S. Balasubramanian

• PhD, ARS, FIE
• Principal Scientist & Head at Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering

Bala AI & IoT in Agriculture

Seaweed extracts have been used to synthesize silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) as they offer many benefits and utilities. The use of biological materials in nanoparticles synthesis is preferred as they are eco-friendly and compatible for pharmaceutical and other biomedical and therapeutic applications. As the number of applications of NPs increases, a...

Nutri-Cereals or millets can bring about a dietary advantage to its consumers and help them in combating many lifestyle diseases. There are many types of millets which have been traditionally quite popular in various parts of India and the world. These millets have different types of advantages yet varied challenges concerning their post-harvest ha...

Spherical nanoparticles of zinc oxide (ZnO NPs) have been successfully synthesized through domestic microwave oven-supported solvothermal method by using Allium cepa (Onion) and Raphanus sativus (White Radish) extracts as reducing and capping agent. X-ray powder diffraction confirms the formation of single-nanocrystalline wurtzite-type structure. S...

Background: Generally, roasting of any food grains or legumes are carried out to improve the palatability and to improve the special characteristics like physical texture, colour and etc., Methods: This study was carried out to optimize the process parameter for soaked soybean splits in an open type LPG gas assisted soybean roaster using response s...

Achikae, one of the traditional food products of south Indian tribal people has been prepared from small millets using linear programming (LP) model. Dehulled little millet, dried coconut and sugar mixed formulations were designed using linear programming (LP) model to minimise the total cost of finished product. The little millet was dehulled afte...

A study on transverse flow pattern of soybean splits in a closed type horizontal rotating drum 2 College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani-431 402, Maharashtra, India Roasting drums have generally been used in soybean roasters. The different flow patterns of transverse motions viz., sl...

The effects of temperature (-40°C to 55°C) and particle size (71-492 m) on thermal properties of black pepper ground at ambient and cryogenic conditions were investigated. The specific heat decreased non linearly whereas the thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity increased non linearly with the increase in temperature range of black pepper p...

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Packaging is an essential part of processing, preservation and distribution of foods. Fish being extremely perishable food deteriorates rapidly and thereby the quality and potential life is reduced if they are not handled and stored properly. It needs a suitable packaging that can limit undesired microbial growth and sensor:y deterioration. Recent...

Barley pasta samples with moisture contents viz., 27%, 16%, 12%, 9% and 8% were prepared and studied for thermal characteristics in terms of glass transition temperature (Tg) and change of specific heat (ΔCp) at glass transition. Glass transition temperature of barley pasta samples had showed negative correlation with moisture content. An increase...

An eco-friendly CIAE-Millet Mill integrated with pneumatic suction arrangement was designed and developed. It simultaneously dehulls minor millets and separates the husk from the dehulled mass. It is a power operated (1 HP, single phase motor) with a main shaft speed of 960 rpm (for dehulling) and blower shaft speed of 1920 rpm (for pneumatic sucti...

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Analysis of engineering properties of shrimp feed pellets

Surface aeration systems viz., paddle wheel and spiral aerators are the most commonly used aeration systems in intensive aquaculture practices. Use of aerators in intensive aquaculture is important for ensuring better survival, optimal oxygen supply, higher production, and disease free environment. Hence, selection of properly designed and high eff...

This study, tradition of linear encoding problem on price minimization on fish feeds was aimed to reduce the cost of production of fish feeds. The data used was collected using both main and subordinate data. Linear programming problem was used to evaluate the data and the optimum solution was obtained at 2 nd iterations with fingerlings feeds to b...

Fish is one of the most perishable of human food materials and that it starts spoiling soon after death. In the present study, we consider the study of catch fish exporting in Nagapattinam and Thiruvarur district, Tamilnadu, India that is addressed in Multi-Objective Transportation Problem (MOTP). Also, in this paper we give the relation between di...

Spices are very well‐known for their characteristic aroma and peculiar taste from ancient time. Grinding of spices is an old practice using different grinding equipment suited as per prevailing conditions. In modern era, the popularity of quality processed products has increased in spices. Cryogenics has very important role to play in food sector....

In this paper we have developed a mathematical model applied to fisheries science and predict the specific data. Based on selected fish data (length-weight) of L.lentjan and L.nebulosus a mathematical model was elaborated by use of anonlinear polynomial equation to demonstrate between length-weight relationship of L. lentjan and L. nebulosus in Tho...

Solar fish dryer is a multipurpose facility, which is of great importance to the economic growth of coastal area fisheries folk. Fish drying is essential for preservation in aquacultural applications. It is performed either using fossil fuels in an artificial mechanical drying process or by placing the fish under the open sun. An artificial mechani...

The aim of this work is to examine the performance of gelatin based edible coating in preserving the seer fish slices. A composite edible coating solution was prepared with three different concentrations of gelatin, chitosan and vinegar. Coating experiments were performed in a laboratory scale edible coating tank which was fabricated for this purpo...

The new trend of materials science and mechanical energy harvesting facilitates the understanding of high performance piezoelectric material systems. In this system is soft, flexible or stretchable formats, with special opportunities for use in bio-integrated applications, from mechanical energy harvesting into sensing devices. This paper reviews t...

Description Intensification, mechanization and automation in agriculture are very much popular worldwide. A similar path may be appropriate for aquaculture since automation of aquaculture systems will allow the industry to: site production near markets; improve environmental control; reduce catastrophic losses; minimize production costs; and improv...

The paper describes the thermal properties viz., thermal conductivity, specific heat and thermal diffusivity of cryoground coriander in temperature range from-35°C to 55°C. The effects of temperature and particle size and varietal difference of coriander on thermal properties was studied. There exists a non-linear increasing trend in thermal conduc...

The dried and roasted dehulled soybean splits were conditioned to 3 ± 0.02% (db). These samples were ground with hammer mill having different screen aperture sizes (1.5,1.2 and 0.7 mm) and feed rates (18,14,10 kgh"1) at constant rotor speed (3000 rpm). The dimensions (major, medium and minor), geometric mean diameter, sphericity, surface area, thou...

A three factor three level central composite design was adopted to determine interactive effects of meat level (55–65%), steaming time (12–18 minutes) and drying time (7–9 hrs) on pH, moisture, protein content, fat content and other quality characteristics (Hardness, adhesiveness, total colour change and overall acceptability) of extruded chicken n...

Minor millets like kodo and kutki millet were studied for their engineering properties at different moisture contents (10–20%, db, dry basis). The results showed thatthe geometric properties of grain viz., length (2.26 mm-2.69 mm), breadth (1.39 mm-2.15 mm), thickness (1.24 mm-2.07 mm), arithmetic mean diameter (1.66 mm-2.30 mm), geometric mean dia...

During the last few years the popularity for the plant based butters (nut and seed butters) has increased considerably. Earlier peanut butter was the only alternative to the dairy butter, but over the years development in the technologies and also the consumer awareness about the plant based butters, has led the development of myriad varieties of b...

Jawaharlal Nehru Award-2008 (Dr. S. Balasubramanian)

Response surface methodology (RSM) is a mathematical and statistical technique for testing multiple process variables and their interactive, linear and quadratic effects, and useful in solving multivariable equations obtained from experiments simultaneously. In present study optimum meat level and processing conditions for development of shelf stab...

Spices are prime source for flavor, aroma and taste in cusines and play an active role of as medicines due to their high antioxidant properties. As medicine or food, the importance of spices cannot be overemphasized. The medicinal values of spices are very well established in treating various ailments like cancer, fever, malaria, stomach offset, na...

Millet idli batter was prepared from decorticated little millet and black gram (2:1, 3:1 and 4:1) using wet grinder with adequate amount of water and salt (1-2%). The different blends were allowed for fermentation at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 h, separately. The batter property viz. bulk density, percent volume rise, pH and titrable acidity w...

ABSTRACT Glass transition phenomenon has been employed to food products to study their stability. It can be applied as an integrated approach along with water activity, physical and chemical changes in food in processing and storage to determine the food stability. Also associated with the changes during agglomeration, crystallization, caking, stic...

Upma, a popular breakfast of southern India, traditionally made from wheat, was prepared using pearl millet semolina (PMS). Prior to preparation of semolina, pearl millet grains were hydro-thermally treated to reduce anti-nutritional factors and inactivate lipase activity. Hydrothermal treatments (soaking up to moisture 30 ± 2%, steaming 1.05 kg cm...

Weaning mix was developed using extrudates of plain and malted pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) flour. Central composite rotatable design (CCRD) with four independent variables PME (pearl millet extrudates), PMME (pearl millet malt extrudates), BE (barley extrudates), BME (barley malt extrudates) at five level and fi...

The pressing need is to improve livelihoods and well-being through improved use of biodiversity. Thus, focus in India is to be on small-grain cereals, notably millets. Millets are also more reliable and produce a harvest even under adverse growing conditions. Millets can be used for traditional as well as novel foods. The richness of starch, protei...

Tempeh is a collective name for a sliceable mass of precooked fungal fermented beans or some other food processing by-products bound together by the mycelium of a living fungus (mostly Rhizopus spp.) (Nout and Kiers 2005). Tempeh has gained worldwide acceptability for its multiple health benefits. Generally, a good quality fresh tempeh is a compact...

The effect of legume incorporation (5%, 10% and 15%) on functional and nutritional properties of sorghum and wheat extrudates was investigated. Sorghum extrudates incorporated with legumes showed lower water absorption index water solubility index and pasting properties viz., peak viscosity, minimum viscosity, breakdown viscosity, final viscosity a...

Rheological and nutritional quality of ready-to-eat rice (Oryza sativa ) -legume viz. black gram (Vigna mungo), green gram (Vigna radiata), lentil (Lens culinaris) and peas (Pisum sativum) based extrudates were studied using low cost collet extruder. Extrudates were prepared keeping constant feed rate (25 kg/h) and moisture content (14% wb) at 0, 5...

Non-wheat pasta was prepared with pearl millet supplemented with 10–30 % barley flour, 5–15 % whey protein concentrate, 2.5–4 % carboxy methyl cellulose and 27–33 % water using response surface methodology (RSM) following central composite rotatable design (CCRD). Results showed that barley flour and whey protein concentrate (WPC) had significant (...

Cryogenics is the study of very low temperature and its application on different materials including biological products. Cryogenics has numerous applications in space science, electronics, automobiles, the manufacturing industry, sports and musical instruments, biological science and agriculture, etc. Cryogenic freezing finds pivotal application i...

Whole pearl millet, finger millet and decorticated soy bean blended (millet soy) extrudates formulations were designed using a linear programming (LP) model to minimize the total cost of the finished product. LP formulated composite flour was extruded through twin screw food extruder at different feed rate (6.5-13.5 kg/h), screw speed (200-350 rpm,...

Physical properties of coriander seeds were determined at moisture content of 3.5-17.7%, d.b. The major axis and 1 000 seeds mass were found to decrease nonlinearly with increase in seed moisture. The medium and minor axes, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, unit volume, surface area and angle of repose increased linearly. Bulk density decreased...

The present work aims to optimize the foaming conditions for tomato juice using three level Box-Behnken Experimen-tal Design of Response surface Methodology. In the following study three process parameters namely concentration of egg albumin (EA) as foaming agent, carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) as foam stabilizer and whipping time (WT) was optimize...

Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum J. Pres) is one of the important spices and bark is a economic part. The knowledge of morphology and size distribution of bark is essential for design of equipments for cleaning, grading, separation and also storage. The finest quality of bark is obtained from shoots with uniform brown colour and thin bark of 1.0–1.25 m l...

Turmeric is a rhizomatous perennial herb having primary and secondary rhizomes that can be present in different forms, from spherical to slightly conical, hemispherical, and cylindrical. Rhizomes present a thin, slightly brown peel (peridermis layer) covering an orange-yellow flesh. Physical properties of turmeric like bulk density, true density, p...

Effect of temperature on drying behaviour of betel leaves at drying air temperatures of 50, 60 and 70°C was investigated in tunnel as well as cabinet dryer. The L* and b* values increased whereas, a* values decreased, as the drying air temperature increased from 50 to 70°C in both the dryers, but the colour values remained higher for cabinet dryer...

Isolated finger millet (Eleucine coracana) starch was subjected to different modifications (hydrothermal, acidic and enzymatic) and characterized in terms of yield, moisture, protein, ash, bulk density, swelling power, solubility, sediment volume, colour, gel consistency, water binding capacity (WBC), pasting properties, freeze thaw stability and p...

Indian traditional sweet dish i.e. halwa was developed from pearl millet grains. Pearl millet grains (Pennisetum typhoides var. PHB-2168) were steamed for 20 min at 1.05 kg cm-2 in order to minimize lipase activity, total phenols, phytic acid and tannins content. Steamed grains were dried (12 ± 0.5% moisture content), pearled, milled, sieved throug...

The nutritional and textural properties of low fat paneer using soy protein isolate (SPI) as fat replacer was investigated. The physico-chemical and sensory characteristics of 4 types of paneer made of low-fat milk (3% milk fat (MF) and 10% solids-not-fat (SNF)) and SPI of 0 (T1), 0.1 (T2), 0.2 (T3) and 0.3% SPI (T4) were compared with high fat pan...

Pearl millet at various moisture content (6.2, 9.4 and 12.3%, d.b.) and feed rates (3, 6 and 9 kg/h) was ground using hammer mill and its physical properties viz. arithmetic mean diameter, geometric mean diameter, thousand grain weight, aspect ratio, specific surface area, surface area and bulk density were studied. Sieve analysis results showed th...

BALA-ILSI-Botanicals-Spices & Herbs

Pearl millet starch (Pennisetum typhoides) was isolated and subjected to hydrothermal, acidic and enzymatic modifications. Native and various modified starches were characterized in terms of yield, moisture, protein, ash, bulk density, swelling power, solubility, colour, sediment volume, gel consistency, water binding capacity, pasting properties,...

Rheological and nutritional properties of corn based extrudates incorporated with selected dehulled legumes (black gram, green gram, lentil and peas) made using low cost collet extruder at 5%, 10% and 15% levels were studied. There was a decreasing trend of all viscosity properties and degree of gelatinization with increase in legumes incorporation...

Recent research'has,,' shown that sorghum grain can be convenient food just,as has'been'done with rice or wheat. There is however, a need of, thei r f u rthe r characte rization to the molecular level with respect to, food q uality write S. Balasubramanian and R.T. Patil fi ..rn.r-, uw1 ltorgnum.Drcorcr-\ 11.) Moenchl, noted for its ver \/ satility...

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the principal oilseed crops. India is the second largest producer of peanut in the world with a share of 18% (USDA, 2009). Peanuts are rich source of edible oil (43-55%) and protein (25-28%). About two-third of the world's peanut production is crushed for oil and the remaining is consumed directly or as an ing...

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the principal oilseed crops. India is the second largest producer of peanut in the world with a share of 18% (USDA, 2009). Peanuts are rich source of edible oil (43-55%) and protein (25-28%). About two-third of the world's peanut production is crushed for oil and the remaining is consumed directly or as an ing...

Physical properties including 1000 kernel weight, bulk density, true density, porosity, angle of repose, coefficient of static friction, coefficient of internal friction and grain hardness were determined for foxtail millet, little millet, kodo millet, common millet, barnyard millet and finger millet in the moisture content range of 11.1 to 25% db....

Experiments were carried out to determine the effect of drying air temperature and foaming agent (egg albumin) for production of tomato powder using foam-mat drying. Samples were prepared using tomato juice (4°Brix total soluble solids), incorporating egg albumin as foaming agent (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%, w/w). Foamed tomato juice (300 ± 0.5 g) was sp...

Aerodynamic characteristics of shelled and unshelled sunflower seeds of four cultivars namely NSFH-36, PSFH-118, GKSFH-2002 and SH-3322 were evaluated as a function of moisture content. In the selected moisture range (6.2–14.4% db), terminal velocity of unshelled seeds varied from 2.93–3.28, 2.54–3.04, 2.46–3.13 & 2.98–3.53 ms whereas for shelled s...

Improper post-harvest handling and storage under room temperature lead to high loss of moisture resulting in loss of strength and development of flaccidity in okra tissues, apart from the loss of its characteristic green color. In this study, different weights of freshly harvested okra pods (Hibiscus esculentus L.) were stored at 15°C and 75% relat...

HE term "asePtic" imPlies the absence or exclusion of anY unwanted organisms from the product, package or other specified areas, while the term "hermetfc"(strictly "air tight") is used to indicate suitable mechanical properties to exclude the entrance of microorganisms into a Package and gas or water vapour into or from the package. Aseptic packagi...

Idli is a traditional fermented rice-black gram based breakfast food of South India. The texture of cooked idli is a subject of interest, to judge and optimize the production process of good texture idli with the selection and adoption of the ingredients and its process. The blend ratio (66% parboiled rice (Oryza sativa): 33% decorticated black gra...

An attempt was made to formulate dehulled legumes blended corn extrudate as snack cereal food and porridge. The effect of feed rate (30, 35 and 40 kg/h), feed moisture (12, 14 and 16% w.b) and incorporation of dehulled legumes (0, 5, 10, 15%) including chickpea, greengram and blackgram on extrudate properties of corn grit was studied using an indig...

Idli is a traditional fermented rice and black gram-based breakfast food of South India. Idli batter was prepared from soaking polished parboiled rice and decorticated black gram for 4 h at 30 ± 1C in water. The soaked mass was ground to 0.5- to 0.7-mm particle size batter using wet grinder with adequate amount of water. The blend ratios of 2:1, 3:...

Extrudates were formulated through the combination of decorticated Bengal gram, green gram and black grarn with maize grits at 0' 5, l0 and l5va (w/w) level of substitution individually thror[h Indig"ious ri,rgr. ,.r"*. food extruder. The feed rate, feed moisture and length to diameter (L/D) ratio of the food extruder und ,.r"ru speecl u,ere kept c...

The next time you're sipping your favorite drink, think of us you sip yourfavorite drink knowing that the purity and the taste is industry for soft drinks, packaged fruit iuices, whiskies, beers, always the same. ln fact you,re so used to it, you may not have brandies to. impart ultrafine clarity. This is achieved by given a second thought to the p...

Comparison of nutrient composition of soymilk with cow milk and human milk oqbfsgy+roteinin foods were at low levels to if,able'1, functional properties such as water, absorption, and textwe. Soy protein has valuable than dietary protein sources because functional properties. The best example of food S'iitilizing soybean proteins for nutritional pu...