Sahar N Saleem- MBBCH, MSc, MD
- Cairo University
Sahar N Saleem
- MBBCH, MSc, MD
- Cairo University
Head of Radiology Department Faculty of Medicine Cairo University
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Introduction
ARTISTIC IN NATURE, PHYSICIAN BY PROFESSION, RESEARCHER IN PROJECTION, PASSIONATE IN LIVING,....SIMPLY...A HUMAN IN BEING.
Current institution
Publications
Publications (97)
The collective international case study of a mummy presented in this paper is to our knowledge the first of its kind. At its core is an independent reassessment, by acknowledged professionals, of radiological material from a mummified woman (now in Warsaw) who had been claimed to have been pregnant and suffering from a neoplastic condition. Despite...
Ramesses II was one of the most important Pharaohs to have presided over Egypt during the New Kingdom
period. In 2023 researchers Wilkinson, Saleem, Liu and Roughley produced two digital 3D facial depictions
showing Ramesses II at different ages: one around the age-at-death at 90 years old and the other, an ageregression
at approximately 45 years o...
Introduction
The Screaming Mummy of Cairo Egyptian-Museum Store, is an anonymous woman with a wide-open mouth coded as CIT8, discovered beneath Theban Tomb 71 (TT71) which is the burial site of Senmut’s relatives, the architect of 18th-Dynasty Queen Hatschepsut (1479–1458 BC). The study aims to evaluate if combining computed tomography (CT) with sc...
Ancient Egyptian mummies represent an opportunity to learn more about the health, beliefs, and skills of humans in antiquity. A fully wrapped mummy, from a Late Ptolemaic cemetery (c.332-30 BC) in Edfu, Egypt, has been stored, unexamined, at the Cairo Egyptian Museum since 1916. We hypothesized that scanning and 3D-printing the mummy using Computed...
Introduction:
Pathogenic variants in the PIEZO family member 2 (PIEZO2) gene are known to cause Gordon syndrome (GS), Marden-Walker syndrome (MWS), and distal arthrogryposis type 5 (DA5). Out of these, MWS has a recognizable phenotype that can be discerned easily, but the distinction between GS and DA5 is less evident. Few children with pathogenic...
Ejsmond et al. described a fetus inside the pelvic cavity of an ancient Egyptian mummy from the first century BC based on a Computed Tomography (CT) study. The objective of this reply is to open a discussion about this interesting finding with the scientific community. The article based the diagnosis on the external appearance of a pelvic mass that...
The mummy of King Amenhotep I (18th Dynasty c.1525–1504 BC) was reburied by the 21st Dynasty priests at Deir el-Bahari Royal Cache. In 1881 the mummy was found fully wrapped and was one of few royal mummies that have not been unwrapped in modern times. We hypothesized that non-invasive digital unwrapping using CT would provide insights on the physi...
Our recent mission at Saqqara, near the pyramid of King Teti (2323–2291 B.C.) in 2021.
Field paleoradiology can give us important information regarding the condition of a mummy or other ancient artifacts. We use dedicated mobile imaging equipment to reach the mummies inside their tombs, a nondestructive option by which we can accomplish the same go...
The science and art of medicine has always been an integral part of the history of Egypt. Medical
practice in ancient Egypt was based on the most advanced knowledge compared to other regions. Muslim
scholars helped in the transmission of medical practice through the medieval period from the decline
of ancient teaching to the rise of modern learning...
Seqenenre-Taa-II, The Brave, (c.1558–1553 BC) ruled Southern Egypt during the occupation of Egypt by the Hyksos. The mummy was physically examined and X-rayed in the 1960s, which showed severe head wounds that have prompted various theories about the circumstances of his death. We postulated that Computed Tomography (CT) study of Seqenenre-Taa-II's...
An intact pottery jar that was stored in the basement of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo for more than a century. CT scan of the jar unveiled its secrets safely.
2D and 3D CT images revealed a full mummy of a 1-3 month old boy who lived more than 2500 years ago.
The report highlights the importance of using CT as a non invasive tool in closed object...
Background
The Royal Cache at Deir el Bahari in Luxor, Egypt, contained the mummy of a princess named Meritamun of uncertain identity, who was consequently designated “Unknown-Woman-A.” The mummy has a widely opened mouth as if screaming, with the unusual posture of her head tilted to the right and partially flexed legs cross at the ankles. We post...
Examination of human remains in archaeological contexts presents significant challenges. They are frequently located within sites of religious and cultural significance and this, coupled with their often-fragile nature, necessitates their examination in situ. These sites may also be in remote locations which present major logistical challenges. The...
The multidisciplinary chapters provide a foundation to understand the application of various imaging modalities in archaeological, anthropological, bioanthropological, and forensic settings. As such, Advances in Paleoimaging will serve as an essential reference for conservators, museum archivists, forensic anthropologists, paleopathologists, and ar...
Patients lacking PYCR2, a mitochondrial enzyme that synthesizes proline, display postnatal degenerative microcephaly with hypomyelination. Here we report the crystal structure of the PYCR2 apo-enzyme and show that a novel germline p.Gly249Val mutation lies at the dimer interface and lowers its enzymatic activity. We find that knocking out Pycr2 in...
Cavernous haemangioma of the cavernous sinus is a rare vascular malformation. It's often confused with other parasellar masses. Here we report a case of a female with a left parasellar mass which was misdiagnosed as schwannoma versus meningioma using CT and MR imaging. The patient was operated via the pterional approach but resection had been halte...
Objective:
The goal of this study is to demonstrate the need for interdisciplinary consensus and inclusion of mummy radiology specialists in analyses of mummified remains.
Materials:
This study uses paleoimaging data for an ancient Egyptian mummy at the Museum of Human Anatomy "Filippo Civinini".
Methods:
This study demonstrates the benefit of...
Objective
To identify causes of the autosomal recessive malformation diencephalic‐mesencephalic junction dysplasia (DMJD) syndrome.
Methods
Eight families with DMJD were studied by whole exome or targeted sequencing, with detailed clinical and radiological characterization. Patient‐derived induced pluripotent stem cells were derived into neural p...
Walker–Warburg syndrome (WWS) is a severe form of congenital muscular dystrophy secondary to α-dystroglycanopathy with muscle, brain, and eye abnormalities often leading to death in the first weeks of life. It is transmitted in an autosomal recessive pattern, and has been linked to at least 15 different genes; including protein O-mannosyltransferas...
Objective:
A previous study of the computed tomography (CT) of the neck of mummified Ramesses III (1190-1070 BC) suggested that an assailant slit the Pharaoh's throat with a knife in the plot known as Harem conspiracy. We hypothesized the presence of other injuries in the Pharaoh's body as a result of this fatal attack.
Methods:
We analyzed CT i...
Objective: To evaluate the role of MRI in assessing Ultrasonographically (US)-suspected fetal malformations associated with oligohydramnios.
Methods: We performed MRI in 43 oligohydramnios pregnancies referred with US-suspected fetal malformations at a mean of 25.5 weeks’ gestation. MRI findings were correlated with US data and outcome measures.
Re...
Fetal MRI is an interactive scanning of the moving fetus owed to the use of advanced MRI technique. Fetal MRI should be carried out in a center containing an up-to-date MRI scanner in presence of a qualified radiologist. It is preferred that fetal MRI scanning and image interpretation to be carried out by the same radiologist who must have recogniz...
A gripping analysis of the results of the groundbreaking imaging technology used to examine the royal mummies of the New Kingdom, by leading experts in the field
The royal mummies in the Cairo Museum are an important source of information about the lives of the ancient Egyptians. The remains of these pharaohs and queens can inform us about their...
The term fetal brain disruption sequence (FBDS) was coined to describe a number of sporadic conditions caused by numerous external disruptive events presenting with variable imaging findings. However, rare familial occurrences have been reported. We describe five patients (two sib pairs and one sporadic) with congenital severe microcephaly, seizure...
It has been widely disseminated in the literature that subcutaneous packing, as part of mummification, was not usually done until the 21st dynasty. We aimed to study by computed tomography (CT) if subcutaneous packing was part of mummification of royal Egyptians dated to 18th to 20th dynasties.
We analyzed the 2- and 3-dimensional CT images of 13 r...
Joubert syndrome–related disorders (JSRDs) are a group of clinically and genetically pleiotropic conditions that share a midbrain-hindbrain malformation, the pathognomonic molar tooth sign (MTS) visible on brain imaging, with variable involvement of other organs and systems mainly the eyes and the kidneys. Nevertheless, the definition of JSRDs rema...
Very few cases of prenatal diagnosis of butterfly vertebra have been reported, invariably taking part of more complex malformations. We describe a case of isolated butterfly vertebra diagnosed prenatally. The suspicion of a vertebral body anomaly was raised in sagittal plane, with no abnormalities of spine alignment detected. The diagnosis was only...
Objective: We aimed to study the computed tomography (CT) scans of the royal Ancient Egyptian mummies dated to the eighteenth to early twentieth Dynasties for the claimed diagnoses of Ankylosing spondylitis and diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) and to correlate the findings with the archaeology literature.
Methods: We studied the CT i...
The objective of this study was to study the role of multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) in the analysis of foreign objects found within or on the royal Egyptian mummies.
We studied MDCT images of 15 royal Egyptian mummies (1493-1156 BC) for the presence of foreign objects. We studied each found object for its location, morphology, dimensions,...
Holoprosencephaly spectrum among Egyptian patients: clinical and cytogenetic study: We report 24 patients with holoprosencephaly (HPE) spectrum screened for Del 7q36 and subtelomere 13q. They were divided according to the type of HPE into: 6 alobar, 15 semilobar, 1 lobar and 2 middle interhemispheric variant (MIH). All patients presented with globa...
MRI has been increasingly used for detailed visualization of the fetus in utero as well as pregnancy structures. Yet, the familiarity of radiologists and clinicians with fetal MRI is still limited. This article provides a practical approach to fetal MR imaging. Fetal MRI is an interactive scanning of the moving fetus owed to the use of fast sequenc...
Knowledge of the anatomy of the developing fetal brain is essential to detect abnormalities and understand their pathogenesis. Capability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to visualize the brain in utero and to differentiate between its various tissues makes fetal MRI a potential diagnostic and research tool for the developing brain. This article...
ABSTRACT :
OBJECTIVE. The objective of our study was to use MDCT to study brain treatment and removal (excerebration) as part of mummification of royal Egyptian mummies dated to the 18th to early 20th Dynasties and to correlate the imaging findings with the archaeologic literature.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. As part of an MDCT study of the Royal Ancie...
To investigate the true character of the harem conspiracy described in the Judicial Papyrus of Turin and determine whether Ramesses III was indeed killed.
Anthropological, forensic, radiological, and genetic study of the mummies of Ramesses III and unknown man E, found together and taken from the 20th dynasty of ancient Egypt (circa 1190-1070 BC)....
Objective To investigate the true character of the harem conspiracy described in the Judicial Papyrus of Turin and determine whether Ramesses III was indeed killed. Design Anthropological, forensic, radiological, and genetic study of the mummies of Ramesses III and unknown man E, found together and taken from the 20th dynasty of ancient Egypt (circ...
We describe two sibs with a lethal form of profound congenital microcephaly, intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation, subtle skeletal changes, and poorly developed brain. The sibs had striking absent cranial vault with sloping of the forehead, large beaked nose, relatively large ears, and mandibular micro-retrognathia. Brain magnetic resonanc...
We describe six cases from three unrelated consanguineous Egyptian families with a novel characteristic brain malformation at the level of the diencephalic-mesencephalic junction. Brain magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a dysplasia of the diencephalic-mesencephalic junction with a characteristic 'butterfly'-like contour of the midbrain on axi...
Ancient Egypt had an advanced elaborate medical education and practice ruled by a competent bureaucracy that apprenticed physicians to be practicing healers. In modern history, the Faculty of Medicine at Cairo University (Kasr-Al-Ainy), established in 1827, continues the glory of Egypt in medical education as one of the biggest and oldest medical s...
We identified a two-branch consanguineous family in which four affected members (three females and one male) presented with constitutive growth delay, severe psychomotor retardation, microcephaly, cerebellar hypoplasia, and second-degree heart block. They also shared distinct facial features and similar appearance of their hands and feet. Childhood...
The purpose of this study was to use MDCT to examine two mummies found in the tomb of King Tutankhamun to estimate their gestational ages at mummification, to determine the mummification method, and to investigate the congenital deformities of one of the mummies that had been suspected at previous medical examinations.
MDCT was performed on the mum...
The ciliopathy Joubert syndrome is marked by cerebellar vermis hypoplasia, a phenotype for which the pathogenic mechanism is unclear. To investigate Joubert syndrome pathogenesis, we have examined mice with mutated Ahi1, the first identified Joubert syndrome-associated gene. These mice show cerebellar hypoplasia with a vermis-midline fusion defect...
We report on the prenatal MRI diagnosis of Joubert syndrome and related cerebellar disorders (JSRD) in 2 unrelated fetuses at 17-18 weeks of gestation who were referred to us with history of siblings with JSRD and additional renal affection in the second case. Ultrasonography (US) showed non-specific cranial findings in both fetuses such as promine...
JSRD are rare autosomal recessive brain malformations. We hypothesized that MR imaging can assess fetuses at risk for JSRD and might influence their diagnoses.
We prospectively performed cranial MR imaging for 12 fetuses (mean GA, 23 weeks; SD, 3.7) at 25% recurrence risk for JSRD. We correlated prenatal MR imaging findings with postnatal MR imagin...
We hypothesized that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can assess fetuses with sonographically (ultrasonography (US))-suspected neural tube defects (NTD) that might influence their diagnoses and management decision.
Institutional review board approval and informed consents were obtained to perform MRI for 19 fetuses referred with US-suspected NTD. P...
The objective of our study is to evaluate the contribution of adding MRI findings to sonographic data when assessing fetal anomalies and to determine how this addition may affect the management of pregnancy.
We prospectively examined 26 fetuses who had sonographically suspected congenital anomalies over a period of 1 year. 2D/3D and 4D ultrasound,...
Medical practice has always been an integral part of the history of Egypt (Todd 1921). Medicine in Egypt dates back to Pharaonic Egypt (Kemet). The Edwin Smith, the Ebers, and the Kahun papyri all witness the academic study and practice of Kemetic medicine (Breasted 1930; Bryan 1930). Egyptian physicians were also influenced by Al-Razi (864-930 a.d...
PURPOSE
To evaluate the possibility of analysis of Steady State Free Precession (SSFP) MR images of the fetal heart using anatomical segmental approach for congenital heart disease (CHD).
METHOD AND MATERIALS
Institutional review board approval and informed consents were obtained for 25 fetuses with mean gestational age (GA) of 24 weeks (range 18-...
We report on five sibs affected by congenital microcephaly, growth retardation, sloping forehead, bitemporal grooving and micrognathia. Generalized tonic-clonic seizures started very early in life. Postnatal brain computerized tomography (CT) presented cortical band-like calcification, calcification of basal ganglia and brain stem while brain magne...
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of imaging the fetal heart with a balanced steady-state free precession MRI sequence along the body and cardiac axes after inadequate echocardiography.
After technically inadequate echocardiography, MRI was performed on 20 fetuses (mean gestational age, 24 weeks; range, 18-32 weeks) at risk...
Introduction Brain malformations are common in Egypt due to high consanguinity rate that reaches up to 40% with a recurrence risk of 25% in the autosomal re-cessive diseases (1). For a woman pregnant with a fetus at risk for brain anomaly, prenatal diagnosis may facilitate informed reproductive choices, reduce anxiety through reassurance, or enable...
Joubert syndrome and related cerebellar disorders (JSRD) are a group of recessive congenital ataxia conditions usually showing neonatal hypotonia, dysregulated breathing rhythms, oculomotor apraxia, and mental retardation. The pathognomonic finding in JSRD is the unique molar tooth sign (MTS) on brain imaging. There is a tremendously broad spectrum...
PURPOSE
To assess the impact of correlating fetal MRI findings with genetic workup on management decision-making of high risk pregnancies for brain malformations.
METHOD AND MATERIALS
Between year 2003 and 2006, we prospectively performed comprehensive ultrafast MRI for 80 fetuses with history of previous pregnancies with brain malformations and/o...
Medical practice has always been an integral part of the history of Egypt (Todd 1921). Medicine in Egypt dates back to Pharaonic
Egypt (Kemet). The Edwin Smith, the Ebers, and the Kahun papyri all witness the academic study and practice of Kemetic medicine
(Breasted 1930; Bryan 1930). Egyptian physicians were also influenced by Al-Razi (864-930 a.d...
PURPOSE
To evaluate the role of digital radiography and CT examination in patients with suspected extrinsic oesophageal compression due to a narrow thoracic inlet.
METHOD AND MATERIALS
Eleven symptomatic patients with suspected oesophageal compression at the thoracic inlet were studied by barium swallow using digital radiography and CT examination...
PURPOSE
To determine the value of fetal MRI as an adjunct to US in prenatal screening for suspected brain anomalies
METHOD AND MATERIALS
The study included 80 pregnant women in whom US was suspicious of fetal brain anomaly and/or with history of previous pregnancies with brain malformations. All pregnancies underwent dedicated neurosonogram follow...
The hypothalamus is susceptible to involvement by a variety of processes, including developmental abnormalities, primary tumors of the central nervous system (CNS), vascular tumors, systemic tumors affecting the CNS, and inflammatory and granulomatous diseases. The hypothalamus may also be involved by lesions arising from surrounding structures suc...
PURPOSE/AIM
Through well-selected cases and interactive approach, the reader will be able to: 1) Demonstrate normal fetal anatomy by three dimensional ultrasound (3D US). 2) Outline the key diagnostic findings of different fetal anomalies using 3D US. 3) Define the role of 3D US in screening and evaluation of fetal anomalies.
CONTENT ORGANIZATION...
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this case-based presentation the reader will be 1. familiar with fetal MRI and its required images, 2. able to describe the MR appearance of the developing fetal anatomy, 3. able to recognize various abnormalities in the fetus, placenta and cord by adhering to guidelines.
ABSTRACT
During the last decade there has...
Spinal cord involvement is a rare manifestation of schistosomiasis. We describe the MR imaging findings of spinal cord schistosomiasis in correlation with surgery and pathology.
We report eight cases of spinal cord schistosomiasis. All patients were men (mean age, 16.7 years) with neurologic manifestations who had been referred for spinal MR imagin...
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Spinal cord involvement is a rare manifestation of schistosomiasis. We describe the MR imaging findings of spinal cord schistosomiasis in correlation with surgery and pathology. METHODS: We report eight cases of spinal cord schistosomiasis. All patients were men (mean age, 16.7 years) with neurologic manifestations who had b...
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1.To describe the MR imaging features of various gall bladder diseases.2.To review the utility of MR imaging technique in diagnosis and characterization of various gall bladder pathologies.
ABSTRACT
Various pathologies involving the gall bladder, can manifest clinically producing non-specific clinical symptoms making its diagno...
HTML Malformations of cerebral cortical development (MCD) are common birth defects that manifest with developmental delay, epilepsy or focal neurological deficit. MCD are classified into three groups: disorders of proliferation, disorders of migration and abnormal cortical organization. Elemental analysis of the CT and MR images of MCD include dist...
Uterovaginal anomalies are associated with a high incidence of decreased fertility and multiple obstetric problems. These anomalies are caused by alterations in development or fusion of the müllerian ducts. Uterovaginal anomalies are classified into three types: dysgenesis, vertical or lateral fusion defects, and unusual configurations. Systematic...
Objective: To evaluate the role of magnetic resonance imaging of uterine leiomyomas prior to surgery, its reliability for differentiating histological subtypes of leiomyoma and between leiomyoma and adenomyosis. Material and methods: Twenty patients underwent MRI prior surgery for leiomyomas. The radiologist mapped the uterine lesions, and recorded...
We present a case of simultaneous abdominal and intrauterine pregnancy following in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer diagnosed during the second trimester. The patient had a recent history of hysteroscopic metroplasty due to in utero exposition to diethylstilboestrol. The pregnancy was managed conservatively with a favorable outcome for the...
PURPOSE/AIM
1. To discuss causes of perinatal morbidity and mortality common in or specific to multi-fetal pregnancies; 2. To review common indications and MRI findings of multi-fetal pregnancies; 3. To discuss current status and explain potential utility of fetal MRI in management of complications of multi-fetal pregnancies
CONTENT ORGANIZATION...
PURPOSE/AIM
1. To review the pathophysiology and clinical presentations of PCNSV. 2. To review the current diagnostic criteria of PCNSV: clinical, imaging (angiography, CT, MRI-MRA), and cerebral biopsy. 3. To discuss the MR imaging features of PCNSV 4. To disscuss the MRI features of mimics of PCNSV
CONTENT ORGANIZATION
1. Review Pathophysiology...
PURPOSE/AIM
1.To learn the value of studying ancient human remains and mummification process 2. Optimizing MDCT technique and 3D reconstruction for ancient Egyptian mummies 3. To provide a systematic analysis of MDCT for Royal ancient Egyptian Mummies 4. Sample cases of MDCT of royal Egyptian mummies
CONTENT ORGANIZATION
1. Discussing the value o...
PURPOSE/AIM
1. To discuss technical challenges for abdominal MRI during pregnancy and optimize the protocol 2. To discuss maternal indications for abdominal MRI during pregnancy and their diagnostic features 3. To discuss the role of MRI in comparison with other modalities US and CT
CONTENT ORGANIZATION
1. Diagnostic challenges of abdominal MRI d...
PURPOSE/AIM
To learn the optimal MRI technique to study fetal brain with emphasis on new sequences.To highlight milestones of brain development in fetal MR images.To recognize common errors of interpreting normal fetal brain MRI that may cause misdiagnosis of abnormalities.To learn MRI appearances of common brain maldevelopments in-utero
CONTENT O...
PURPOSE/AIM
1. To understand the physical and technical principles of balanced MR sequences, as steady-state-free-precession, in fetal MR imaging. 2. To discuss the feasibility of balanced MR sequences in demonstrating normal and abnormal fetal heart and vessels.
CONTENT ORGANIZATION
•Physical and technical principles of balanced MR sequences. •An...
Questions
Questions (6)
Hi all,
Looking for healthy children MRS data.
Among requested locations: cerebral cortex and cerebellum.
Thanks
s
Hi all,
Any experience with glycine detection in normal children with MRS at short TE (30) and intermediate TE (135).
I look in cerebral cortex and cerebellum for Glycine peak height and area, and Glycine/Cr or other ratios
Thank you in advance
Dear colleagues
Do you have experience? what protocol do you suggest? using 1.5 T machine
Do you use the MR machine's workstation or a special software for analysis of data?
How to insure that this is actually Glycine and not MI?? Which
TE you use to suppress MI? do you use other methods for MI suppression?
Best
How reliable is visual determination of the Signal intensity of fetal lung in diagnosing hypoplastic changes?
Can quantitative (ROI) measurements of fetal lung signal intensity and ratios with other fetal structures (amniotic fluid, muscles) help in assessment of fetal lung maturity??
I'm looking for a system to score the severity and extension of DISH radiologically.
I only found Mata's et al. score, which I find is confusing.
Does anyone have experience with Mata's scoring system for DISH or use another scoring system to radiologically compare the severity of patients diagnosed with DISH?
Mata S and her colleagues (1998) developed a scoring system for DISH. They described the morphology of the ossified mass and obtained measurements. The Morphological description includes: Ossified anterior longitudinal ligament without osteophytes or with non-bridging / bridging osteophytes with scores of: 1, 2 and 3 points respectively. Score 4 was described for bridging osteophytes larger than 10 mm?!
The article describes that the measurements are taken twice at the superior and inferior end plates of opposing vertebrae at each disc level.
I have these queries:
1. It is not clear if one score will be given for each disc level (averaging the measurements at the opposing upper and lower vertebral end plates), or if each vertebra is given a score by adding the measurements of its upper and lower end-plates.
2. The grading of Mata's scoring of DISH is not clear. what are the scores of mild or severe DISH?
3. Is Mata's system used also for diagnosis?
4. I found very few studies in the literature that used Mata's score. However, the impact of using the scoring system was not clear.
5. Is there another scoring system or method to describe and compare severity of DISH using mainly radiographic criteria not clinical?
(Mata S, Chhem RK, Fortin PR, Joseph L, Esdaile JM. Comprehensive radiographic evaluation of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis: development and interrater reliability of a scoring system. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1998:28:88-96)
