Ruud Luijkx

• Dr.
• Professor (Associate) at Tilburg University

This study provides a first empirical test of Margaret Canovan's influential argument on the relationship between democracy and populism, which posits that populism emerges as a consequence of the unresolved conflict between the pragmatic and redemptive faces of democracy. Despite its impact on scholars of populism, the implications of her framewor...

This paper examines the feasibility of ex-post harmonisation strategies using European Values Study (EVS) Wave 5 (2017–2020) and European Social Survey (ESS) Round 9 (2018–2019) data across 17 countries. The study shows an empirical assessment of the comparability of four items measuring religious behaviours (belonging to a religious denomination a...

This book on Reflections on European Values is a Liber Amicorum honouring Loek Halman’s contribution to the European Values Study. For years, he has been a key figure in this longitudinal and cross-national research project on moral, social, and political values, dedicating his academic life to advancing the understanding of values in Europe. This...

In this study, we investigate whether, and why, individuals express different levels of acceptance of surveillance depending on their educational level, and whether this relationship varies with the level of digitalization and globalization expansion of their country. Additionally, we ask whether the type of surveillance (online surveillance vs cam...

This study explores some features of slider bars in the context of a multi-device web survey. Using data collected among the students of the University of Trento in 2015 and 2016 by means of two web surveys (N = 6,343 and 4,124) including two experiments, we investigated the effect of the initial position of the handle and the presence of numeric l...

Educational gaps are increasingly salient as skills and knowledge gain prominence in digital societies. E-privacy management, namely, the ability to control the flow of information about the self, is an important asset nowadays, since a skillful use of digital technologies enables full participation in social life and limits the exposure to unwarra...

Some participants of the public debate have argued that the world before and after the coronavirus crisis will look fundamentally different. An underlying assumption is that this crisis will alter public opinion in such a way that it leads to profound societal and political change. Scholarship suggests that while some policy preferences are quite v...

The European Values Study (EVS) was first conducted in 1981 and then repeated in 1990, 1999, 2008, and 2017, with the aim of providing researchers with data to investigate whether European individual and social values are changing and to what degree. The EVS is traditionally carried out as a probability-based face-to-face survey that takes around 1...

System justification theory proposes that people are motivated to perceive the existing social system as fair, legitimate, and desirable. However, status‐legitimacy effect, understood as the most disadvantaged living in the most unequal contexts experiencing this need most strongly, has only found mixed support in empirical works. This article pres...

We use a multiple‐origins single destination design to understand how the premigration socio‐economic status (SES) and immigrants' selectivity affect their labour market outcomes and the educational success of their offspring in Italy. Premigration SES is measured using socio‐economic status in the country of origin. The degree of immigrants' selec...

The Netherlands is well known for a sustained and marked trend towards greater social fluidity during the twentieth century. This chapter investigates trends in mobility across birth cohorts of Dutch men and women born in the first three-quarters of the twentieth century. During this time there was also a rapid upgrading of the Dutch class structur...

This chapter studies long-term trends in intergenerational class mobility in Spain across the 20th century drawing from a large pooled dataset (n=81,475). From the 1960s, Spain underwent a late but intense economic, cultural and political modernization process. During this period of far-reaching institutional change, men and women experienced a sig...

We ran a survey experiment with Dutch employers to investigate hiring discrimination in sex-typical jobs. We ask if women are especially discriminated against when they have children, whether discrimination applies similarly in different occupations, and whether statistical discrimination or status-characteristic theories best account for discrimin...

We ran a survey experiment with Dutch employers to investigate hiring discrimination in sex-typical jobs. We ask if women are especially discriminated against when they have children, whether discrimination applies similarly in different occupations, and whether statistical discrimination or status-characteristic theories best account for discrimin...

This article outlines the main features of the European Values Study (EVS), with special focus on the innovations implemented in the fifth wave (2017). As a large-scale, cross-national and longitudinal social survey program, the EVS provides insights into the ideas, beliefs, preferences, attitudes, values, and opinions of citizens all over Europe,...

This work investigates the educational divide in e-privacy skills in Europe. We ask whether the gap exists at the level of the individuals, and subsequently we seek to frame it in the European context by using the reflexive modernization theory. By using data from the Flash Eurobarometer 443 and implementing multilevel linear regression models, we...

Recently, housing wealth has come to the fore as predictor of welfare attitudes. However, it is unclear whether people also change their vote based on their housing market position. This paper shows, for three Dutch elections of 2006, 2010 and 2012, that housing wealth is a predictor of party choice during housing market downturns. In 2012, individ...

Integrating housing tenure in Instrumental Motivation Theory predicts a tenure gap in electoral participation, as homeowners would be more motivated to vote compared with tenants. The empirical question is whether this effect is causal or rather due to selection into different housing tenures. This question is tackled using coarsened exact matching...

This entry comprises an analysis of intergenerational mobility, and in particular mobility tables, in which parents' and children's positions are cross‐classified. These positions can refer to the level of educational achievement, earnings, occupational position, religious denomination, social class, and so on. Intergenerational class mobility (soc...

This report addresses the quality of the population registers which are currently being used as sampling frames in countries participating in the four cross-European surveys cooperating in SERISS: the European Social Survey (ESS), the European Values Study (EVS), the Gender and Generations Program (GGP), and the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retire...

In this article, we provide a longitudinal account of institutionally originated, cohort inequalities in a two-tier labour market, taking Italy as an exemplary case of partial and targeted deregulation. We examine the incidence and career consequences of temporary employment relying on panel data, across reforms implemented in the 1990s and early 2...

Obtaining good probability samples is a key challenge for European cross-national studies in order to represent the population. This report gives an overview of the sampling frames which are used in countries participating in the four cross-European surveys cooperating in SERISS: the European Social Survey (ESS), the European Values Study (EVS), th...

In comparative research, obtaining valid and reliable data is more challenging than in most other research techniques in social sciences. Presenting the European Values Study as an example, this article sketches how the field has established comparative databases that increasingly address these challenges. Examples of selected comparative databases...

The Second Demographic Transition (SDT) theory underlines the importance of changing values and attitudes to explain the trend toward low fertility and raising female labour market participation. We contribute to this debate comparing religiosity and gender attitudes over several European countries using three waves of the European Values Study (19...

Socialisation towards homeownership during childhood has been proposed as one transmission channel of homeownership across generations in previous literature, but tests of this socialisation hypothesis are scarce. This study presents the yet most rigorous test of the socialisation hypothesis using retrospective life-history data (SHARELIFE, N = 19,...

Der Aufsatz untersucht für Deutschland und sieben weitere europäische Länder die längerfristige Entwicklung herkunfts- und geschlechtsbezogener Ungleichheiten in den Bildungsabschlüssen und weshalb sich Ungleichheiten nach sozialer Herkunft und Geschlecht unterschiedlich wandeln. Im Ergebnis zeigt er, dass beide Arten von Ungleichheit in weitgehend...

This article deals with the relationship between educational homogamy and educational mobility in 29 European countries. It answers three interrelated questions: (1) Is there any relationship between educational mobility and educational homogamy? (2) Does educational homogamy diverge from educational mobility (negative relationship) or does educati...

This paper answers questions on the educational attainment and occupational career of men in The Netherlands whose working life began in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, in so far as their job history is available until at least the age of 45 years. The analysis draws on five Dutch retrospective life-history surveys conducted between 1992 and 2003. The...

Panel and life-course data are ideally suited to unravelling labour market dynamics, but their designs differ, with potential consequences for the estimated relationships. To gauge the extent to which these two data designs produce dissimilar transition rates and the causation thereof, we use the German Life History Study and the German Socio-Econo...

The negative effect of childbirth on mothers' labour supply is well documented, though most studies examine only the short-term effects. This study uses retrospective life history data for Germany the Netherlands and Great Britain to investigate the long-term effects of childbirth on mothers' labour supply for successive birth cohorts. Probit estim...

We examine the relationship between social origin and education by looking at it in more detail than is usually done. Rather than seeing origin and education as hierarchical characteristics, we argue that both should be disentangled in more detailed combinations of hierarchical levels and horizontal fields. Using Dutch survey data for men, we show...

Event history data constitute a valuable source to analyze life courses, although the reliance of such data on autobiographical memory raises many concerns over their reliability. In this paper, we use Swedish survey data to investigate bias in retrospective reports of employment biographies, applying a novel model-based latent Markov method.A desc...

Cross-nationally comparable measurement of educational attainment is vital for much comparative social science research. This study shows the effects of harmonising “indigenous” measures of educational attainment into various cross-national education variables using construct validation methods. The education variables are coded from national labou...

Cumulative probability models are widely used for the analysis of ordinal data. In this article the authors propose cumulative probability mixture models that allow the assumptions of the cumulative probability model to hold within subsamples of the data. The subsamples are defined in terms of latent class membership. In the case of the ordered log...

The abstract for this document is available on CSA Illumina.To view the Abstract, click the Abstract button above the document title.

Using data for seven European countries we analyse trends among women in class differences in educational attainment over the first two-thirds of the 20th century. We also compare educational attainment between men and women; we ask whether class differences among the two sexes are similar or not; and whether trends in class differences over birth...

In this article, the effects of non-employment in early work-life on subsequent employment chances of individuals in the Netherlands are examined. A main concern is whether the experience of non-employment in the beginning of the career (permanently) damages a worker's later employment opportunities (that is, the likelihood of exit out of and re-en...

In their widely cited study, Shavit and Blossfeld report stability of socioeconomic inequalities in educational attainment over much of the 20th century in 11 out of 13 countries. This article outlines reasons why one might expect to find declining class inequalities in educational attainment, and, using a large data set, the authors analyze educat...

World War II in the Netherlands lasted from May 1940 to May 1945. Suicide numbers peaked in these months, in the first case because of suicide by Jews, and in the second case because of suicide by collaborators with the German occupier. Suicide rates for Jews were higher in 1942 than in 1940 and even higher in 1943 than in 1942. Foreign Jews were m...

This study describes (1) the association between husbands' and wives' employment statuses and occupations in the Netherlands, (2) establishes possible trends in the association, and (3) explores to what extent the association can be attributed to educational homogamy. We use 12 waves of the Dutch Labor Force Survey (1994–2006), and use log-linear m...

This article examines the importance of educational field of study, in addition to educational level, for explaining intergenerational class mobility in four countries: France, Germany, the UK and the Netherlands. Starting from standard models that only include educational level, we increase the complexity of the educational measure by differentiat...

ABSTRACT The dominant view in economics is that increasing demands for flexibility on the labour market jeopardizes employment security. However, against the prediction of a negative relationship or a ‘trade-off ’ between flexibility and security, there is evidence for a positive, mutually reinforcing relationship known as the ‘flexicurity’ thesis....

This book is an important tool for understanding how economic, social, political and cultural attitudes differ from one society to another, and how they evolve with economic and technological development. It provides detailed information on social values, religion, economy and politics analyzed by age, educational level, income and sex, and discuss...

This book presents the trends in beliefs and values of people in 85 countries around the world from 1981 to 2004. It shows the cultural differences and similarities between countries and how human values are changing.

This entry comprises an analysis of intergenerational mobility, and in particular mobility tables, in which parents’ and children's positions are cross‐classified. These positions can refer to the level of educational achievement, earnings, occupational position, religious denomination, social class, and so on. Intergenerational class mobility (soc...

In this paper several latent structure models for analyzing data that consist of complete or incomplete rankings are discussed. First, attention is given to some latent class extensions of the Bradley-Terry-Luce model for ranking data. Next, various latent class models based on log-linear modeling of ranking data are described. Within this latter f...

Social capital is an increasingly popular concept among scientists, politicians and the media. It is regarded as a remedy for many of the failures of modern society and seen as wonder glue conducive to feelings of happiness and to better performing economies and democracies. In this article we are not so much concerned with the consequences of soci...

Dynamics in deprivation Comparing eleven European welfare states In this article we examine changes in the deprivation of households in eleven countries. Using the European Community Household Panel (1994-1996) we explain cross-national differences in deprivation mobility. Moreover, we test the influence of institutions and of the economic conditio...

The study presented here analyses the reciprocal relationship for men between employment career and union formation and examines whether this relationship changed across twentieth-century birth cohorts. Competing hypotheses about trends are described, using notions of role-specialization, spouse support, and uncertainty. The study is based on an in...

In their widely cited study, Shavit and Blossfeld report stability of socioeconomic inequalities in educational attainment over much of the 20th century in 11 out of 13 countries. This article outlines reasons why one might expect to find declining class inequalities in educational attainment, and, using a large data set, the authors analyze educat...