Ryan S. Prosser

• PhD
• Professor (Associate) at University of Guelph

Although not assessed in standard ecotoxicological tests, exposure to a toxicant that does not result in an observable adverse effect in the parents, may lead to transgenerational effects. These are adverse effects observed in unexposed offspring as a result of their parents’ exposure to a toxicant. The goal of this study was to investigate whether...

Microplastics have been found in freshwater systems, and in turn have been detected in freshwater bivalves. However, there is limited research that defines the toxicity of bicroplastics to native freshwater bivalves that have long been imperiled in North America. Our objective was to determine whether a suite of pristine microplastics has an advers...

Prior to the arrival of Europeans in North America, forest and grasslands individually covered a 3rd of the conterminous United States; however, following the colonial and pioneer periods, respectively, these land cover categories were reduced to 70% and 50% of their original prominence. The dominant driving force for native land conversion was agr...

The toxicity of neonicotinoids and many of their replacement insecticides to nontarget soil invertebrates such as earthworms has previously been established. However, the long‐term effects of these substances on these organisms are largely unknown. In the field of soil ecotoxicology, lumbricid earthworms such as Eisenia andrei are used extensively...

Springtails (subclass: Collembola) represent one of the most extensively studied invertebrate groups in soil ecotoxicology. This is because of their ease of laboratory culture, significant ecological role, and sensitivity to environmental contaminants. Folsomia candida (family: Isotomidae) is a globally widespread parthenogenetic species that is pr...

The objectives of this study were to: (1) characterize the exposure of aquatic ecosystems in Southern Ontario, Canada to pesticides between 2002 and 2016 by constructing environmental exposure distributions (EEDs), including censored data; and (2) predict the probability of exceeding acute regulatory guidelines. Surface water samples were collected...

Hyalella azteca is an epibenthic crustacean used in ecotoxicology, but there are challenges associated with standard methods using reproduction as an endpoint. A novel, 28‐day reproduction toxicity test method for H. azteca was created to address these issues by initiating tests with sexually mature amphipods to eliminate the confounding effects of...

Fresh produce is an important component of maintaining cognitive and physical health, particularly for children. A mechanism to increase access to fresh produce is the construction of community gardens in urban centres. While reducing barriers to nutritious food, the soil of the community garden can contain contaminants (e.g. metals) depending on t...

Cryptococcus neoformans is a human fungal pathogen responsible for fatal infections, especially in patients with a depressed immune system. Overexposure to antifungal drugs due to prolonged treatment regimens and structure-similar applications in agriculture have weakened the efficacy of current antifungals in the clinic. The rapid evolution of ant...

Streams are susceptible to pesticide pollutants which are transported outside of the intended area of application from surrounding agricultural fields. It is essential to monitor the occurrence and levels of pesticides in aquatic ecosystems to comprehend their effects on the aquatic environment. The common sampling strategy used for monitoring pest...

With concern growing regarding the impact of microplastics (MPs) on terrestrial ecosystems, it is important to assess the role invertebrates may play in the fate of MPs within these ecosystems. MPs commonly enter these environments through improperly discarded waste or the application of treated biosolids and/or wastewater on agricultural soils. Th...

The application of biosolids to agricultural land has been identified as a major pathway of microplastic pollution to the environment. Very little research, however, has been done on the microplastic content of biosolids within Canada. Fifteen biosolid samples from different treatment processes (liquid, dewatered, pelletized, and alkali stabilized)...

The toxicity of Bisphenol A (BPA) and replacement products Bisphenol F (BPF), Bisphenol S (BPS), and Bisphenol AF (BPAF) was assessed in freshwater snail Planorbella pilsbryi embryos and adults. The chronic toxicity of BPA and BPAF was further characterized in 28-d tests with adult snails, followed by 21-d assessments of hatching and survival of em...

Stormwater ponds frequently receive urban runoff, increasing the likelihood of pesticide contamination. Biofilms growing in surface waters of these ponds are known to accumulate a range of aquatic contaminants, paradoxically providing both water purification services and potentially posing a threat to urban wildlife. Thus, sampling biofilms in stor...

Standard toxicological test methods with Hyalella azteca incorporate both lethal and sublethal (growth, reproduction) endpoints, though lethal endpoints are often favoured in routine testing. However, sublethal endpoints are important to consider as they are ecologically relevant and are often more sensitive than lethality. It is difficult to achie...

The antioxidant N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p- phenylenediamine (6PPD) is used to protect the rubber in tires from oxidation, which extends the life of the tire. When oxidized, 6PPD is transformed into 6PPD-quinone (6PPDQ). 6PPDQ, along with other tire ingredients, can enter aquatic ecosystems through the transport of tire wear particles in run...

Rice is a staple in the diet of nearly half of the world’s population. As with most crops, pesticides are used as a tool to increase crop yield in rice farming. This study investigated the residues of 14 organophosphate insecticides and 2 herbicides in rice cultivated at five locations in the southwest of Iran. The pesticide residues were then used...

Residual concentrations of pesticides are commonly found outside the intended area of application in Ontario's surface waters. Periphyton are a vital dietary component for grazing organisms in aquatic ecosystems but can also accumulate substantial levels of pesticides from the surrounding water. Consequently, grazing aquatic organisms are likely su...

Early life stages are commonly thought to be highly sensitive to environmental contaminants and may offer insight into the future health of a population. Despite the importance of studying early life stages, very few standard protocols for benthic invertebrates commonly used in ecotoxicological assessments measure developmental endpoints. The goal...

The elevated use of salt as a de-icing agent on roads in Canada is causing an increase in the chloride concentration of freshwater ecosystems. Freshwater Unionid mussels are a group of organisms that are sensitive to increases in chloride levels. Unionids have greater diversity in North America than anywhere else on Earth, but they are also one of...

Neonicotinoid insecticides have been among the most widely and abundantly used insecticides for most of the current century. The effects of these substances on non-target terrestrial and aquatic organisms have resulted in a significant decrease in their use in many parts of the world. In response, the application of several novel classes of insecti...

The human fungal pathogen, Cryptococcus neoformans, is responsible for deadly infections among immunocompromised individuals with the evolution of antifungal resistance driving the solution to discover new compounds that inhibit fungal virulence factors rather than kill the pathogen. Recently, exploration into natural sources (e.g., plants, inverte...

The elevated use of salt as a de-icing agent on roads in Canada is causing an increase in the chloride concentration of freshwater ecosystems. Freshwater Unionid mussels are a group of organisms that are sensitive to increases in chloride levels. Unionids have greater diversity in North America than anywhere else on Earth, but they are also one of...

The human fungal pathogen, Cryptococcus neoformans , is responsible for deadly infections among immunocompromised individuals with the evolution of antifungal resistance driving the need for discovery of new compounds that inhibit fungal virulence factors, rather than kill the pathogen. Recently, exploration into natural sources (e.g., plants, inve...

The intensity and frequency of forest fires is increasing across the globe due to climate change. Additives are often added to make water more effective at extinguishing fire and preventing re-ignition. This study investigated the toxicity of nine different firefighting water additives to four species of soil invertebrates (Folsomia candida, Porcel...

The frequency and severity of forest fires is increasing due to climate change. Consequently, there will be an increased use of forest firefighting additives, which increase the ability of water to extinguish fires and prevent reignition. Increased use will potentially result in increased exposure to aquatic ecosystems within forests. This study ex...

The Grand River watershed in a densely populated region of Ontario supports one of the richest assemblages of freshwater mussels in Canada. However, water quality in this watershed is influenced by urban development, agriculture, and industry. Mussel populations and water chemistry in the lower Grand River and the Boston Creek tributary were evalua...

Numerous anthropogenic factors, historical and contemporary, have contributed to declines in the abundance and diversity of freshwater fishes in North America. When Europeans first set foot on this continent some five hundred years ago, the environment was ineradicably changed. Settlers brought with them diseases, animals, and plants via the Columb...

The widespread use of road salt for winter road maintenance has led to an increase in the salinity of surface water in many seasonally cold areas. Freshwater mussels have a heightened sensitivity to salt, which is a concern, because many Canadian mussel species at risk have ranges limited to southern Ontario, Canada’s most road-dense region. This s...

The Common Eastern Bumblebee (Bombus impatiens) is native to North America with an expanding range across Eastern Canada and the USA. This species is commercially produced primarily for greenhouse crop pollination and is a common and abundant component of the wild bumblebee fauna in agricultural, suburban and urban landscapes. However, there is a d...

The following reports on the generation of hydroxyl-radical activated water prepared by passing a hydrogen peroxide solution containing Fe(III) catalyst through a UV-C reactor. The activated water was subsequently evaluated for antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli O157:H7 in suspension or when inoculated onto mung beans. Hydroxyl-radical...

Aquatic communities can be exposed to pesticides transported from land. Characterizing this exposure is key to predicting potential toxic effects. In this study, samples of streamwater from 21 sites were used to characterize pesticide exposure to aquatic communities. Sites were in agricultural areas of southwestern Ontario, Canada and were sampled...

The scientific consensus is that pesticide use maximizes crop yields in the face of pest and disease pressures. Often, the debate then becomes a “so what” question (e.g., a percent or two increase in yield is inconsequential, so why use pesticides at all?). We set out to help give technical and lay audiences an objective and quantitative sense of w...

Thiamethoxam is a neonicotinoid insecticide widely applied in the Canadian Prairies. It has been detected in surface waters of agro-ecosystems, including wetlands, but the potential effects on non-target invertebrate communities in these wetlands have not been well characterized. In an effort to understand better the fate of thiamethoxam in wetland...

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are found in every environmental medium and are chemically diverse. Their presence in water resources can negatively impact the health of both human and wildlife. Currently, there are no mandatory screening mandates or regulations for EDC levels in complex water samples globally. Bioassays, which allow quantify...

Pesticides can enter aquatic environments via direct application, via overspray or drift during application, or by runoff or leaching from fields during rain events, where they can have unintended effects on non-target aquatic biota. As such, Fisheries and Oceans Canada identified a need to prioritize current-use pesticides based on potential risks...

The chemical and biological properties of glyphosate are key to understanding its fate in the environment and potential risks to non-target organisms. Glyphosate is polar and water soluble and therefore does not bioaccumulate, biomagnify, or accumulate to high levels in the environment. It sorbs strongly to particles in soil and sediments and this...

The objectives of this study were 1) to characterize the exposure of aquatic ecosystems in Southern Ontario to pesticides by constructing environmental exposure distributions (EEDs) including censored data; 2) use the EEDs to predict the probability of exceeding regulatory guidelines; and 3) assess whether crop types in catchments of sampling sites...

Recently an advanced oxidative process (AOP) combining H2O2 and UV-C light was observed to be effective at controlling Listeria monocytogens and Escherichia coli O157:H7 and degrading chlorpyrifos residues on the surface of apples. Little is known about the application of AOP for the degradation of other pesticide residues. This study examined degr...

Firefighting water additives are used to increase the rate at which fires can be extinguished. The majority of ecotoxicological research has focused on firefighting formulations containing perfluorinated compounds as additives, due to the persistence and bioaccumulative nature of the perfluorinated constituents. A number of relatively new additives...

Neonicotinoid pesticide use is widespread and highly debated, as evidenced by recent attention received from the public, academics and pesticide regulatory agencies. However, relatively little is known about the physiological effects of neonicotinoid insecticides on aquatic vertebrates. Amphibians (larval stages in particular) are excellent vertebr...

Agricultural pesticide use is ongoing and consumer concern regarding the safety of pesticide residues on produce has generated interest in techniques that can safely reduce residues post-harvest. Recently an advanced oxidative process has shown promise in substantial residue reduction on the surface of produce. Given the potential for oxidative tra...

Plastics have a variety of applications due to their versatility, relative cost, and strength-to-weight ratio, and resistance to degradation. As a result, plastic waste can be found in all corners of the Earth. A class of plastic contaminants that have received increasing attention in terms of their potential impact on ecosystems is microplastics (...

Increasing agricultural activities result in increasing use of different pesticides in order to protect the products, but this is happening without paying attention to the consequences of the daily increase of using pesticides. Pesticides could affect human health and the environment at the same time. In this study three pesticides (diazinon, carba...

Correction to: Chapter “Prioritization of Pesticides for Assessment of Risk to Aquatic Ecosystems in Canada and Identification of Knowledge Gaps” in: P. de Voogt (ed.), Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 259, Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 259, https://doi.org/10.1007/398_2021_81

Naphthalene sulfonic acids (NSAs) are used extensively in industrial applications as dispersants in dyes, rubbers, and pesticides, and as anti-corrosive agents in coatings, gels, and sealants. This study examined the toxicity of three NSA congeners, barium dinonylnaphthalene sulfonate (BaDNS), calcium dinonylnaphthalene sulfonate (CaDNS), and dinon...

Past firefighting water additives were found to contain perfluorinated compounds that could persist in the environment resulting in potential adverse effects to biota. Since this revelation, manufacturers have introduced alternative firefighting water additives that are fluorine free, but few studies have investigated the fate and effects in the en...

Pesticides applied to agricultural land can enter aquatic ecosystems through runoff or leaching during precipitation events. In a lotic system, these events result in a pulse of exposure to biota living in these systems. The concentration of pesticide increases, peaks, and then gradually declines, and this pulsed exposure may occur multiple times o...

Naphthalene sulfonic acids (NSAs) are used primarily as additives in a wide range of industrial products (e.g., rubber materials, coatings, sealants, fuels, paints). Based on modeled physicochemical properties, NSAs would likely partition into sediments or the tissues of biota in an aquatic system. This study examined the potential for three NSAs,...

The temporal dynamics of pesticide concentrations in streams remains poorly characterized in southwestern Ontario, a region of the province where land use is dominated by agriculture. Understanding the magnitude and duration of pulsed exposures to pesticides in these small streams is critical when estimating the risk of pesticides to these aquatic...

Microplastics have been identified as a widespread, persistent environmental pollutant. The investigation of microplastics in marine ecosystems has been prevalent in the literature; however, much less consideration has been given to this form of pollution in freshwater ecosystems. Relatively few studies have considered the uptake of microplastics i...

Dinonylnaphthalene sulfonic acids (NSAs) are high production volume chemicals that are used primarily as additives in a wide range of industrial products (i.e., coatings, sealants, fuels, metal-extractants, paints, rubber materials). This study examined the effect of three NSA congeners on freshwater organisms: barium dinonylnaphthalene sulfonate (...

Although much less common in ecotoxicology than traditional single-generation studies, multigenerational studies may offer a deeper understanding of the chronic and population-level effects caused by contaminants. To evaluate the potential utility of multigenerational contaminant studies and develop a feasible generational test design, we conducted...

Naphthalene sulfonic acids (NSAs) are used as additives in lubricants, dyes, and greases and commonly act as surfactants in many industrial processes. The calcium salt of dinonyl NSA (calcium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate; CaDNS) is listed among thousands of chemicals identified as priorities for assessment by the Government of Canada's Chemical Mana...

The Common Eastern Bumblebee ( Bombus impatiens ) is native to North America with an expanding range across Eastern Canada and the USA. This species is commercially produced primarily for greenhouse crop pollination and is a common and abundant component of the wild bumblebee fauna in agricultural, suburban and urban landscapes. However, there is a...

Abstract Environmental DNA (eDNA) methods are being developed for use in conservation biology to improve upon conventional species survey techniques. Validation of eDNA methods in different environmental contexts is required if they are to be widely adopted. One potential application of eDNA methods is for the detection of freshwater mussels (Bival...

Agricultural land use is widely accepted to elicit changes on surrounding environment and neighboring ecosystems. Meanwhile, the impact of different types of agricultural land use likely cause a variety of impacts on nearby ecosystems and the organisms that inhabit them. Freshwater systems support a wide range of organisms—from infaunal or epifauna...

In aquatic environments, organisms such as freshwater mussels are likely exposed to complex contaminant mixtures related to industrial, agricultural, and urban activities. With growing interest in understanding the risk that chemical mixtures pose to mussels, this investigation focused on the effects of various waterborne contaminants (ammonia, chl...

Periphyton provides important ecosystem services in aquatic environments, including supporting diverse consumers. We studied pesticide bioconcentration in periphyton in a coastal marsh on Lake Erie. The marsh is within a protected area (Rondeau Provincial Park) but receives discharge from tributaries draining intensively farmed land. Periphyton bio...

Chlorpyrifos is a widely used insecticide in apple production but there are concerns that residues ingested by consumers can lead to chronic neurological conditions. In the following, a method based on Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) was validated for the degradation of chlorpyrifos on apples and inactivating Escherichia coli O157:H7, along with A...

Using the hoary squash bee (Peponapis pruinosa) as a model, we provide the first probabilistic risk assessment of exposure to systemic insecticides in soil for ground-nesting bees. To assess risk in acute and chronic exposure scenarios in Cucurbita and field crops, concentrations of clothianidin, thiamethoxam and imidacloprid (neonicotinoids) and c...

A vegetated buffer, barrier, or filter strip is a parcel of land that is designated to separate land used for agriculture from valued aquatic or terrestrial habitats. It exists partly with the intent to diffuse runoff and to impeded sediment, nutrients, pesticides, and other constituents from reaching off-site surface waters. Mandatory buffer imple...

Microcystin-LR is a toxin commonly produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. It is present in harmful algal blooms and is a concern for both human and environmental health in Canadian freshwater systems. Previous studies have investigated the toxicity of microcystin-LR to other organisms such as fish, however it is important to assess...

The implementation of ecologically relevant sub-lethal endpoints in toxicity testing with freshwater mussels can provide valuable information during risk assessment, especially since these organisms are often exposed to low levels of contaminants. This study examined how to optimize quantifying the filtering capacity or clearance rate (CR) of musse...

Using the hoary squash bee ( Peponapis pruinosa ) as a model, we provide the first probabilistic risk assessment of exposure to systemic insecticides in soil for ground-nesting bees. To assess risk in acute and chronic exposure scenarios in Cucurbita and field crops, concentrations of clothianidin, thiamethoxam and imidacloprid (neonicotinoids) and...

Thiamethoxam is a neonicotinoid insecticide that can reach wetlands in agro-ecosystems through runoff. The fate and effects of thiamethoxam on non-target organisms in shallow wetland ecosystems have not been well characterized. To this end, a mesocosm study was conducted with a focus on characterizing zooplankton community responses. A single pulse...

As scientists, we are tasked with letting evidence guide our conclusions. In the world of pesticides this takes on added importance as the data can influence ecological and human health outcomes and regulations, and even the manner in which we grow food. Yet, there seems to be a reticence to engage with the totality of the pesticide ecotoxicology l...

This study investigated the effect of a previously uncharacterized species of ciliated protozoan, Tetrahymena glochidiophila, on the viability of glochidia from three species of freshwater mussel (Lampsilis siliquoidea, Lampsilis fasciola, and Lampsilis cardium). Over the course of 72 h, the viability of glochidia exposed to T. glochidiophila decli...

Freshwater mussels contribute important ecological functions to aquatic systems. The water filtered by mussel assemblages can improve water quality and the mixing of sediments by burrowing mussels can improve oxygen content and release nutrients. However, nearly 70% of North American freshwater mussel species are listed as either endangered, threat...

Substituted phenylamine antioxidants (SPAs) are additives in a variety of commercial polymers (e.g., lubricants, plastics, etc.). Based on their physicochemical properties, if SPAs were to enter an aquatic system, they would likely partition into sediment and have the capacity to bioaccumulate in biota. This study investigated the potential of four...

A ciliate protozoan was discovered whose presence coincided with a rapid decrease in the viability (i.e. ability to close valves) of glochidia of the freshwater mussel Lampsilis siliquoidea. Microscopic examination showed it to be a histophagous tetrahymenine ciliate. Small subunit (SSU) rRNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) barcode sequen...

Substituted phenylamines (SPAs) are incorporated into a variety of consumer products (e.g., polymers, lubricants) in order to increase the lifespan of the products by acting as a primary antioxidant. Based on their physicochemical properties, if SPAs were to enter the aquatic environment, they would likely partition into sediment. No studies to dat...

In temperate urbanized areas where road salting is used for winter road maintenance, the level of chloride in surface waters has been increasing. While a number of studies have shown that the early-life stages of freshwater mussels are particularly sensitive to salt; few studies have examined the toxicity of salt-impacted winter road runoff to the...

Substituted phenylamine antioxidants (SPAs) are high production volume chemicals that are incorporated into a variety of commercial products (e.g., polymers, dyes, lubricants). There are little data on chronic toxicity of SPAs to fish and no data on the toxicity of SPAs to the early-life stages of fish. The physicochemical properties of SPAs would...

Substituted phenylamine antioxidants (SPAs) are produced in relatively high volumes and used in a range of applications (e.g., rubber, polyurethane); however, little is known about their toxicity to aquatic biota. Therefore, current study examined the effects of chronic exposure (28 d) to four sediment-associated SPAs on epibenthic (Hyalella azteca...

Triclosan (TCS) is an antimicrobial ingredient found in personal care products that include soaps, shampoos, and other sanitation goods. TCS is moderately hydrophobic and has been shown to be resistant to wastewater treatment and thus accumulates in biosolids. Biosolids are commonly applied to agricultural land but little is known about the risk th...

A growing body of evidence suggests that amending soil with biosolids can be an integral component of sustainable agriculture. Despite strong evidence supporting its beneficial use in agriculture, there are concerns that chemicals, such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), could present a risk to terrestrial ecosystems and human h...

The objective of the present study is to review current knowledge regarding the bioaccumulation potential of IOCs, with a focus on the availability of empirical data for fish. Aspects of the bioaccumulation potential of IOCs in fish that can be characterized relatively well include the pH-dependence of gill uptake and elimination, uptake in the gut...

The acute toxicity of herbicides to algae is commonly assessed under conditions (e.g., light intensity, water temperature, concentration of nutrients, pH) prescribed by standard test protocols. However, the observed toxicity may vary with changes in one or more of these parameters. This study examined variation in toxicity of the herbicide atrazine...

This manuscript reviews the current understanding of indirect effects of herbicides in agricultural edge-of-field habitats, with the goal of identifying key uncertainties and critical knowledge gaps. Indirect effects are defined as those observed in animal species as a result of direct effects of exposure to an herbicide on the plant community. Fol...

MON 0818 is an adjuvant in various commercial formulations of the herbicide glyphosate. Initial studies have shown that MON 0818 is more toxic to aquatic animals than the active ingredient. However, few studies have examined the effect of exposure to MON 0818 on species of mollusks and no studies have examined the effect on gastropods. The current...

Neonicotinoid insecticides can be transported from agricultural fields, where they are used as foliar sprays or seed treatments, to surface waters by surface or sub-surface runoff. Few studies have investigated the toxicity of neonicotinoid or the related butenolide insecticides to freshwater mollusk species. The current study examined the effect o...

The sensitivity of 15 aquatic species including primary producers, benthic invertebrates, cladocerans, mollusks and fish to MON 0818, a commercial surfactant mixture of polyoxyethylene tallow amines (POEAs), was evaluated in standard acute (48-96 h) laboratory tests. Additionally, the potential for chronic toxicity (8 d) was evaluated with Ceriodap...

A series of toxicity tests with the surfactant MON 0818 were performed: 1) in the presence of sediment for benthic invertebrates and fish: 2) to examine the recovery capacity of Daphnia magna and four primary producers after a pulse (24 h) exposure, and; 3) to examine the potential effect of increased water temperature on toxicity of MON 0818 to tw...

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and perfluorinated carboxylates and sulfonates (PFASs) are persistent pollutants in sediment that can potentially bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms. The current study investigates variation in the accumulation of PCBs and PFASs in laboratory-cultured Hexagenia spp., Lumbriculus variegatus and Pimephales promelas fr...

In the last decade, there has been renewed interest in approaches for the assessment of the bioaccumulation potential of chemicals, principally driven by the need to evaluate large numbers of chemicals as part of new chemical legislation while reducing vertebrate test organism use called for in animal welfare legislation. This renewed interest has...

In agricultural catchments, aquatic ecosystems can experience a pulse exposure to pesticides. Following such exposure, non-target organisms that are not extirpated may recover. This paper investigates the potential of two duckweed species (Lemna minor and Lemna gibba) to recover from a 7-day exposure to different concentrations (0.4-208 µg L(-1)) o...

Lotic systems in agriculturally intensive watersheds can experience short-term pulsed exposures of pesticides as a result of runoff associated with rainfall events following field applications. Of special interest are herbicides that could potentially impair communities of primary producers, such as those associated with periphyton. Therefore, this...

In 2011, a formulation of glyphosate called Cúspide 480SL® was chosen to replace Roundup-SL®, Fuete-SL®, and Gly-41® for the control of Erythroxylum coca in Colombia. Cúspide 480SL contains the active ingredient glyphosate isopropylamine (IPA) salt, which is the same active ingredient used in previous formulations. However, Cúspide 480SL contains a...