Saddam Hussain

• Agricultural Engineer
• Researcher at University of Florida

The pandemic outbreak of the novel coronavirus epidemic disease (COVID-19) is spreading like a diffusion-reaction in the world and almost 208 countries and territories are being affected around the globe. It became a sever health and socio-economic problem, while the world has no vaccine to combat this virus. This research aims to analyze the conne...

Shortly after the outbreak of the novel infectious disease (COVID-19) started at the end of 2019, it turned into a global pandemic, which caused the lockdown of many countries across the world. Various strict measures were adopted to reduce anthropogenic activities in order to prevent further spread and infection of the disease. In this study, we u...

Highly efficient irrigation and conservative sowing practices are required at the farm level for sustainable crop production. For the purpose, a field experiment on autumn potato crop was conducted during the years 2014-15 and 2015-16 to maximize crop water productivity. Five treatments with two sowing configurations were designed i.e. ridge sowing...

The untreated disposal of wastewater in the coastal environment leads to growth of harmful algal blooms which risks the coastal ecology and human health. The harmful algal bloom can destroy aquatic natural life by reducing dissolved oxygen concentration. This study aimed to evaluate the eutrophication status at the Boseong county, Beolgyo village e...

Water quality is highly affected by riverside vegetation in different regions. To comprehend this research, the study area was parted into wet and dry regions. The WASP8 was applied for the simulations of water quality profile over both Waterways selected from each region. It was found that the Ara Waterway, located in the wet regions, has a higher...

Optimal water supply is vital for farming, ensuring efficient crop production and water conservation. Water management seeks to maximize resource use while minimizing negative effects on water availability. Understanding crop-specific water requirements influenced by factors like climate, soil type, and plant growth stage is crucial. Accurate estim...

Safflower is a multipurpose, underutilized annual crop that could be an alternate oilseed crop for normal and marginal lands around the world. Zinc as a nutrient plays a critical role in enzyme activity and nutrient absorption, leading to improved productivity and quality of oilseeds. However, imbalances between NPK and Zn can result in antagonisti...

This study assessed the past changes in extreme precipitation and temperature events across the Himalayan Mountains of Pakistan. This cold and mountainous environmental region has witnessed a significant increase in climate-related disasters over the past few decades. Spatiotemporal changes in extreme temperature and precipitation events were analy...

In developing countries like Pakistan, the preservation of the environment, as well as people’s economies, agriculture, and way of life, are believed to be hampered by climate change. Understanding how people perceive climate change and its signs is essential for creating a variety of adaptation solutions. In this study, we aim to bridge the gap in...

This chapter examines the correlation between precision agriculture (PA) and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), emphasizing their pivotal significance in contemporary agricultural practices. This chapter delves into the historical origins of public administration (PA), tracing its progress over time and examining the introduction of unmanned aerial v...

The advent of precision agriculture has revolutionized the agricultural sector, emphasizing the utilization of data-driven strategies for decision-making and the optimization of resources. Sensors, encompassing soil, crop, weather, and drone sensors, offer real-time data to facilitate informed decision-making and enhance agricultural outcomes. Thes...

Temperature considers one of the most important factors in the estimation of agricultural water requirements, hydrological processes and climate change studies. In order to determine the most accurate prediction model in a semi-arid environment for the daily minimum and maximum temperature (T max and T min ), linear regression (LR), additive regres...

Promotion of research and development in advanced technology must be implemented in agriculture to increase production in the current challenging environment where the demand for manual farming is decreasing due to the unavailability of skilled labor, high cost, and shortage of labor. In the last two decades, the demand for fruit harvester technolo...

This study explores the viability of Atmospheric Water Harvesting (AWH) techniques as a cost-effective solution for alleviating drinking water scarcity in Pakistan, considering its diverse climatic conditions. The future prospects of AWH techniques are evaluated in terms of their ability to offer independence from traditional water sources, climate...

Earth temperature ascend because of modern disturbance caused by petroleum products which produce heat entangling gases and cause an unnatural weather change. Rising temperature is disturbing condition for whole globe. Rainfall is the principal source for water and soil moisture within the semi-arid and dry places in the world. Due to temperature s...

The variability in soil properties and crop yield can be overcome by adoption of smart farming practices through interpolation and mapping of spatial variability patterns. Geospatial technologies can be utilized to determine the cause of spatial variability in fields for site-specific application of fertilizer. This study was designed to quantify a...

In submitting conference proceedings to Environment Sciences Proceedings, the volume editors of the proceedings certify to the publisher that all papers published in this volume have been subjected to peer review administered by the volume editors [...]

Drone and Robotics Roadmap for Agriculture Crops in Pakistan: A Review. Environ. Sci. Abstract: Precision agriculture is getting immense attention from researchers and farmers across the world due to the threatening situation of the demand and production gap. Evolution in the electromechanical system and the emergence of intelligent monitoring and...

Noise is universally recognized as a significant source of environmental degradation in every culture. This paper provides an assessment of the literature on the detrimental impacts of noise pollution on the well-being of individuals. There is an introduction providing a broad definition of noise, followed by a discussion of the effect of noise pol...

Anthropoid activities are severely altering natural land cover and growing the transport of soil, organic and inorganic compounds, nutrients, toxic chemicals, and other pollutants to the water ecosystem. The eutrophication of the coastal water environment is one of the furthermost bitter consequences of human activities. In this research, we have u...

Agriculture is extremely vulnerable to climate change, creating more difficult challenges. Presently, the agricultural sector contributes to between 19 and 29% of all global greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. Methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2) are the main types of greenhouse gases generated by the agricultural industry. Ener...

Technology integration between the farm and the consumer is at the heart of digital agriculture. New technologies for developing countries, such as vertical indoor farming that uses automation and robots, might speed up the elimination of rural poverty and hunger worldwide. Significant technical developments include state-of-the-art greenhouse tech...

The yield gaps between conventional and progressive farms have widened considerably, globally. Precision farming, the use of site-specific agricultural inputs accurately through decision support mechanisms, has the ability to lower the potential crop yield gap. This chapter offers an outline on the development of precision agriculture technologies...

Due to the intense seasonality, high labor intensity, and high cost, picking fruit and vegetables typically requires a significant amount of personnel, material resources, and time. The fruit and vegetable picking is a critical role in the agricultural production chain. At the same time, the world is facing the challenge of an aging population. As...

Promising Land and Water Conservation Practices (LWCPs) play a vital role in restraining floods and keeping the land productive. Floods are usually destructive and increase the risk of drowning, waterborne diseases, malnutrition, and multiple long-term knock-on effects. Similarly, the 2022 monsoon season has prompted the most severe flood in Pakist...

Reliable precipitation data at appropriate resolutions are essential for crop irrigation scheduling, climate change assessments, and mitigating floods and droughts. However, information on precipitation at acceptable spatial and temporal scales is lacking in Pakistan, particularly in undulating areas such as the Potohar region. Therefore, an invest...

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa launched the Billion Tree Afforestation Project (BTAP) in 2014. Pakistan also initiated a “10 billion trees in five years” project in 2018. The soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model was used to forecast the impacts of LULC changes on water yield under three scenarios: before planting, after 1 billion trees planted, and afte...

The agriculture sector in Pakistan has a significant amount of potential in terms of solar, wind, geothermal, and biomass energy production and consumption. Most of the farm machinery on agriculture farms runs on high-cost fossil fuels and is also our source of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). Utilizing renewable energy (RE) technology in the agricu...

This research presents the new techniques and practical experiences of using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) precision agriculture mapping. UAV-based remote sensing systems should be cost-effective, fast-producing, have high geometric accuracy, and be simple to operate by local staff. This work aims to: (1) precisely use high-resolution UAV thermal...

Oat is an essential Rabi crop commonly used as green fodder. The nutritional requirements of oats are higher than those of other Rabi fodder crops. Higher doses of inorganic fertilizers are required to meet this demand, which is not economical for fodder production. This study evaluates the best economical dose of integrated nutrient management for...

Water is imperative for life and plays a vital role in sustaining multiple environmental services. Currently, water resources are under stress, and rainwater harvesting (RWH) is one of the solutions available to address water shortages. In this study, the potential of RWH for irrigation and recreational activities in a public park (i.e., Fatima Jin...

The depletion of usable agricultural lands has brought up a scenario of vertical farming. This type of farming is mostly considered soil-less farming in the vertical direction. Three of the commonly used soil-less ways for vertical farming include hydroponic, aeroponic, and aquaponic. Although it is not very popular in developing countries, investm...

Smart farming and precision agriculture rely on the different components of IoT, such as sensors, drones, and robotic devices. IoT in agriculture is the network of interconnected devices that corresponds in real time, simultaneously, to gather, analyze, and transfer the data, which, ultimately, generate a decision to be taken by the farmer. The ava...

Long-term changes in climate variability, vulnerability, a rise in average temperature, and changes in precipitation patterns threaten crop productivity, food security, and the livelihoods of people across the globe. Lower crop yields with higher dependence on food imports, global economic shocks, and climate change exacerbate more challenges to fo...

Citation: Yasmeen, Z.; Cheema, M.J.M.; Hussain, S.; Haroon, Z.; Amin, S.; Waqas, M.S. Downscaling of Satellite Rainfall Data Using Remotely Sensed NDVI and Topographic Datasets. Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 23, 40. https://doi. Abstract: Rainfall is a key factor in hydrological, meteorological, and water management applications in restricted regions o...

Droughts have an adverse influence on agriculture, the environment, water supplies, and the global economy. The drought risk was computed using an integrated prospective approach: drought hazard, exposure, and vulnerability based on biophysical and socio-economic conditions over Karachi, Pakistan during 2000–2019. Drought hazard map (DHM) was creat...

Cucumber require high amount of water about 95%. Irrigation earlier than necessary, effects on water productivity, energy and also has a negative impact on soil condition and plant growth. Tissue tunnel is more viable practice for temperature maintaining and control pest attack. An experiment of in time applications of irrigation to the cucumber cr...

Fertigation through drip irrigation has a potential to improve irrigation and fertilizers use efficiency. The main objective was determined the effects of different Management Allowed Depletion (MAD) levels alongside altered doses of fertigation (NIAB prepared and imported water-soluble fertilizers) on the growth and yield of tomato under drip irri...

The hydraulic properties of soil are very important to determine the soil relationship with water. The Soil Hydraulic Properties (SHP) are used to determine the soil water relationship as it is very crucial for estimation of water holding capacity of soil. In real field conditions, most widely used model for soil moisture retention curves is van Ge...

The impact of Coronavirus (COVID-19) disease has been reported for different countries. Males are at high risk of death due to COVID-19 as compared to females. There is no data available for Pakistan, the South Asian region. We are therefore undertaking this analysis to determine the gender effect on the outcomes of COVID-19 in the South Asian nati...

Human-induced anthropogenic variations cause a significant change in the local climate, which in turn lead to variations in different climatic regions. The effects of global warming have wide spatial variability, feedback of climate change, like, surface temperature towards precipitation, surface, and subsurface runoff are critical. As the climate,...

COVID-19 attacks more males as compared to females. There is a need to search out an element that gives immunity to women. Substantial amounts of estrogens (17Β-ESTRADIOL)are found in men and women. To see the current situation of the COVID-19 pandemic the study aims to find the impact of 17β-estradiol (E2), in increasing immunity against COVID-19...

The novel infectious disease (COVID-19) took only a few weeks from its official inception in December 2019 to become a global pandemic in early 2020. Countries across the world went to lockdown, and various strict measures were implemented to reduce the further spread of the infection. Although, the strict lockdown measures were aimed at stopping t...

Climate change affects every aspect of life globally. This study presents an analysis of long-term historical climate data (1960-2013) of four stations (Islamabad, Murree, Jhelum, and Mianwali) located in the Soan River Basin of Pakistan. Climate extreme analysis has been done, using four temperature and five rainfall indices. Temperature extremes...

Highly efficient irrigation and conservative sowing practices are required at the farm level for sustainable crop production. For the purpose, a field experiment on autumn potato crop was conducted during the years 2014-15 and 2015-16 to maximize crop water productivity. Five treatments with two sowing configurations were designed i.e. ridge sowing...

The world is facing a new challenge to overcome the pandemic disease of Coronavirus (COVID-19). An outbreak of COVID-19 to more than 213 countries and territories caused damage to the economy of every country. The proper vaccine to combat this pandemic disease is not invented yet. Due to the lockdown situation, there is a shortage of daily used pro...

The present study have used space observations of NO emission (OMI) and aerosol optical depth (AOD) (MODIS) from the last couple of years (2015-2019) to investigate the changes in air pollution in response to COVID-19 pandemic during the lockdown period (Mar-May, 2020) over the Indo-Pak region. Result of this study reveals a huge drop in air pollut...

The increasing demand of energy and its production cost from the fossils fuels is directing to develops the renewable resources of the energy for the sustainable environment for the future generation. To cope the energy crises in the agriculture-based countries the scientific community was focusing on exploring new low cost self-sustainable biogas...

Around two-thirds of the earth's surface covered with water, it is obvious that water is among the most significant aspects that are essential for the life of human being. It is not only important to live, but also important to take a part in social and financial development. Water is God's personalized gift, as well as the necessity of life. Due t...

The live water storage of the reservoirs is decreasing by the sedimentation, which is affecting the reservoir's capacity and cause a severe problem for the irrigation system at the downstream side. Floods occur at the downstream by the poor management at upstream due to the heavy rainfall and snow melting. For annual accumulations of sediment load...

The live water storage of the reservoirs is decreasing by the sedimentation, which is affecting the reservoir’s capacity and cause a severe problem for the irrigation system at the downstream side. Floods occur at the downstream by the poor management at upstream due to the heavy rainfall and snow melting. For annual accumulations of sediment load...

Irrigation water could be managed properly by mapping area of various crops. Remote sensing data can provide useful Land Use Land Cover (LULC) for assessment of different crop area and change detection. The present study was carried out with core objective to map crop area within the Indus Basin's transboundary. Four major crops (i.e. wheat, rice,...

Irrigation water could be managed properly by mapping area of various crops. Remote sensing data can provide useful Land Use Land Cover (LULC) for assessment of different crop area and change detection. The present study was carried out with core objective to map crop area within the Indus Basin’s transboundary. Four major crops (i.e. wheat, rice,...

The human body cannot make significant required quantities of vital nutrients but fish is minimum-fat, big-protein nutrition that delivers a variety of health advantages. Several external factors including temperature, oxygen level, alkalinity and photoperiod have impact on growth rate while water is also an important parameter in fish rising. Ther...

Over exploitation of Ground Water (GW) has resulted in lowering of water table in the Indus Basin. While water logging, salinity and seawater intrusion has resulted in rising of water table in Indus Basin. The sparse piezometer network cannot provide sufficient data to map groundwater changes spatially. To estimate groundwater change in this region...

The human body cannot make significant required quantities of vital nutrients but fish is minimum-fat, big-protein nutrition that delivers a variety of health advantages. Several external factors including temperature, oxygen level, alkalinity and photoperiod have impact on growth rate while water is also an important parameter in fish rising. Ther...

Over exploitation of Ground Water (GW) has resulted in lowering of water table in the Indus Basin. While waterlogging, salinity and seawater intrusion has resulted in rising of water table in Indus Basin. The sparse piezometer network cannot provide sufficient data to map groundwater changes spatially. To estimate groundwater change in this region,...

Excessive agro-chemicals are being used to enhance agricultural production to meet the food security challenge with increasing population. Gaps or overlaps in the spraying patterns can result in under or over application of pesticides thus causing environmental hazards. Conventional sprayers have uniform spray drift that is less effective for heavy...

Consumption of pesticides expanding very dramatically worldwide as the human population and crop production increase. From the last 18 year the consumption of pesticides increased 32% in Pakistan. Mostly liquid pesticides used to handle the crop health problems and weeds. Blind use of pesticides with non-calibrated machines cause of chemical losses...

ABSTRACT: Human-induced anthropogenic variations cause a significant change in the local climate which in turn lead to variations in different climatic regions. The effects of global warming have a wide spatial variability, feedback of climate change, like, surface temperature towards precipitation, evapotranspiration, and surface runoff are critic...

Water deficiency is one of the most important factors restraining plant growth and dry matter which is the reduction of product quality and lack water soil or air, often during the plant life cycle. Therefore, there is dire need to adopt the modern efficient irrigation methods for crop production. To address this issue a field experiment on autumn...

Conversion of potato from conventional sowing methods to bed planting systems may increase water use efficiency in commercial potato production system by reducing the amount of irrigation water. Potato is sensitive to water stress therefore, it reveals harsh effect on physical and chemical properties of potato. To investigate this issue a field exp...

Onions (Allium cepa L) help to protect against cardiovascular diseases, respiratory concerns, diabetes, and a variety of cancers. Pakistan is the 7th largest producer of onion in the world leading by China and followed by India (FAO, 2012). Onion crop removes large quantities of nutrients from the soil, that must be replenished to maintain soil fer...

The agricultural soils are under salinity threat and instability in the farmers’ crop yields is reported throughout Sindh province. For achieving sustainable crop yields, salinity tolerant varieties need to be evolved. This study aimed at identifying cotton varieties that can be sustainable for seed cotton yield and lint quality under certain sa...

Immense amount of wastewater is used for irrigation of vegetables and crops in order to cope with water scarcity issues in Pakistan. Wastewater is highly contaminated due to the disposal of untreated industrial wastewater into the main drains. Therefore, crops and vegetables have concentrations of heavy metals and other contaminants. The study w...

The agricultural soils are under salinity threat and instability in the farmers’ crop yields is reported throughout Sindh province. For achieving sustainable crop yields, salinity tolerant varieties need to be evolved. This study aimed at identifying cotton varieties that can be sustainable for seed cotton yield and lint quality under certain sa...

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) is an important cash crop of world sugar production. Sugar in Pakistan is manufactured from cane and beet, There is about 1 million hectares of land under cane and beet in four provinces. Pakistan ranked 5 th with 50.045 million tons. Sugar beet is an important sugar production crop in the world. It provides alm...

Water scarcity is one of the most pressing issues facing humanity nowadays. Exploitation of ground water is intolerable due to energy crises. Therefore there is dire need to adopt integrated highly efficient irrigation systems with alternate energy resources for crop production. To address this issue a field experiment was carried out at WMRC, Univ...

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) is an important cash crop 2 3 of world sugar production. Sugar in Pakistan is manufactured from cane and beet, There is about 1 million hectares of land under cane and beet in four provinces. Pakistan ranked 5 th with 50.045 million tons. (FAO, 2009). Sugar beet is an important sugar production crop in the world. I...

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) is an important cash crop 2/3 rd of world sugar production. Sugar in Pakistan is manufactured from cane and beet. There is about 1 million hectares of land under cane and beet in four provinces. Pakistan ranked 5 th with 50.045 million tons (FAO, 2009). Sugar beet is an important sugar production crop in the world....

Cucumber require high amount of water about 95%. Irrigation earlier than necessary, effects on water productivity, energy and also has a negative impact on soil condition and plant growth. Tissue tunnel is more viable practice for temperature maintaining and control pest attack. An experiment of in time applications of irrigation to the cucumber cr...

Fertigation through drip irrigation has a potential to improve irrigation and fertilizers use efficiency. The main objective was determined the effects of different Management Allowed Depletion (MAD) levels alongside altered doses of fertigation (NIAB prepared and imported water-soluble fertilizers) on the growth and yield of tomato under drip irri...