S. O. Johnsen

• PhD, Master Technology Management, Master of Science (Siv.Ing.) stig.o.johnsen@sintef.no
• PostDoc Position at SINTEF and NTNU

This paper describes the value of the Human Readiness Level (HRL) framework in assessing technology's readiness for safe and effective human use in development of high automation and remote operations. We have explored issues from the oil and gas industry and Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) to identify challenges with automation and remote...

We have explored experiences of safety, reliability, and security in remote control of safety critical operations in oil and gas, autonomous shipping, autonomous metro, road transport, space operations, and aviation. Our aim has been to identify best practices of design, use of standards and operations related to remote operations to achieve safety...

Vi har analysert kollisjonen mellom KNM Helge Ingstad og TS Sola ut fra et systemperspektiv der vi har lagt vekt på å analysere de bakenforliggende årsakene som bidro til at hendelsen skjedde, bl.a. design. Vår vurdering er at dette er en hendelse/uhell som ventet på å skje på grunn av bakenforliggende årsaker som dårlig design i kombinasjon med uh...

Rapporten beskriver erfaringer fra forskjellige anvendelsesområder fra fjernstyring og overvåkning. Notatet er en leveranse bl.a. fra Autosafe prosjektet og skal støtte videre utvikling av automatiserte ferger. Erfaringer som kan forbedre fjernstyring/ fjernovervåking av automatiserte ferger blir trukket frem. De viktigste erfaringene er: • Bruk pr...

In this paper we highlight experiences from two cases of drilling automation, emphasizing the importance of understanding work and human factors in the design and implementation of automated systems. Automation is advancing as a means to increase efficiency, quality and safety in various industries, including petroleum. However, there has been limi...

This chapter summarizes the findings concerning the operation of automated ferries. First, a use-case on a planned passenger ferry in Norway is presented. Next, a gap analysis is carried out on the proposed solution against applicable rules. Finally, the outcome of the gap analysis is used as input for operational procedures, including decision cri...

Hydrogen produced from electrolysis, often referred to as green Hydrogen, is expected to play a key role in achieving an economy with net zero emissions by 2050, especially as an alternative fuel in the transport sector. The use of Hydrogen as an energy carrier calls for the establishment of a value chain for Hydrogen, which allows for safe distrib...

Navigating a ship is a complex task that requires close interaction between navigators and technology available on the ship’s bridge. The quality of this interaction depends on human and organisational factors, but also on technological design. This is recognized by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) through the SOLAS V/15 regulation tha...

The objective of this paper is to document experiences of hazard-analysis and risk analysis of automated passenger ferries planned to be operated in sheltered waters in Norway. The operation of autonomous ferries in Norway requires permission from the Norwegian Maritime Authority. This paper aims to describe hazard and risk analyses that address th...

Automated transport systems are deployed in many areas and transport modes. The predominant engineering perspective has been to automate as much as possible and minimize human interaction. However, a balanced integration between human factors and technology is often missing, as well as the “hand-over” process between humans and machine. The risks o...

Automation is increasing to improve efficiency, cost/benefit and safety. Human interventions are often needed and must be designed. The need for standards is critical to handle the challenges of automation and support meaningful human control. This need for standards in the petroleum industry is based on: (i) a literature review including study of...

(Open Access - all text freely available at https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.1201/9781003003816/sensemaking-safety-critical-complex-situations-stig-ole-johnsen-thomas-porathe) Human factors-based design that supports the strengths and weaknesses of humans are often missed during the concept and design of complex technical systems. Wit...

In this chapter, we have discussed the challenges of sensemaking and human factors ( HF) in the maritime sector based on several accident and incident reports. The Helge Ingstad collision has been of special interest, as described in the accident report from the Accident Investigation Board in Norway, AIBN ( 2019).

We examine design and Human Factors supporting sensemaking, resilience and performance on the bridge of the frigate HNoMS Helge Ingstad that collided with the tanker Sola TS in 2018. We are presenting a framework to evaluate the design based on a system perspective. The frigate was a modern ship, with seven seamen on the bridge, performing operatio...

Humans are increasingly asked to interact with automation in complex and large-scale systems. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has started working on regulations for Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS). For the foreseeable future, unmanned ships will most likely be under supervision from a Remote Control Centre (RCC), called const...

This report is based on work done for the Petroleum Safety Authority Norway (PSA) with the theme of human-centred design and human-machine interfaces in the development and implementation of autonomous systems. The report summarises the review and findings. Through the project, we have seen that automation has generally been successful where it has...

This paper describes safety and security challenges and best practices of the use of drones in the oil and gas industry, with consideration of the harsh weather conditions in the Northern Territories of Norway. We have described the present status of the use of drones in air, on water (surface) and under water. Drones are being used in the industry...

The risks of autonomous systems are emerging and we need to explore how risks can be mitigated through resilience engineering. This paper presents results from a literature review on resilience in autonomous transport systems (i.e. resilience, autonomy, transport) aiming to answer: How can resilience be used to improve safety and security of autono...

A ship's bridge is a complex work environment where navigation crew must manage a plethora of interactions and tasks between people, technologies and systems both internal and external to the ship. In the 2017 collision between the US Navy Destroyer John S McCain and tanker Alnic MC in the Singapore Strait it was found that the design of the digita...

Accidents and incidents, such as the capsizing of the anchor handling vessel Bourbon Dolphin in 2007 and the unintended list of the drilling rig Scarabeo 8 in 2012, underline the need for addressing sensemaking in safety-critical situations in the maritime domain to reduce risks. Sensemaking and risks must be understood as a part of the organizatio...

This article provides a high-level overview of the development of highly automated driving systems and illustrates challenging situations and use cases, in some cases leading to fatal accidents. Accidents with automated vehicles (AV's) and Automated Guided vehicle (AGV's) may give clues to why accidents happen and what's needed to avoid similar acc...

This paper discusses experiences, risks and mitigation in autonomous transport systems, to improve learning and risk-based governance. This is based on literature reviews, experiences of autonomous transport systems and involvement in the regulatory process. The maturity varies between rail, road, aviation and shipping. Issues that may be transferr...

The ability to handle maritime operations is increasingly dependent on control systems. Such systems play a crucial role in critical situations, by presenting safety-critical information that allows operators to make sense of the situation, i.e. sensemaking. Rules and regulations influence design of the systems and training, both key areas impactin...

This paper discusses state of the art of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), drones (unmanned aerial vehicle-UAV's) and control infrastructure. The focus has been to explore risks, vulnerabilities and safe use of UAS in industrial operations. The use of UAS has been in rapid expansion in governmental areas (monitoring, military applications) and in th...

Human reliability (HR) and the human aspects of software development have mostly been two separate areas of research. In the authors' opinion, a lot of the research going on in the area of human reliability and human factors is important for the software development process. In this paper, we present data from 13 Norwegian small or medium enterpris...

In this paper we address the institutional context of the police response during the 22 July terror attacks in Norway. Our analysis shows how institutionalized informal practices, established over time, influenced the police response during the attacks. The response presented challenges in terms of management of actor complexity (the number of acto...

ABSTRACT: Autonomous transport systems in all modes—road (i.e. autonomous cars), aviation (i.e. drones), shipping and rail are coming. Regulation and testing are on-going in Norway. Risks of autonomous systems are uncertain due to missing data, emerging technology and variation in framework conditions. However, accidents of autonomous cars seem to...

Recent accidents and near-accidents, such as the capsizing of the anchor handling vessel Bourbon Dolphin in 2007 and the unintended list of the drilling rig Scarabeo 8 in 2012, underline the need for addressing sensemaking in safety-critical situations within the maritime domain. This paper is a literature review to answer the research question: Wh...

A paradigm shift is presently underway in the shipping industry promising safer, greener and more efficient ship traffic with unmanned, autonomous vessels. In this article, we will look at some of these promises. The expression “autonomous” and “unmanned” are often used interchangeably. We will therefore start out by suggesting a taxonomy of autom...

The complexity of today’s sociotechnical systems has prompted researchers and practitioners to advocate new holistic approaches to safety. However, many engineering standards, methods and processes for addressing technical, human and organizational factors do not fully reflect this. This article investigates known project management challenges and...

The accident levels in helicopter transportation vary between geographical regions and types of operations. In this paper, we develop some hypotheses regarding the factors that may explain this variation. The aim of this paper is to improve safety in helicopter transportation through better understanding of the causes leading to fatal accidents. We...

More attention has recently been given to Human Factors in petroleum accident investigations. The Human Factors areas examined in this article are organizational, cognitive and physical ergonomics. A key question to be explored is as follows: To what degree are the petroleum industry and safety authorities in Norway focusing on these Human Factors...

Agile development of safety-critical software has evolved from an early conceptual idea to, presently, an approach that is gaining uptake in the industry. As we now get more and more experience we also discover new challenges and related ideas that needs further investigation. The third international workshop on agile development of safety-critical...

ABSTRACT: This paper discusses digital vulnerabilities in the oil and gas infrastructure in Norway, as the in-frastructure are impacted by hidden, dynamic and emergent risks. The oil and gas industry is a part of critical in-frastructure in the EU, due to energy supply problems in the EU such as blackouts and gas shortages. We see a need to change...

Application of Remote Real-Time Monitoring to Offshore Oil and Gas Operations

This chapter discusses digital vulnerabilities and resilience in the Nor-wegian oil and gas infrastructure. The Norwegian oil and gas sector is a part of the European Union's critical infrastructure because Norway supplies approximately 10% of the European Union's oil and 30% of its gas. Hidden, dynamic and emergent risks are considered and resilie...

This chapter discusses digital vulnerabilities and resilience in the Norwegian oil and gas infrastructure. The Norwegian oil and gas sector is a part of the European Union’s critical infrastructure because Norway supplies approximately 10% of the European Union’s oil and 30% of its gas. Hidden, dynamic and emergent risks are considered and resilien...

ABSTRACT: This paper is related to the research project NEXUS, focusing on risk communication and ac-tion capacity in Norway. NEXUS is evaluating actions from The Gjørv Report (NOU 2012:14), written after a terrorist attack in Norway in 2011. One suggested action was: “The provisions of the Security Act that require measures for protecting objects...

ABSTRACT: This paper has performed the first comparative study of the Norwegian Cyber Security Strategy vs. the strategies of cyber security in EU and the US. The paper has adapted the framework and detailed evaluation used by Luiijf and Besseling (2013) as they compared nineteen national cyber security strategies, not including Norway. Issues of s...

Advances in the way humans and robots works side by side represent one of the untapped potential to get the best from machine efficiency in combination with human ingenuity. To keep up with the rapid evolution foreseen in robotics and realize the robot’s potential as invaluable assistance to humans we argue that today’s practices for ensuring safe...

ABSTRACT: This paper suggests proactive indicators to be explored in the oil and gas industry based on 28 public accident investigations from 2002. The use of proactive indicators could reduce the probability of Health, Safety and Environmental (HSE ) incidents or accidents and may aid in reducing the consequences of incidents. Resilience engineeri...

ABSTRACT: We have explored accident data from British Railin the period from 1946 through 2005. Our hypothesis has been that safety is improved through learning from experience. Based on a quantitative analy-sis this hypothesis is tested for the data using a simple regression model. We have discussed the model and its limitations, benefits and poss...

In this paper we have tried to identify the main safety challenges in a major change processes. We have explored actual large-scale changes during deregulation of aviation and rail, and we have explored large-scale changes in the oil and gas industry. Based on the main safety challenges we have tried to develop a framework to assess the safety of a...

CCTV is increasingly used in the oil and gas industry to assist in remote operations and remote support. This is done to achieve safety and resilience. The CCTV system is a complex component, consisting of technology (screens, cameras, workplaces), humans (operators observing and analyzing information) and organizational factors (procedures, respon...

The area of Human factors (HF) has been in focus to increase safety and quality of operation in the industry. HF covers three main domains, physical ergonomics, cognitive factors and organizational factors. HF has often been identified as root causes in accidents, i.e. 40-90% in different industries. The International Association of Oil & Gas produ...

This chapter describes vulnerabilities related to safety and security in distributed process control systems integrated with information and communication technology (ICT). The author describe key vulnerabilities and how to mitigate these vulnerabilities by current best practices, which have worked in an industrial setting in Norway. Distributed pr...

This paper presents and discusses a pilot study named Operational Conditions in Control Rom Organisations (OCCO). The main goal of the study was to develop and test a qualitative safety improvement approach intended to supplement quantitative approaches applied for safety management in the space domain. The historical and current practice in the Eu...

Remote operations, remote support and use of new technology introduce new ways of operating oil and gas fields. These new practices are often called "field of the future?? or "integrated operations?? - IO. These new practices are being implemented on the Norwegian Continental Shelf, leading to increased hydrocarbon recovery and increased collaborat...

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to support the implementation of safety and security guidelines in the Norwegian oil and gas industry and verify the actual use of the guidelines by industry and authorities. Design/methodology/approach An action research approach was used, exploring organisational learning as described by Argyris and Schon and...

Because of the increased need for oil and gas, new and more-demanding oil fields must be explored in sensitive and challenging areas. Exploration of expert knowledge and new technology must be employed in these challenging situations. This collaboration and use of new technology introduces new ways of operating oil and gas fields. These new practic...

In this chapter we have discussed vulnerabilities and mitigating actions to improve safety, security and continuity of the information and process infrastructure used in the oil, gas and petrochemical sector. An accident in the oil and gas industry can become a major disaster, and the suggested steps should help mitigate some of these hazards. This...

This chapter describes vulnerabilities related to safety and security in distributed process control systems integrated with information and communication technology (ICT). The author describe key vulnerabilities and how to mitigate these vulnerabilities by current best practices, which have worked in an industrial setting in Norway. Distributed pr...

In this chapter we have discussed vulnerabilities and mitigating actions to improve safety, security and continuity of the information and process infrastructure used in the oil, gas and petrochemical sector. An accident in the oil and gas industry can become a major disaster, and the suggested steps should help mitigate some of these hazards. This...

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to measure and discuss the long‐term effects of an e‐learning tool aiming at improving the information security knowledge, awareness, and behaviour of employees. Design/methodology/approach The intervention study had two assessments of knowledge and attitudes among employees: one survey, one week before the int...

This paper discusses the significant findings of an extended risk assessment of the key communication infrastructure used in emergency communication in railways in Norway. The initial risk assessment was performed in 2008. Resilience was explored as a strategy in the risk assessment to improve safety, security, and quality of service. We have revie...

Resilience is the ability of a system to react to and recover from disturbances with minimal effects on dynamic stability. Resilience is needed as systems and organizations become more complex and interrelated and the consequences of accidents and incidents increase. This paper analyzes the notion of resilience based on a literature survey and an e...

The Norwegian Oil and Gas Industry is adopting new information communication technology to connect its offshore platforms, onshore control centers and the suppliers. The management of the oil companies is generally aware of the increasing risks associated with the transition, but so far, investment in incident response (IR) capability has not been...

In this article we have tried to assess challenges, strengths and risks of remote operations of oil and gas installations in the North Sea. Consequences of remote operations may be increased complexity and couplings between systems, organizations and actors. Based on exploration of past accidents, interviews and workshops we have suggested key chal...

We have explored accident data from British Rail in the period from 1946 through 2005. Our hypothesis has been that safety is improved through learning from experience. Based on a quantitative analysis this hypothesis is tested for the data using a simple regression model. We have discussed the model and its limitations, benefits and possible impro...

We evaluated CRIOP, a Human Factors (HF) based methodology, for the purpose of capturing the Norwegian Oil & Gas (O&G) industry’s opinion of CRIOP to identify how it is used and suggest potential improvements. CRIOP has been a preferred method in the Norwegian O&G industry and is used for Verification and Validation (V&V) of a Control Centre’s abil...

Taking effective measure in the area of improvement and change management work in relation to HSE (Health, Safety and Environment) is an organizational challenge that requires effective collaboration across disciplines and interfaces. Shared responsibility and consequently collective learning is a prerequisite for improvement of single activities,...

Taking effective measure in the area of improvement and change management work in relation to HSE (Health, Safety and Environment) is an organizational challenge that requires effective collaboration across disciplines and interfaces. Shared responsibility and consequently collective learning is a prerequisite for improvement of single activities,...

In this paper we have tried to identify the main safety challenges in a major change processes. We have explored actual large‐scale changes during deregulation of aviation and rail, and we have explored large‐scale changes in the oil and gas industry.Based on the main safety challenges we have tried to develop a framework to assess the safety of a...

This paper discusses the results of a questionnaire-based survey used to assess the safety, security and resilience of information and communications technology (ICT) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems used in the Norwegian oil and gas industry. The survey identifies several challenges, including the involvement of profess...

Integrated Operations (10), remote operations or the "e-field of the future" introduce new ways of oil and gas production, 10 is increasing collaboration onshore and offshore, utilising new technology but raising new challenges related to risk communication and safety, 10 is now being implemented on the Norwegian Continental Shelf, leading to incre...

Integrated operations are increasingly used in oil and gas production facilities to improve yields, reduce costs and maximize profits. They leverage information and communications technology (ICT) to facilitate collaboration between experts at widely dispersed locations. This paper discusses the safety and security consequences of implementing inte...

Incident Response is the process of responding to and handling ICT security related incidents involving infrastructure and data. This has traditionally been a reactive approach, focusing mainly on technical issues. In this paper we present the Incident Response Management (IRMA) method, which combines traditional incident response with pro-active l...

Based on multiple methods we have studied how information security practices, and in particular computer security incident response practices, are handled in the Norwegian offshore oil and gas industry. Our findings show that there is still insufficient awareness regarding the importance of information security in the offshore industry, and that in...

Managing human factors (HFs) in the design of control centers (CCs) has become increasingly important in large-scale petroleum projects because of the effects on safety and on efficient operations. Integrated operations (10s) introduce new ways of working, allowing virtual teams, but raise new risk-management issues. In 2006, 22 persons, representi...