
Ryan M. Cook- PhD
- Associate Professor at Clemson University
Ryan M. Cook
- PhD
- Associate Professor at Clemson University
About
43
Publications
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Introduction
Current institution
Publications
Publications (43)
Power dynamics between supervisors and supervisees are inherent as a result of the hierarchical structure of supervision. Failure to adequately attend to issues of power in supervision can result in ineffective or even harmful supervision. Currently, supervisors do not have an objective measure of power dynamics within the supervisory relationship...
This study explored factors that best predict intentional nondisclosure by counselors-in-training (CITs) during onsite supervision, including social judgment about one's supervisor, the supervisory working alliance (SWA), and supervisee attachment styles. Stepwise regression in a sample of 146 CITs revealed that the SWA and supervisee attachment av...
The authors examined supervisor cultural humility as a predictor of supervisee intentional nondisclosure. Using multiple regression in a sample of 101 post‐master's counselors, the authors found that 20% of supervisees' intentional nondisclosure was explained by their perceptions of their supervisors' level of cultural humility.
Using item response theory, we examined the psychometric properties of scores on the Trauma-Informed Practice Scales – Supervision Version (TIPS-SV) – a unidimensional measure of supervisees’ perceptions of their supervisors’ adherence to trauma-informed supervision – in a sample of 312 supervisees. Implications for research and supervision practic...
Objective: This study aimed to validate the Cultural Humility and Enactment Scale - Supervision (CHES-S).
Method: The sample included a total of 201 post-masters counselors who were currently engaged in clinical supervision across 11 U.S. states, who were recruited from the state licensing board email lists. Analyses included confirmatory factor a...
We examined the longitudinal psychometric properties of the Perceived Stress Scale – 4 items version (PSS‐4) using item response theory with a sample of 361 mental health counsellors. Participants completed the PSS‐4 at three timepoints at six‐month intervals in a one‐year period. There were 290 participants who (80.3%) identified as female, 51 (14...
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are linked to various lifelong negative outcomes. However, there is little counseling literature on the effects of ACEs on adult mental health. Utilizing the 2021 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System dataset, we examined individual ACEs and cumulative ACEs scores to quantify the relationship between ACEs a...
We used structural equation modeling to test client meaningful experiences in counseling and the therapeutic working alliance (TWA) as predictors of affective distress, controlling for clients’ age, gender, race and ethnicity, and length of counseling relationship. In a sample of 306 adult clients engaging in counseling, we a found statistically si...
We examined doctoral students’ experiences of nondisclosure with their dissertation chairs. Using a hermeneutic phenomenology design, we analyzed two individual interviews of 10 doctoral students. We identified the following three themes: (a) the professional dynamics in the relationship, (b) the interpersonal and cultural dynamics in the relations...
Item response theory was used to study the psychometric properties of the Client Meaningful Experiences Scale (CMES). In a sample of 306 adult counseling clients, we examined the dimensional structure of the scale, item-fit, and person-fit statistics. Implications of these findings for counselors, counselors-in-training, and counseling researchers...
In the current study, we examined individual factors, organizational factors, COVID-19 anxiety, and trauma-informed supervision as predictors of prelicensed counsellor burnout and secondary traumatic stress (STS). In a sample of 282 prelicensed counsellors, we conducted two hierarchical regression analyses for counsellor burnout and STS. The variab...
The goal of the current exploratory study was to examine the feasibility and acceptability of an evidence-based group counseling intervention for individuals with opioid use disorders (OUD) reporting mental health issues and using medications for OUD. The intervention combines motivational interviewing and cognitive-behavioral therapy. Qualitative...
In the USA, police officer–citizen encounters are routine, and while rare, high-profile shootings underscore the acute strains that exist between the police and communities when force is inappropriately applied. This collaborative partnership explored the situational contexts that impact officer decision-making in deadly force encounters in order t...
In the present study, we examined the predictive relationships between individual and organizational factors and multidimensional wellness, as described by the Indivisible Self wellness model. Participants were 297 practicing school counselors from across the United States. Using hierarchical regression analyses, we found predictive relationships b...
This paper deals with the design and development of a novel approach, centered on the creation and development of a fuzzy controller to analyze electroencephalogram (EEG) data. The fuzzy controller makes use of the functions associated with the different regions of the brain to correlate multiple Brodmann areas to several outputs, where a normal an...
We investigated the relationships between individual and occupational demographic variables, professional quality of life (i.e., compassion satisfaction, burnout, and secondary traumatic stress), and affective distress (i.e., depression, anxiety, and stress) in a sample of 524 prelicensed counselors. Using structural equation analysis, we found sta...
Researchers explored client meaningful experiences in a combination of individual and family counseling in this constructivist phenomenological study. The sample consisted of seven participants (three families) who ranged in age from 10 to 51. Participant racial/ethnic identities included two White, two biracial, and two Black. Participant gender i...
This is a constructivist phenomenological study of client meaningful experiences in family counseling where researchers employed two post-session interviews with each family. The sample consisted of six participants (three families) who ranged in age from seven to 47. Participant racial/ethnic identities included five White and one biracial and gen...
This study explored the self-reported symptoms of burnout in a sample of 246 novice professional counselors. The authors inductively analyzed 1,205 discrete units using content analysis, yielding 12 categories and related subcategories. Many emergent categories aligned with existing conceptualizations of burnout, while other categories offered new...
Researchers conducted a qualitative, phenomenological investigation of the clinical supervision experiences of nine early career school counselors using semi-structured interviews. Researchers discovered six themes and related subthemes regarding clinical supervision experiences, including (a) challenges, (b) support, (c) knowledge, (d) self-effica...
Counseling students often experience clinical supervision for the first time during their participation in practicum courses. Counseling practicum supervisees new to supervision rely on their supervisors to provide direction and structure in supervision experiences to help them grow professionally and personally. Yet little is known about how stude...
Counsellors are called to appreciate variety within human experience and culture (British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy, Ethical Framework for the Counselling Professions, 2018). Similarly, counselling and psychotherapy supervisors who support the ongoing development of supervisees are tasked with understanding supervisees in their...
We assessed the occurrence of inadequate and harmful clinical supervision experienced by supervisees engaged in post-degree supervision for licensure. Among 310 supervisees receiving post-degree supervision for licensure in 16 jurisdictions in the US, we found that 77.7% were currently receiving inadequate supervision and 30% were currently receivi...
This phenomenological study adds to current literature about clients’ meaningful experiences in counseling by exploring the experiences of eight young clients (ages 8–18) in individual counseling with post-master’s counselors in an outpatient setting. Interviews with these clients revealed the following six themes: (a) the process of growth, (b)
ha...
We examined the psychometric properties of the Counselor Burnout Inventory (CBI) with 560 early career, post-master’s counselors. We tested the dimensional structure of the CBI, item ordering, and the function of the rating scale using item response theory. Implications of the findings for researchers, counselors, and counselor educators are discus...
Burnout is a statistically significant phenomenon for school counselors, correlated with various individual and organizational factors, which have been studied independently. Therefore, we investigated both individual and organizational factors of burnout conceptualized as a multidimensional phenomenon with 227 school counselors. Multidimensional b...
This study examined the incidence of intentional nondisclosure by postgraduate, prelicensed counselors receiving supervision as they pursue licensure, which has not been previously examined. Examining the responses of 107 prelicensed counselors, we found that 95.3% reported withholding some degree of information from their supervisors, and 53.3% co...
In the current study, we examined the extent to which supervisees’ perceptions of power dynamics related to gender and race in a sample of 229 trainees. Overall, we did not find systematic differences in supervisees’ perceptions of power in clinical supervision based on their gender and race. However, utilizing differential item functioning (DIF) a...
Although many statistical procedures that are utilized by counseling researchers require complete datasets, the problem of missing data represents a common analysis hurdle that must be overcome. Typically, counseling researchers address the problem of missing data using listwise deletion; however, this procedure has some statistical disadvantages (...
Investigations of supervisee intentional nondisclosure can only
occur after the incident has happened. Thus, prior studies of
the phenomenon have been limited in the ability to encourage
rich participant recall. In the current study, we reviewed
a video-recorded supervision session with ten participants
and used an Interpersonal Process Recall-info...
Building upon previous reviews of clinical supervision in counseling, we analyzed the content of 69 articles on school counseling supervision published from 1968 to 2017. We identified publication, methodological, and topical trends in school counseling supervision and contextualized them within the broader counseling supervision research, thereby...
This qualitative study explored prelicensed counselors’ experiences prioritizing information for clinical supervision. Through phenomenological interviews, 7 counselors seeking licensure discussed how they self‐report salient information to their supervisors. Using interpretative phenomenological analysis, the authors identified 3 themes: (a) learn...
In this study, the authors investigated the predictive relationship between a feminist supervisory approach and supervisee nondisclosure, along with the potential mediating effect of the supervisory relationship. Among a sample of master’s-level counseling interns (N = 111), supervisees who perceived more feminist behaviors from their supervisor we...
Studies from allied professions suggest that intentional nondisclosure in clinical supervision is common; however, the types of intentional nondisclosure and reasons for nondisclosure have yet to be examined in an adequate sample of counselors-in-training (CITs). The current study examined intentional nondisclosure by CITs during their onsite super...
Major depressive disorder, bipolar I disorder and schizophrenia are chronic conditions, and adults who have
these diagnoses often benefit from mental health treatment throughout their lives. The recent fifth edition of the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) included changes to many diagnoses. Consequently,
counselors need...