Salam Abdulqadir Abdulrahman

• Doctor of Philosophy
• Lecturer at University of Human Development, Iraq

The Kurdistan Region of Iraq’s (KRI) 2024 general election focused primarily on political, social, and administrative issues, with little emphasis on the environment. KRI is facing serious environmental problems, yet these did not emerge as major concerns during the election campaign. This paper reviews the key issues raised during the KRI 2024 ele...

Iraq’s numerous environmental problems are interconnected, with one issue leading to another and complicating matters further. Natural and human-induced climate change, a significant decline in rainfall, surface and groundwater depletion, reduced vegetation, deforestation, increasing dust and sandstorms, soil erosion, loss of fertile land and green...

The influence of secret society organisations is not confined to a time in the past. It extends to today's world. Many important events and phenomena in the modern world are linked to the ideologies and works of past secret societies. This study is an attempt to show the relevance of secret societies in the contemporary world. It looks at three org...

Nugra-Salman prison castle is a vivid reminder of the Kurdish genocide at the hands of the Iraqi regime under Saddam Hussein. It was used as a temporary detention centre for several thousand Kurds before many of them were executed or buried alive in the deserts of Iraq. The castle is still standing despite damage to its inner and outer walls. It is...

Environmental pollution has caused a wide range of problems across the globe. Various studies have focused on worldwide water and environmental issues and their effects on human health and political and social aspects. This article, on the other hand, discusses soil, water, and air pollution as well as the overuse of water resources. This study the...

Since the Second World War, the Middle East has been mentioned in connection with the national interest of America manifested by US presidents. This paper looks at the US foreign policy in the Middle East from Truman to Clinton on the premise that the US foreign policy has contributed to creating a breeding ground for dissatisfaction toward the US...

In the absence of a definitive global therapy for coronavirus, COVID-19, disease, the Health Ministry of Kurdistan Region of Iraq decided to use convalescent plasma for coronavirus patients. The decision came into effect in the city of Sulaymaniyah in late March and continues to this date, and the health and administrative officials describe the pr...

Since the Second World War, the Middle East has been mentioned in connection with the national interest of America manifested by US presidents. This paper looks at the US foreign policy in the Middle East from Truman to Clinton on the premise that the US foreign policy has contributed to creating a breeding ground for dissatisfaction toward the US...

Iraqi Kurdistan Region (IKR) has more water resources than the rest of Iraq to the point that it can be water sufficient if water resources are well managed, nevertheless these resources are currently facing depletion and they are increasingly polluted. This paper reviews water use practice in IKR and its existing laws on water from the sustainabil...

Environmental problems in Iraqi Kurdistan Region have been growing over the past two decades, and the regional government has responded by issuing legislation and regulation. This paper reviews the Kurdistan Regional environmental laws, and evaluates them against the international principles of environmental policies. It finds that the laws have in...

The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries lack renewable freshwater resources, yet demand for water is rising fast. The groundwater as the largest freshwater supplier has significantly dwindled and its quality has degraded. Desalination of seawater is increasingly used but the process is risky and it has huge impacts on the environment. Rainfall...

There are increasing challenges to Egypt’s security approach to the River Nile. The river is under immense pressure. This paper examines the significance of the Nile for Egypt and the factors and problems of diminishing its waters. It reviews Egypt’s long-time policy on the Nile and concludes that this policy is difficult to maintain in the face of...

Iran has dried up the Lower Zab River, the latest of Iran’s and Iraq’s transboundary (shared) rivers to be taken out of Iraq’s use. Water projects on the shared rivers will deny downstream Iraq its historic share of the waters. There is no agreement between Iran and Iraq on the management of their shared rivers and Iran ignores the principles for m...

The constitution of Iraq affects the development by the Kurdistan Region of Iraq of its natural resources, oil in particular. The paper examines the constitution’s provisions in regard to natural resource questions. The Kurdistan Regional Government should give adequate attention to water problems and adopt a transparent oil and gas policy. There s...

The major rivers in Iraq are threatened by water and irrigation projects in neighbouring countries. The dried up Alwand River caused great damage to the agricultural lands in and around the town of Khanaqin and created a huge shortage of drinking water. After some years a dam was built which slowly and partially recovered the losses. Neither the Ir...