Salah Hamad

Omar Al-Mukhtar University · Faculty of Natural Resources and Environmental sciences

The aim of this study is to estimate runoff in Wadi Ba Al Arid watershed for a period of ten years 2009-2018 by Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) method in combination with the GIS techniques using remote sensing data. The used data are the daily rainfall data from NASA Prediction of Worldwide Energy Resource (POWER), digital elevatio...

From the beginning of the twentieth century, topographic maps for the Libyan state carried out by various compilers, where the first mapping was carried out by the Italian Military Geographical Institute, the Soviet Union Military, and the U.S. Army, followed by mapping carried out by the Libyan state from the 1950s to the 2000s. Most of these maps...

Al Jabal Al Akhdar is an upland area along the northeast coast of northern Libya. There are more than 200 Karst water springs in the area, with a discharge from 1 to 200 L per second, mostly in the geological structures, and the contacts between the Tertiary and Upper Cretaceous carbonate formations, which constitute the main aquifers. These spring...

Tazerbo water wellfield, located in southeast Libya, was constructed as part of the first stage for the Man-Made River Project (Eastern System) during 1995–2003. A group of land subsidence forms was discovered approximately 30 km north of the wellfield two years after production, which began in March 2004. The wellfield production rate is only abou...

يعيش جزء كبير من سكان العالم٠في المناطق الساحلية، وفي الغالب يتركزون بالمراكز الحضرية الرئيسية. حيث يؤدي استمرار النمو السكاني والنمو الاقتصادي إلى زيادة الطلب على موارد المياه المُستنزفة أصلاً، ومنها تُعرِّض خزّانات المياه الجوفية الساحلية لخطر تسرب مياه البحر. كما وتتسبب كثافة استخراج المياه الجوفية في تمّلح المياه الجوفية بالمناطق الساحلية وذلك...

Rainwater harvesting presents a crucial solution to address water scarcity challenges in arid regions like Libya. This chapter explores the potential of rainwater harvesting in Libya, where water resources are limited due to low rainfall and reliance on finite sources. Traditional methods like rooftop collection and modern techniques such as dam co...

Spatial and temporal processes primarily drive land use and land cover (LULC) changes through human activities, such as agricultural expansion and demographic change. This study aims to quantify the LULC change resulting from the civil war in Al Wasita-Satish Plateau, NE Libya. Using two satellite images from the Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) in 2...

An 'oasis' signifies a refugium of safety, recovery, relaxation, fertility, and productivity in an inhospitable desert, a sweet spot in a barren landscape where life-giving water spills forth from the Earth. Remarkable mythological congruencies exist across dryland cultures worldwide where oases or 'arid-land springs' occur. In many places they als...

Introduction: Zamzam water has been used for over 4000 years. Its safety is a public health issue, as it is consumed by thousands of Muslims for religious and medicinal purposes. The objective of the present study was to draw up the metallic profile of Zamzam water. Materials and method: Sampling (N=10) was carried out via Zamzam taps which are dis...

In general, energy is regarded as a critical factor in any economic evolution, and electrical energy indicates the counter's potential for economic and technological development. Libya currently generates electricity using traditional energy sources (oil and natural gas). Libya, on the other hand, has a high potential for renewable energy generatio...

The watershed under investigation is located in northeast Libya and lies in arid (downstream) and semi-arid (upstream) regions with an aerial extent of 1511 km2. Rainfed agriculture and grazing form the regular economic activities of the local community, and they face challenges related to scarce water resources and soil loss due to less rainfall a...

تعتمد الدول العربية بشكلٍ كبير في جميع الاستخدامات المائية على موارد المياه الجوفية المتجددة وغير المتجددة، وقد أدى استخدامها غير الرشيد إلى استنزافٍ سريع لاحتياطيات طبقات المياه الجوفية، وعلى الرغم من ذلك مازالت الدول العربية تعاني من قصور وتحديات في إدارة موارد المياه الجوفية لعدة أسباب، منها: المركزية في التخطيط والتمويل، ونقص في القدرات المؤسسي...

تواجه ليبيا مشكلة متزايدة بسبب النقص الحاد في المياه نتيجة عدم التوازن بين إمدادات المياه وزيادة الطلب على المياه، الأمر الذي سيهدده انخفاض توافر المياه، وخاصة للاستخدامات الحضرية والمنزلية، لذلك ركزت هذه الدراسة على التوصيف الهيدروجيولوجي والتقييم الاقتصادي لأحد مصادر المياه الجوفية في منطقة الجبل الأخضر المعروفة باسم حقل آبار وادي العكي الواقع بم...

Groundwater resources, developed in the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System (NSAS), in Al Kufra Oasis in Libya are becoming increasingly vulnerable due to increasing pressures to meet the demand for economic development. These activities are represented mainly by agriculture activities in addition to the inefficient water use by other consuming sectors...

Northern Africa countries share largest sedimentary aquifers with largest quantities of groundwater as well as huge overlapping aquifers that cover wide areas of surface water. On same time, Northern Africa region is considered as the world's most water-scarce region, which has been categorized under water poverty line. This complex dilemma is rela...

The present study is to evaluate the spatial characteristics of the watersheds located in Northeast Libya, which is vital since the area is promising for surface water investment in rain-fed agriculture and pastoral activities. The study conducted using Geographical Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) data sets: SRTM elevation data, La...

The study aimed to quantify the morphometric characteristics of 11 watersheds in south Al Jabal Al Akhdar area (Green Mountain) located on northeast Libya. Where Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data of 1 arcsec resolution for the study area downloaded from USGS Earth Explorer and processed to extract the watershed attributes using ArcGIS software. In...

Since groundwater is the main water resource in Libya, groundwater information system (GWIS) is required as a decision support system (DSS) where it promises great potential for effective management and assessment of groundwater resources and enhances the sustainability and efficient use of groundwater resources. This paper discusses the requiremen...

Groundwater resources, developed in the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System (NSAS), in Al Kufra Oasis in Libya are becoming increasingly vulnerable due to increasing pressures to meet the demand for economic development. These activities are represented mainly by agriculture activities in addition to the inefficient water use by other consuming sectors...

El Ecuador posee un territorio rural con una considerable cantidad de bienes patrimoniales tanto culturales como naturales, debido a la gran biodiversidad que posee este país que se extiende desde la Costa del Pacífico, incluidas las Islas Galápagos, hasta la Sierra Andina y llega hasta la Amazonía. El patrimonio rural ubicado en el eje territorial...

مقدمة تعاني منطقتنا العربية من أزمة في الموارد المائية نتيجة لندرتها من ناحية ونتيجة لسوء إدارتها من ناحية أخرى ورغم إسراع العديد من الدول المتقدمة والدول النامية في تبني تطبيق الإدارة المتكاملة للموارد المائية إلا أن العالم العربي لا زال متأخرًا في تبنيها وتطبيقها رغم ما يعانيه من أزمات في موارد المياه، لذا كان الهدف من ترجمة هذا الكتاب المنشور م...

Al Jabal al Akhdar, Locally known as the Green Mountain, located in Cyrenaica on the north east coast of Libya. It is a limestone plateau with maximum altitudes of about 900 meters, holds the highest plant density and species diversity within the country. Among these plants is the Juniperus phoenicea (JP) which covers about 70% of this mountain. It...

مشروع طوبغرافيا ليبيا Libya Topographic Mapping Project LibyaTOPO إنشاء وتحديث قواعد البيانات الجغرافية لدولة ليبيا لتكون قاعدة بيانات مكانية متاحة لكل المهتمين والبحاث حيث تم رسم الخرائط الطبوغرافية بتغطية جغرافية كاملة لجميع إنحاء دولة ليبيا وفقا للآتي: مقياس الرسم 1:2,000,000 1:1,000,000 1:500,000 1:250,000 1:100,000 1:50,000

مشروع طوبغرافيا ليبيا Libya Topographic Mapping Project LibyaTOPO إنشاء وتحديث قواعد البيانات الجغرافية لدولة ليبيا لتكون قاعدة بيانات مكانية متاحة لكل المهتمين والبحاث حيث تم رسم الخرائط الطبوغرافية بتغطية جغرافية كاملة لجميع إنحاء دولة ليبيا

مشروع طوبغرافيا ليبيا Libya Topographic Mapping Project LibyaTOPO إنشاء وتحديث قواعد البيانات الجغرافية لدولة ليبيا لتكون قاعدة بيانات مكانية متاحة لكل المهتمين والبحاث حيث تم رسم الخرائط الطبوغرافية بتغطية جغرافية كاملة لجميع إنحاء دولة ليبيا وفقا للآتي: المنجز عدد اللوحات لتغطية الدولة الليبية مقياس الرسم تم الانجاز 1 1:2,000,000 تم الانجاز 4 1...

The Junipers Phoenicia is the major plant that covers 70% of eastern mountains series known as Al Jabal Al Akhdar, in the North East of Libya. The Junipers Phoenicia is a species that has been sharply deteriorated and affected by unidentified diseases over large scales of the Al Jabal. To investigate this phenomenon, we have used remote sensing dat...

Water institutions in Libya implement and manage the groundwater data in a traditional, centralized and less integrated manner resulting in knowledge gaps and fragmentation and therefore constraining an integrative approach to the assessment and management of groundwater resources. Constraints and obstacles in managing and assessing the groundwater...

Water institutions in Libya implement and manage the groundwater data in a traditional, centralized and less integrated manner resulting in knowledge gaps and fragmentation and therefore constraining an integrative approach to the assessment and management of groundwater resources. Constraints and obstacles in managing and assessing the groundwater...

هذه الورقة تناقش حصاد المياه السطحية في دولة ليبيا والفرص المتاحة والتحديات والمعوقات التي تواجه إمكانيات الاستثمار والتنمية في هذا المجال، لقد تمت الاستعانة ببعض الدراسات السابقة والمحدودة، ونظراً لاهتمام العديد من المؤسسات فيها بهذا الموضوع إلا أنه في ظروف عدم التكامل بينها نجد أن عملية الحصول على البيانات ليست سهلة. تمت مناقشة التجربة الليبية في...

The aim of this research is to review of the current management practices in terms of policies, legislative and organizational framework, and analyze existing gaps, constraints, and challenges of the water resources of Al Jabal Al Akhdar (Green Mountain) area, North East Libya. The statuses of water resources management was investigated according t...

The aim of this research is to introduce an overview of the groundwater resources of Al Jabal Al Akhdar (Green Mountain) region, North East Libya, which is an area of unique environment from whole country since it is the wettest part of Libya, largely as a consequence of its proximity to the Mediterranean and its upland character with considerable...

This paper discusses the surface water harvesting in Libya, the opportunities and challenges and obstacles faced during investment and development in this field. The research was based up on limited relevant literatures from water institutions, even of wide interest of Libyan water institution but the lack of their integration make the data collect...

The aim of this research is to introduce an overview of the water resources of Al Jabal Al Akhdar (Green Mountain) the region, North East Libya, which is an area of the unique environment from the whole country since it is the wettest part of Libya, largely as a consequence of its proximity to the Mediterranean and its upland character with conside...

Twelve subsurface boreholes (water wells, maximum depth reaches 650m) have been stratigraphically studied and micropaleontologically investigated, which are located in an area extended from Battah to the vicinity of Darnah in the second escarpment of Al Jabal al Akhdar region, Northeast Libya. The microfossils (foraminifers and calcareous nannofoss...

The aim of this research is to introduce an overview of the water resources of Al Jabal Al Akhdar (Green Mountain) region, North East Libya, which is an area of unique environment from whole country since it is the wettest part of Libya, largely as a consequence of its proximity to the Mediterranean and its upland character with considerable vegeta...

Wadi Al Lawlab basin is a part of the Al Jabal Al Akhdar (Green Mountain) basins networks in north eastern Libya and representing the main seasonal surface water resources in the area. The basin was studied on the basis of its geomorplogical characteristics in term of morphometric and spatial characteristics using geographic information system (GIS...

Hydrochemical data gathered from 86 water wells in the in central part of Cyrenaica area including major cations and anions, as well as pH, total dissolved solids (TDS) were explored with spatial data analysis (ESDA) .Further more spatial analysis and interpolation for all the hydrochemical data was carried out using geostatistics simple and univer...

The geostatistical analysis of the groundwater levels from 95 water wells in south Al Jabal Al Akhdar area north east Libya was conducted according to GIS methodology. Water level data firstly was explored for normality using exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) tools, as the transformation was required to drive the data into normality. Spat...

South Al Jabal Al Akhdar in the north-eastern part of Libya represents a region with promising ecological underpinning for grazing and other agricultural developments. Water resources represents the corner stone for such development, therefore this research comes to highlight the spatial characteristics of the water level and hydrochemistry by usin...

Geothermal Energy in Libya 1-Abu Shayba Aquifer; which characterized by thick beds of sandstone intercalated with clay silt of Upper Triassic age and the depth of the aquifer ranges from 350 to 500 meters below the ground. The artesian pressure ranges from 4-8 meter above the ground, discharge 50-130 cubic meter /hour, and the water temperature ra...

This paper discusses the evaluation of the spatial characteristics of the Upper Cretaceous aquifer in the area of Al Ghareeb-Marawah using available hydrogeological data from existing 20 water wells. The spatial interpolations for the data were carried out using ordinary kriging for mapping the depth to water table, potentiometric level, aquifer th...

الوحدات الهيدروجيولوجية شمال -شرق ليبيا

Al Jabal Al Akhdar area is an upland area along the northern coast of northeastern Libya It is bounded on the west by Gulf of Sirte, on the southwest by Sirte Basin, on the east by Gulf of Bomba and on the southeast by Mormarica. In other definition, Al Jabal Al Akhdar is a crescent-shaped ridge culminating at more than 870 m a.m.s.l, in it’s the c...