ch...

This study discusses an approach to support human supervision of autonomous maritime collision avoidance systems by disclosing the system’s perceived information, internal reasoning, decisions, and planned actions as layers of transparency. Information requirements, identified through a cognitive task analysis, were structured using the information...

Recent advancements in simulation technology facilitated maritime training in vari- ous modalities such as full-mission, desktop-based, cloud-based, and virtual reality (VR) simulators. Each of the simulator modality has unique pros and cons consid- ering their technical capabilities, pedagogical opportunities, and different organiza- tional aspect...

Automation transparency is a means to provide understandability and predictability of autonomous systems by disclosing what the system is currently doing, why it is doing it, and what it will do next. To support human supervision of autonomous collision avoidance systems, insight into the system’s internal reasoning is an important prerequisite. Ho...

Simulator-based training has become an integral part of Maritime education, and its effectiveness hinges on the use of appropriate assessment protocols. Despite the existence of several subjective and objective assessment techniques, instructors face difficulties in selecting and implementing the best practices that fit different learning contexts....

The role of industrial workers is a significant element of any society and a vital stakeholder in an industrial setup. Their roles and existence in an organization affect the organizational culture, working environment, and quality of Life (QoL). In the same way, modern organizational culture and its environment affect the employee's psychology and...

Machine Learning (ML) presents a significant opportunity for the field of education, including Maritime Education and Training (MET). Unfortunately, the benefits of ML have yet to be fully realized within MET. By integrating ML and Artificial Intelligence (AI)-powered methods into maritime education, institutions can better prepare future seafarers...

Simulator training is an integral part of seafarer education and training. Maritime Virtual Reality (VR) simulators have added a new dimension to the range of available state-of-the-art training tools in recent years. The lack of appropriate pedagogical intervention including inadequate performance assessment frameworks for the trainees are few of...

Having empathy and being able to empathize refer to the ability to understand, view or feel the experiences and perspectives of others. In a work context, the ability of different actors to empathize with others can have positive effects in the design, organization and operations of complex systems. This article explores the value of empathy within...

The education and training for the maritime industry require renewed focus in the face of technological changes and increasing digitalization. Artificial intelligence presents an avenue for further research that can positively impact efficiency and competence development. Among many applications of artificial intelligence in education, conversation...

This study aims to systematically map and assess performance requirements for collision avoidance manoeuvring for two cases. A case where the navigator performs collision avoidance, and a case where collision avoidance is performed by collision avoidance system where the navigator acts as its supervisor. An appraisal of collision avoidance manoeuvr...

Autonomous ships would require higher cyber-physical interaction in comparison with traditional shipping operations, thus increasing the vulnerabilities associated with cyber security. The increasing complexity surrounding the innate characteristics of the shipping industry makes it challenging to build a resilient framework for ensuring cyber secu...

Objective: In this review, we investigate the relationship between agent transparency, Situation Awareness, mental work-load, and operator performance for safety critical domains. Background: The advancement of highly sophisticated automation across safety critical domains poses a challenge for effective human oversight. Automation transparency is...

Safety‐critical industries have long been subjected to extensive research and development to enhance operator performance to improve their efficiency. From a human factors perspective, much of the work in process industries is related to either enhancing technical training of operators or related to improving the physical ergonomics of hazardous wo...

Adequacy of Organisation (AOO) is a critical contributor in Human Reliability Analysis (HRA). In this paper, the human, organisational and technological Performance Influencing Factors (PIFs) and sub-PIFs affecting AOO are identified. A novel hierarchical process is developed, in which PIFs and sub-PIFs are categorised horizontally according to the...

Virtual Reality (VR) refers to a visual experience that creates a fully immersive sensation surrounded by three-dimensional (3D) stereoscopic images of a virtually artificial or pre-recorded environment. Differing new aspects of VR usage in different domains (e.g., aviation, healthcare, military, education etc.) have sprung up in the past few decad...

Over the past decade, virtual reality (VR) has re-emerged as a popular technology trend. This is mainly due to the recent investments from technology companies that are improving VR systems while increasing consumer access and interest. Amongst many applications of VR, one area that is particularly promising is for pedagogy. The immersive, experien...

Developing countries, despite being the major suppliers of maritime manpower, lag in their future-proof competence development. This study explores whether the current maritime education and training (MET) practices for marine engineering education in a developing nation are perceived as sufficient by the early-stage marine engineers. The current c...

Maritime Education and Training (MET) is an integral part of the global maritime industry, playing an essential role in ensuring that the sector is supplied continuously with a skilled workforce. The successful outcomes of the educational content delivery in MET institutes depend, to a certain extent, on the maritime instructor’s ability to create...

Due to steady advancement and implementation of digitalization and automation technology, autonomous operations are slowly pervading all transportation sectors. In maritime sector, the industry and regulatory bodies are in active debate regarding the implementation mechanism, the operational, regulatory and safety aspects of such changes. The intro...

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought unprecedented challenges to the maritime supply chain and called for accelerated adoption of digital technologies in various aspects of maritime operations, including the area of Maritime Education and Training (MET). This paper aims to discuss the current maritime simulator-based training and educational practices...

This paper presents a comparative study of training of non-technical skills in the maritime and lignite power domains. Non-technical skills (NTS) are the cognitive, social and personal resource skills that complement technical skills in operations within high-risk domains. Training NTS is essential to maintain safety in operational contexts, such a...

In this study, a unique approach has been presented for performing correlation between the signals of two neuroimaging modalities for motor imagery data. By correlating the signals, we investigate the time sequence relationship between the haemodynamic response and electrophysiological activity during the performance of mental arithmetic vs resting...

This book addresses the importance of human factors in optimizing the learning and training process. It reports on the latest research and best practices relating to the application of behavioral and cognitive science, and new technologies in the design of instructional and training content. It proposes innovative strategies for improving the learn...

This book analyzes new theories and practical approaches for promoting excellence in human resource management and leadership. It shows how the principles of creating shared value can be applied to ensure faster learning, training, business development and social renewal. In particular, it presents novel methods and tools for tackling the complexit...

Virtual Reality Head Mounted Displays (VR HMDs) offer highly immersive experiences that may alter users’ awareness and perception of the “real-world”. This paper investigates users’ perception of short duration (<5 minutes) time periods during simulated scenarios between two different simulation mediums. Fifty participants (Age: M=29.2 years; SD=10...

The use of complex simulators is an essential part of Maritime Education and Training. Increasing digitalization provides new opportunities for developing simulator-based teaching. As future maritime operations require increasingly specialized and broad competencies, the maritime education community must adapt and provide effective, efficient educa...

Managing modern merchant vessels is quite challenging task for shipboard personnel, as well as for shore-based managers in shipping companies. The risks are more so accentuated in terms of vessels that carry dangerous and volatile cargoes, such as tanker vessels. Modern industrial disasters have demonstrated that organizations have a considerable r...

Cognitive workload is one of the widely invoked human factors in the areas of human–machine interaction (HMI) and neuroergonomics. The precise assessment of cognitive and mental workload (MWL) is vital and requires accurate neuroimaging to monitor and evaluate the cognitive states of the brain. In this study, we have decoded four classes of MWL usi...

The main concerns of Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes include creating, managing, retaining and transferring knowledge within organization. Firms are often organized on global basis and more often involved in joint ventures, increased frequency of acquisitions, mergers and strategic alliances. The demographics continue to change...

Electrocardiogram (ECG) estimates the electric signals activity of the human heart and is extensively used for sensing heart aberrations due to ease of use and non-invasive application on human body. Human heart is a one of the vital organs of human body. In an industrial environment, heart impairments and abnormalities are attributed to the differ...

Organizational learning and knowledge management are well studied areas and have roots back in 18th century. In order to take advantage of differences in expertise and globalization of large enterprises, there must be a proper mechanism for managing, transferring and creating knowledge. It has examined that knowledge creation is a source of worldwi...

The subject bias in the assessment of maritime simulator training in education is unnerving. Researchers repeatedly point to the need for enunciated assessment criteria for human assessors to achieve more reliable performance evaluations. Moreover, the integration of inter-subjective opinions on how assessment tools are both developed and weighted...

This book addresses the importance of human factors in optimizing the learning and training process. It reports on the latest research and best practices, and discusses key principles of behavioral and cognitive science, which are extremely relevant to the design of instructional content and new technologies to support mobile and multimedia learnin...

This book analyzes new theories and practical approaches for promoting excellence in human resource management and leadership. It shows how the principles of creating shared value can be applied to ensure faster learning, training, business development and social renewal. In particular, it presents novel methods and tools for tackling the complexit...

The increasing levels of automation have redefined the nature of human-machine interactions in the process industry. The changing nature of work demands that Control-Room Operators and Field Operators are competent with the use of new and emerging methods and technologies in order to perform their tasks safely and effectively. A critical aspect of...

Maritime subsea operations have increased significantly in size and complexity during the last decades as a result of the advances in the offshore oil industry. Despite the fact that subsea operations can involve hundreds of personnel, working together with complex technology, limited research can be found regarding the operations in the available...

The use of simulators in maritime education and training is an essential component for developing seafarer competencies. Emerging immersive technologies, such as virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR) and mixed reality (MR) have created new and differing possibilities for maritime simulations and simulators. The increasing advancements and te...

Working at sea places individuals in an inherently dangerous environment for extended periods, exposing them to unique risks not found in land-based industries. Safety-critical socio-technical systems demand an inherent organizational safety culture for reliable and safe operations. Safety climate acts as a mediating factor between the broader orga...

Modern virtual reality technologies increase the immersive experience for users. Increased immersivity may affect how users perceive, internalize, and thus, recall information about the virtual environment and experience compared to traditional mediums, such as desktop simulations. One critical aspect of recalling information is incidental memory,...

The increased automation and digitalization in maritime industry has gradually changed the operational environment of ships and the competences required for seafarers. In the era of autonomy, these developments may dramatically restructure the work processes and require new competences to be acquired by the personnel involved in ship operations. Th...

As simulation and computing technologies advance, new pedagogic opportunities are enabled which can add value to student learning outcomes. This study examines simulator training in maritime education comparing the emerging state-of-the-art technology of Immersive Head Mounted Display (HMD) Virtual Reality (VR) and Non-immersive 3D Desktop Virtual...

Maritime education and training (MET) has a long tradition of using simulator training to develop competent seafarers and relevant seafaring skills. In a safety critical domain like maritime industry, simulators provide opportunities to acquire technical, procedural and operational skills without the risks and expense associated with on‐the‐job tra...

Given the factors such as safety, profitability, and environmental concerns at stake, operator training is an everlasting and vital process in the process industry. An inevitable need for skilled operators in the chemical industry leads to search for novel and effective training methodologies. Consequently, dynamic simulation techniques have been c...

The role of the human element within complex socio-technical systems is continually being transformed and redefined by technological advancement. Autonomous operations across varying transport domains are in differing stages of realization and practical implementation, and specifically within maritime operations, is still in its infancy. This study...

Maritime shipping transports about 90% of the international trade and is considered a high-risk industry. Among all daily operations carried out by merchant ships, navigation is deemed the most critical. With the ever-increasing dimensions of ocean-going ships and the threat possessed by dangerous cargoes in the event of an accident to individual l...

Hazards associated with chemical processes can lead to accidents and require therefore proper management. An inherent safety strategy is a proactive approach to serve this purpose, one capable of minimizing hazards whilst offering sustainable process design. Current inherent safety techniques are limited to comparing process routes and selecting sa...

e-Learning is an increasingly popular solution for disseminating professional education and training in order to maintain and develop employee competencies. This paper investigates areas for improvement in an offshore oil and gas company’s current e-Learning platform. An online questionnaire addressing five dimensions of users’ e-Learning experienc...

Modelling the interdependencies among the factors influencing human error (e.g. the common performance conditions (CPCs) in Cognitive Reliability Error Analysis Method (CREAM)) stimulates the use of Bayesian Networks (BNs) in Human Reliability Analysis (HRA). However, subjective probability elicitation for a BN is often a daunting and complex task....

Maritime domain is one of the most high-risk industry and it predominantly employs simulator training as a means to train the prospective operators. Maritime instructors need to train students who will become future sharp end operators and interact in highly safety critical environment. One of the goals of maritime education is therefore to create...

https://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319938813 This book focuses on the importance of human factors in optimizing the learning and training process. It reports on the latest research and best practices and discusses key principles of behavioral and cognitive science, which are extremely relevant to the design of instructional content and new techno...

As the sophistication and feasibility of implementing highly automated and autonomous technologies increases, the way in which the human element interacts and contributes to achieve a system’s goals continues to transform. The role of the human, including their required training, competencies and work tasks within complex socio-technical systems is...

The use of computer-generated simulations have been standard practice in a wide range of tertiary and vocational education and training applications for decades. The growing ubiquity, relative affordability, increasing computing power and functionality of Virtual Reality headsets are creating new opportunities for personalized, immersive simulation...

The correction book has been updated with the changes.

This book presents practical approaches for facilitating the achievement of excellence in the management and leadership of organizational resources. It shows how the principles of creating shared value can be applied to ensure faster learning, training, business development, and social renewal. In particular, it presents novel methods and tools for...

Increasingly, Massive Multiplayer Online Games (MMOG) and Virtual Worlds are being utilized for development of key competencies and 21 st century skills in education. This paper is aimed at proposing a conceptual framework for the virtual world known as Second Life for potential application in Maritime Education & Training (MET). The need for devel...

Simulator-based training has witnessed considerable attention in recent years for the training of operators in the maritime domain and is employed by majority of nautical training institutes. IMO has published the model course 6.10 Train the simulator trainer and assessor which acts as a guideline and aims to promote uniformity in the simulator-bas...

Maritime pilotage operations are required for many vessels in their early and final parts of their voyages. The pilotage operations are meant to increase safety and efficiency for sailing in challenging areas which local maritime pilots have expert knowledge of. Regardless, several accidents involving pilotage operations have occurred (e.g. Federal...

The maritime industry is considered the backbone of the global economy, enabling efficient transport of goods with a commercial value of about $829 Billion USD through a network of over 90,000 ships, and employing approximately 1.6 million people worldwide. Maritime navigation is a complex and dynamic operational process. On a vessel, demands are p...

Simulator training has seen its growth and effectiveness since last two decades across all socio-technical complex systems including maritime. The adaption of simulator training in Maritime Education and Training has been well embraced in the education programs, as they provide enhanced learning, as well as possibilities of simulating abnormalities...

Pilotage operations require close interaction between human and machines. This complex sociotechnical system is necessary to safely and efficiently maneuver a vessel in constrained waters. A sociotechnical system consists of interdependent human- and technical variables that continuously must work together to be successful. This complexity is prone...

The maritime industry is considered to be a backbone of the global economy. It is therefore imperative to ensure that maritime operations run safely and efficiently. Assessment of maritime performance is necessary for designers and engineers to be able to pinpoint the weakest links in the system and make impactful system improvements. The current a...

As a key measure for safety and environmental protection during offshore well operations, drill rigs are equipped with Emergency Quick Disconnect (EQD) systems. However, an EQD operation is in itself considered a risky operation with a major economic impact. For this reason, it is of great importance to aid the operators in their assessment of the...

Training simulators are largely deployed to provide operators working within complex systems to instil adequate skills to handle normal and abnormal situations. Improved technology and higher computation power have significantly increased the use of training simulators in the training programs. The goal of this pilot study is to determine the desig...

This book reports on practical approaches for facilitating the process of achieving excellence in the management and leadership of organizational resources. It shows how the principles of creating shared value can be applied to ensure faster learning, training, business development, and social renewal. In particular, the book presents novel methods...

Motigravity is a new immersive instrument developed by Mars Planet where one or more persons interact with a virtual environment using a visual and biomechanical system. The applications of this system are various; here, applications in space operations simulation and rehabilitation medicine, in particular, are presented. This paper aims to bring t...