S. Pavía

Trinity College Dublin | TCD · Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering

This paper creates hydraulic binders using waste and a low energy input. Cements are produced with a bauxite refining residue (red mud-RM), blended with limestone and lime, and fused at temperatures from 600 to 1200 °C. The Saudi RM investigated has significant Al and Si but low Ca. Therefore, lime (CaO) and limestone (CaCO3) are used, as a source...

Hemp-lime composites are sustainable, low-carbon, non-loadbearing materials with outstanding thermal properties and high vapour permeability, used in new construction or thermal upgrades. The abundant pores in the hemp shiv (≥70%) are blamed for the low mechanical strength, and for a high water absorption that can result in long drying times and lo...

It is believed that many historic mortars were made using hot-lime mixing techniques. They are back in use today, and their good qualities are often praised, including being more compatible and a better match with historic fabrics. This paper studies the methods of producing hot-lime mortars and putties. It discusses the variables that determine th...

Bauxite is mainly used to produce aluminium and calcium aluminate cements. Both applications carry high environmental impacts. However, the carbon emissions generated from mining bauxite (3–5 kg CO2e/t) are negligible when compared those generated for aluminium or cement production (620–700 kg CO2e/t for CEM II). Hence, an alternative use for bauxi...

This paper studies the provenance and firing technology of the Fade Mansion brick. The microstructure was studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mineral associations and transformation were determined with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and petrographic analyses. The results evidenced that the bricks were made with a decalcified, silica-based cl...

This paper investigates the composition, properties and reactivity of a red mud waste generated in Saudi Arabia with a view to find alternative materials to replace construction binders of high environmental impact. The phase transformation triggered by the sintering of the RM up to 1000°C is determined with thermal and X-Ray Diffraction analyses....

span>Alkali activated (AA) materials have been investigated for decades as an alternative to Portland cement (PC) products. Most consist of a silicate waste activated with alkalis, which leads to lower green-house gas emissions and a substantial drop in the use of unrenewable material resources. This paper studies the durability of AA materials mad...

The use of waste plastic as aggregate in cement composites can solve the problem of the disposal of waste plastics in a sustainable way, and it reduces the need for extracting traditional materials like sand and gravel, which causes erosion and environmental degradation. The reaction of plastics with certain oxidizing chemicals is believed to resul...

The need for the selection of an appropriate insulation is becoming more important as environmental problems continue to grow. This paper investigates insulation performance in terms of heating energy requirement, environmental impact and cost. The thermal performance of insulations (natural, petrochemical, rock/slag based) is modelled, on brick, r...

This study aimed to investigate the use of polymeric end-of-waste materials, including polyethylene-terephthalate (PET) and other plastic types that have not been comprehensively studied to date, namely, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), polycarbonate (PC), ABS/PC blend, and polyoxymethylene (POM), to improve the durability of cement mortars....

Illitic clays are used for brickmaking worldwide. This paper explores the feasibility of using these clays unfired, to lower the environmental impact of construction. The results suggest that illitic clay can be used unfired. The geotechnical parameters of the clay are within the limits considered suitable for earth construction, and the compressiv...

This paper intends to contribute to the use of waste, as binder replacement, to lower the negative environmental impact of construction. Sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) is an agricultural waste which has been reported as pozzolanic. However, the literature on the pozzolanic activity of SCBA is inconclusive. This paper attempts to establish the propert...

This paper investigates cement mortars made with waste plastic aggregates (polycarbonate-PC-, polyoxymethylene -POM-, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene -ABS-, an ABS/PC blend -ABSC- and polyethylene terephthalate -PET-) as partial sand replacements at 5–20% by volume. Even at 20% plastic content, the strength surpasses the standard strength requireme...

This paper measures the variation of thermal transmittance of solid brick walls triggered by the application of hemp-lime renders in an effort to enhance the insulating properties of buildings. Six renders with different proportions of hemp and lime were fabricated and two selected based on their workability and adhesion. They were applied to the w...

As a single coherent model, the proposed Virtual Historic Dublin City will improve the current approaches for planning, conserving, presenting and interpreting cultural heritage buildings and their environments. The combination of digital recording, modelling and data management systems enable the interaction with complex, interlinked three-dimensi...

This work intends to reduce the carbon footprint and increase the sustainability of hydraulic lime (HL) mortars and concretes, a growing market in both new building and refurbishment, by partially replacing HL with limestone. Limestone cements are widely used in the world. Portland cement (PC) is partially replaced with limestone to reduce the larg...

The search for sustainability caused a revival of earth construction. Rammed earth (RE) construction is often preferred as compaction and stabilization leads to stronger, more consistent materials. Tills are glacial sediments. Historically, they were used for construction and brick making. However, their heterogeneous nature has prevented standardi...

This paper illustrates how BIM integration with GIS is approached as part of the workflow in creating Virtual Historic Dublin. A design for a WEB based interactive 3D model of historic buildings and centres in Dublin City (Virtual Historic Dublin City) paralleling smart city initiates is now under construction and led by the National Monuments at t...

ABSTRACT: This paper illustrates how BIM integration with GIS is approached as part of the workflow in creating Virtual Historic Dublin. A design for a WEB based interactive 3D model of historic buildings and centres in Dublin City (Virtual Historic Dublin City) paralleling smart city initiates is now under construction and led by the National Monu...

It is currently widely accepted that lime, rather than Portland cement (PC), should be used for the repair of historic fabrics as most historic mortars were lime based and properties of PC mortar such as strength, stiffness and permeability can be incompatible with historic stone and brick, with consequent damage to fabrics. As a result, PC mortars...

The Virtual Historic City as an integral part of the smart city will: Integrate information from different scales, sources and disciplines in a single, coherent virtual city model, Present cultural heritage buildings and their environments for education and cultural tourism virtual experiences

Fly ashes (FAs), generated as by-products, can be active in the presence of lime generating cementing hydrates through pozzolanic reaction. These can enhance the strength of hydrated-lime mortars still preserving their physical and chemical compatibility with traditional and historic masonry. This paper assesses the properties and reactivity of FAs...

Internally insulating walls is an effective method of energy retrofitting buildings. However insulation changes the hygric behaviour of a wall and can increase the risk of wall decay by moisture accumulation. This paper investigates thermal and moisture behaviour of internal insulations applied to a brick wall over a two and a half year period with...

Including ashes in mortars recycles waste and lowers the CO2 emissions and raw material consumption associated to production making materials more sustainable. This paper assesses the physical properties and reactivity of the incinerator bottom ash (IBA) and incinerator fly ash (IFA) from a waste incinerator plant to evaluate their potential as poz...

Pozzolans enhance hardening and strength of hydrated-lime mortars. They accelerate hardening and increase ultimate strength by imparting a hydraulic set often still preserving their physical and chemical compatibility with traditional and historic masonry. This paper assesses the activity of a number of incineration bottom ashes (IBAs) in order to...

Production parameters affect hydration/carbonation and density of hemp concrete which consequently determine the strength and the hygric and thermal properties of the concrete. This chapter investigates the effect of production parameters including curing conditions (65% vs. >95% RH), time of demoulding and specimen geometry (cylinder vs. cube) on...

Volume 23 RILEM, The International Union of Laboratories and Experts in Construction Materials, Systems and Structures, founded in 1947, is a non-governmental scientific association whose goal is to contribute to progress in the construction sciences, techniques and industries, essentially by means of the communication it fosters between research a...

Hydrated lime is a historic material currently used in conservation. It hardens slowly by carbonation slowing construction however, supplementary cementitious materials accelerate hardening enhancing strength. Hydrated-lime mortars with rice husk ash–RHA-; ground granulated blastfurnace slag–GGBS- and increasing amounts of two aggregates were studi...

ResumenMejorar el rendimiento térmico de los edificios mediante la adaptación del aislamiento puede reducir la pérdida innecesaria de calor y energía minimizando el impacto ambiental. El aislamiento térmico interior es a menudo el elegido en los edificios históricos para preservar sus características. Sin embargo, el aislamiento interior puede aume...

The focus of this study is on statistical analysis of hemp concrete properties. The main objective is to determine statistically the variability of the three main properties, which are: material density, compressive strength and Young's modulus. The analysis is done with respect to four main parameters, namely: the testing laboratory equipment and...

Hemp-lime concrete is a sustainable alternative to standard building wall materials, with low associated embodied energy. It exhibits good hygric, acoustic and thermal properties, making it an exciting, sustainable building envelope material. When cast in temporary shuttering around a timber frame, it exhibits lower thermal conductivity than concre...

This paper contributes to the understanding of lime-mortar masonry strength and deformation (which determine durability and allowable stresses/stiffness in design codes) by measuring the mechanical properties of brick bound with lime and lime-cement mortars. Based on the regression analysis of experimental results, models to estimate lime-mortar ma...

Moisture within walls can have a serious detrimental impact on buildings and undermine their long-term durability and integrity. This paper investigates the accuracy of the timber dowel method for measuring wall moisture content in a solid brick wall. The timber dowel is inserted in the wall and removed at intervals and moisture readings obtained u...

The study has been carried out in the context of a working group within the RILEM Technical Commitee 236-BBM 'Bio-aggregate-based building Materials'. It focusses on statistical analysis of hemp concrete properties. The objective is to determine statistically the variability for material density, compressive strength and Young's modulus. The consid...

Automated systems using terrestrial laser scanning and digital photogrammetry for recording of historic structures produce accurate 3D surface modelling of historic structures or artefacts, but do not supply detail behind the surface of the scan. Correlation of laser-scan and image survey data with historic documentation will augment the surface de...

It is known that hydrated lime improves the workability and water retention of Portland cement (PC) mortars. PC-lime mixes can be reworked without increasing entrained air thus not undermining durability. In addition, lime lowers strength and stiffness making PC mortars more deformable. However, the use of hydrated lime in PC composites has largely...

This study examines several sandstones used in monumental and vernacular structures. They were sourced at Manorhamilton, Co. Leitrim; Clara, Co. Offaly; Drumbane, Co. Tipperary and Killaloe, Co. Clare. The Manorhamilton rock is used by the Office of Public Works for restoration while the Clara, Killaloe and Drumbane stones were used to build some o...

This paper studies the effect of rice husk ash (RHA) in the properties of hydrated lime (calcium lime-CL90s) mortars with a view to improve their properties and make them more sustainable. The variation in mortar properties was related to the activity of the RHA, which was assessed by measuring its specific surface area, fineness, reactivity, compo...

Lime hemp concrete is a sustainable building material made with hemp shiv and lime. In this research, pozzolans are added to the lime binder. Hemp shiv contains water soluble constituents including pectic polysaccharides which can dissolve in the mixing water. Sugars and pectins are known to retard clinker hydration in portland cement. This researc...

Purpose: Universal design (UD) provides an explanation of good design based on the user perspective, which are outlined through its principles, goals, and related frameworks. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the frameworks and methods for UD building evaluations and to describe how close they have come to describing what a univer...

This paper compares the properties of hemp concrete made with hydrated lime and pozzolan with those of composites made with commercial binders containing hydraulic additions, in an effort to make hemp concrete more sustainable. The binder type affects the properties and microstructure of hemp concrete. The results indicate that increasing the binde...

This paper aims at improving the quality of lime mortar masonry by understanding the mechanics of mortars and masonry and their interaction. It investigates how the mortar's compressive and flexural strengths impact the compressive and bond strength of clay brick masonry bound with calcium lime (CL) and natural hydraulic lime (NHL) mortars. It conc...

Historic Building Information Modelling (HBIM) is a novel prototype library of parametric objects based on historic data and a system of cross platform programmes for mapping parametric objects onto a point cloud and image survey data. The HBIM process begins with remote collection of survey data using a terrestrial laser scanner combined with digi...

This paper aims at improving the quality of lime mortar masonry by understanding the mechanics of mortars and masonry and their interaction. It investigates how the mortar's compressive and flexural strengths impact the compressive and bond strength of clay brick masonry bound with calcium lime (CL) and natural hydraulic lime (NHL) mortars. It conc...

The design and evaluation of virtual learning environments for construction and surveying students is presented in this paper; by combining virtual learning environment and on-site student surveys to model and replicate practice in the architectural heritage sector. The Virtual Learning Environment is enhanced with real live survey projects whereby...

The design and evaluation of virtual learning environments for construction and surveying students is presented in this paper; by combining virtual learning environment and on-site student surveys to model and replicate practice in the architectural heritage sector. The Virtual Learning Environment is enhanced with real live survey projects whereby...

This paper studies how pozzolan properties including particle size, specific surface, chemical and mineral composition, amorphousness and water demand, affect their reactivity as well as the strength of lime–pozzolan pastes. Reactivity was evaluated with chemical, mechanical and mineralogical methods. A number of artificial pozzolans were investiga...

a b s t r a c t Historic Building Information Modelling (HBIM) is a novel prototype library of parametric objects, based on historic architectural data and a system of cross platform programmes for mapping parametric objects onto point cloud and image survey data. The HBIM process begins with remote collection of survey data using a terrestrial las...

This paper measures the bond strength of natural hydraulic-lime (NHL) mortars, to further characterise their properties and enhance their use in building. An additional objective is to correlate bond strength with mortar hydraulicity, water content, workability and water retention, to develop mortars of high bond strength that would improve the qua...

Magnesian lime is made from dolomitic limestone. The properties of magnesian lime mortars are not yet clearly established: some authors claim that Mg-lime has no hydraulicity and produces poor quality mortars that fracture, while others state that it produces quality hydraulic mortars. Here, Mg-lime was produced by burning magnesium limestone in a...

Purpose – The purpose of this research is to outline in detail the procedure of remote data capture using laser scanning and the subsequent processing required in order to identify a new methodology for creating full engineering drawings (orthographic and 3D models) from laser scan and image survey data for historic structures. Design/methodology/...

This work investigates the influence of cement kiln dust (CKD) on the properties of mortars made with a non-hydraulic binder of high available-lime content (calcium lime—CL), in order to further recycle industrial waste. Physical properties of CKD-CL90 mortars with increasing CKD content were compared to those of feebly-hydraulic lime (NHL2) and CL...

Teaching and training construction and surveying students using computer simulations of buildings although recently developed is not new. In the case of this project a novel aspect is introduced through applying advanced recording and building modelling techniques developed in the Faculty of the Built Environment in the Dublin Institute of Technolo...

This paper studies Roman mortars to demonstrate that petrographic analysis provides valuable information on ancient mortar tech-nology. Facts on lime technology relating calcination and slaking were obtained through petrographic analysis. The analysis also revealed the composition and origin of raw materials, pozzolanic additions and mortar hydraul...

This paper examines the influence of the shape, average size and calcite content of the aggregate on strength, porosity, water absorption, density and capillary suction of natural feebly-hydraulic lime (NHL 2) mortars. Four types of aggregate were analysed in order to determine calcite content, particle shape and average particle size. Four differe...

Ordinary portland cement OPC has been traditionally used in the construction of concrete silos in Ireland. However, the aggressive nature of the effluent produced by silage leads to severe degradation of the concrete. GGBS is a common addition to PC composites. It has been demonstrated that GGBS improves the general performance of PC concrete, decr...