Russell Glasgow

University of Colorado | UCD · Department of Family Medicine

Background Despite lung cancer being a leading cause of death in the United States and lung cancer screening (LCS) being a recommended service, many patients eligible for screening do not receive it. Research is needed to understand the challenges with implementing LCS in different settings. This study investigated multiple practice members and pat...

BACKGROUND Dissemination and Implementation (D&I) science is dedicated to increasing the speed and amount of evidence-based research translated into real-world practice and is often guided by one or multiple D&I theories, models, and framework (TMFs). The D&I Models in Health Research and Practice web tool (D&I TMFs web tool) provides researchers,...

Background As the field of implementation science wrestles with the need for system decision-makers to anticipate the budget impact of implementing new programs, there has been a push to report implementation costs more transparently. For this purpose, the method of time-driven activity-based costing (TDABC) has been heralded as a pragmatic advance...

Introduction Implementation science frameworks have been used widely for planning and evaluation, but seldom to guide adaptations during program implementation. There is great potential for these frameworks to be used to inform conceptual and data-driven decisions about adaptations. Methods We summarize recent applications using Iterative RE-AIM t...

Background The Practical, Robust Implementation and Sustainability Model (PRISM) was developed in 2008 as a contextually expanded version of the broadly used Reach, Adoption, Effectiveness, Implementation, and Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework. PRISM provides researchers a pragmatic and intuitive model to improve translation of research interventions...

Introduction It is not realistic for most clinicians to perform the multitude of recommended preventive primary care services. This is especially true in low resource and rural settings, creating challenges to delivering high-quality care. This study collected stakeholder input from clinicians on which services they most need to improve. Methods T...

Background Take home naloxone (THN) programs have been shown to effectively reverse opioid overdose events with limited adverse events, yet often miss young adults who use opioids. To identify opportunities for naloxone expansion, we conducted interviews with young adults who had used opioids. We explored young adults’ experience with current THN p...

Background Understanding adaptations supports iterative refinement of the implementation process and informs scale out of programs. Systematic documentation of adaptations across the life course of programs is not routinely done, and efficient capture of adaptations in real world studies is not well understood. Methods We used a multi-method longi...

Responding rapidly to emerging public health crises is vital to reducing their escalation, spread, and impact on population health. These responses, however, are challenging and disparate processes for researchers and practitioners. Researchers often develop new interventions that take significant time and resources, with little exportability. In c...

Background Lung ultrasound (LUS) is a clinician-performed evidence-based imaging modality that has multiple advantages in the evaluation of dyspnea caused by multiple disease processes, including COVID-19. Despite these advantages, few hospitalists have been trained to perform LUS. The aim of this study was to increase adoption and implementation o...

Objective A limited focus on dissemination and implementation (D&I) science has hindered the uptake of evidence-based interventions (EBIs) that reduce workplace morbidity and mortality. D&I science methods can be used in the occupational safety and health (OSH) field to advance the adoption, implementation, and sustainment of EBIs for complex workp...

Many health systems are working to become learning health systems (LHSs), which aim to improve the value of health care by rapidly, continuously generating evidence to apply to practice. However, challenges remain to advance toward the aspirational goal of becoming a fully mature LHS. While some important challenges have been well-described (i.e.,...

Psychosocial interventions for breast-cancer-related pain are effective, yet over 45% of survivors continue to struggle with this often-chronic side effect. This study evaluated multilevel indicators that can influence successful translation of interventions into clinical practice. The Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance...

Introduction: DNA-based population screening has been proposed as a public health solution to identify individuals at risk for serious health conditions who otherwise may not present for medical care. The clinical utility and public health impact of DNA-based population screening is a subject of active investigation. Geisinger, an integrated health...

Background Evidence, in multiple forms, is a foundation of implementation science. For public health and clinical practice, evidence includes the following: type 1 evidence on etiology and burden; type 2 evidence on effectiveness of interventions; and type 3: evidence on dissemination and implementation (D&I) within context. To support a vision for...

Background Understanding the cost and/or cost-effectiveness of implementation strategies is crucial for organizations to make informed decisions about the resources needed to implement and sustain evidence-based interventions (EBIs). This economic evaluation protocol describes the methods and processes that will be used to assess costs and cost-eff...

Designing for dissemination and sustainability (D4DS) refers to principles and methods for enhancing the fit between a health program, policy, or practice and the context in which it is intended to be adopted. In this article we first summarize the historical context of D4DS and justify the need to shift traditional health research and disseminatio...

Physical activity (PA) counseling is under-utilized in primary care for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), despite improving important health outcomes, including physical function. We adapted evidence-based PA counseling programs to primary care patients, staff, and leader’s needs, resulting in “Be ACTIVE” comprised of shared PA tracker...

Introduction: A multitude of preventive services is recommended for primary care to conduct – too many for most clinicians to realistically perform. This is especially true in low resource and rural settings, creating challenges to delivering high-quality care. This study collected stakeholder input from clinicians on which services they most need...

Opt-out procedures are sometimes used instead of standard consent practices to enable patients to exercise their autonomous preferences regarding research participation while reducing patient and researcher burden. However, little is known about the characteristics of patients who opt-out of research and their reasons for doing so. We gathered such...

Background Critical care practitioners have some of the highest levels of burnout in healthcare. Research Question What are key drivers of burnout across the multidisciplinary ICU team? Study Design and Methods We conducted a multi-center mixed methods cohort study in ICUs at three diverse hospitals. We recruited physicians, nurses, respiratory t...

Total Worker Health® (TWH), an initiative of the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, is defined as policies, programs, and practices that integrate protection from work-related health and safety hazards by promoting efforts that advance worker well-being. Interventions that apply the TWH paradigm improve workplace health mor...

This report describes how stakeholder groups informed a web-based care planning tool’s development for addressing root causes of poor health. Stakeholders included community members (n=6), researchers (n=6), community care providers (n=9), and patients (n=17). Feedback was solicited through focus groups, semi-structured interviews, and user-experie...

Background This report describes how we refined a protocol for a pragmatic comparative effectiveness study of two models of an evidence-based diabetes shared medical appointment intervention and used the PRECIS-2 rating system to evaluate these adaptations. Methods We report primary data collected between June and August 2019, and protocol refinem...

Background Uncontrolled hypertension represents a substantial and growing burden in Guatemala and other low and middle-income countries. As a part of the formative phase of an implementation research study, we conducted a needs assessment to define short- and long-term needs and opportunities for hypertension services within the public health syste...

Background Nearly half of patients do not take their cardiovascular medications as prescribed, resulting in increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Mobile and digital technologies for health promotion and disease self-management offer an opportunity to adapt behavioral “nudges” using ubiquitous mobile phone technology to facilitate me...

Despite the many advantages of lung ultrasound (LUS) in the diagnosis and management of patients with dyspnea, its adoption among hospitalists has been slow. We performed semi-structured interviews of hospitals from four diverse health systems in the United States to understand determinants of adoption within a range of clinical settings. We used t...

Implementation science is concerned with the study of adoption, implementation and maintenance of evidence-based interventions and use of implementation strategies to facilitate translation into practice. Ways to conceptualize and overcome challenges to implementing evidence-based practice may enhance the field of implementation science. The concep...

Despite the many advantages of lung ultrasound (LUS) in the diagnosis and management of patients with dyspnea, adoption among hospitalists has been slow. We performed semi-structured interviews of hospitalists from 4 diverse health systems in the US to understand determinants of adoption within a range of clinical settings. We used the Diffusion of...

There is growing interest from multiple specialties, including internal medicine, to incorporate diagnostic point of care ultrasound (POCUS) into standard clinical care. However, few internists currently use POCUS. The objective of this study was to understand the current determinants of POCUS adoption at both the health system and clinician level...

Introduction Understanding, categorizing, and using implementation science theories, models, and frameworks is a complex undertaking. The issues involved are even more challenging given the large number of frameworks and that some of them evolve significantly over time. As a consequence, researchers and practitioners may be unintentionally mischara...

Background: This report describes how we refined a protocol for a pragmatic comparative effectiveness study of two models of an evidence-based diabetes shared medical appointment intervention. Methods: We report primary data collected between June and August 2019, and protocol refinements completed between 2018 and 2020. Twenty-two members of the s...

Health information technology (HIT) has not been broadly adopted for use in outpatient healthcare settings to effectively address obesity in youth, especially among disadvantaged populations that face greater barriers to good health. A well-designed HIT tool can deliver behavior change recommendations and provide community resources to address this...

Background The left ventricular assist device (LVAD) has become a common medical option for patients with end-stage heart failure. Although patients’ chances of survival may increase with an LVAD compared with medical therapy, the LVAD poses many risks and requires major lifestyle changes, thus making it a complex medical decision. Our prior work f...

Background Little is known about practices used to disseminate findings to non-research, practitioner audiences. This study describes the perspectives, experience and activities of dissemination & implementation (D&I) scientists around disseminating their research findings. Methods The study explored D&I scientists’ experiences and recommendations...

Abstract There are complex issues in understanding and categorizing implementation science theories, models, and frameworks. Systematic reviews of these models are important undertakings for synthesizing current knowledge. The issues involved are even more challenging when reviewing a large number of frameworks and when some of the frameworks have...

Background Clinical decision support (CDS) design best practices are intended to provide a narrative representation of factors that influence the success of CDS tools. However, they provide incomplete direction on evidence-based implementation principles. Objective This study aims to describe an integrated approach toward applying an existing impl...

The vast eHealth literature in diabetes can provide a useful foundation to aid in the selection, adoption, and implementation of eHealth methodologies in clinical care. Despite clear potential to enhance reach, efficiency, and clinical effectiveness, research has yielded mixed and often contradictory results, and wide-spread adoption and maintenanc...

Background: Many patients with multiple chronic conditions (MCC) have social risks, mental health needs, and/or unhealthy behaviors which interfere with patients’ ability to manage their MCC. A care planning tool to be used collectively by patients, clinicians, patient navigators, and community health workers was created to help patients address th...

Veterans are increasingly eligible for non-VA care through the Veteran Health Administration (VA) Maintaining Internal Systems and Strengthening Integrated Outside Networks Act while maintaining care in the VA. Continuity of care is challenging when delivered across multiple systems resulting in avoidable complications. The Community Hospital Trans...

Background Nearly half of patients do not take their cardiovascular medications as prescribed, resulting in increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Mobile and digital technologies for health promotion and disease self-management offer an opportunity to adapt behavioral “nudges” using ubiquitous mobile phone technology to facilitate me...

Background: Nearly half of patients do not take their cardiovascular medications as prescribed, resulting in increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Mobile and digital technologies for health promotion and disease self-management offer an opportunity to adapt behavioral “nudges” using ubiquitous mobile phone technology to facilitate m...

The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) has mandated shared decision making (SDM) using patient decision aids for three conditions (lung cancer screening, atrial fibrillation, and implantable defibrillators). These forward-thinking approaches are in response to a wealth of efficacy data demonstrating that decision aids can improve pati...

Evidence-based program repositories (EBPR) report intervention characteristics and how to implement the intervention. These EBPR are a dissemination strategy to address questions such as, “I have cancer, what programs can I join?” or “What evidence-based programs for weight loss are a good fit for my community?” However, these EBPR fall short of re...

RE-AIM is a widely adopted, robust implementation science (IS) framework used to inform intervention and implementation design, planning, and evaluation, as well as to address short-term maintenance. In recent years, there has been growing focus on the longer-term sustainability of evidence-based programs, policies and practices (EBIs). In particul...

Introduction: Elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for stable angina is intended to reduce symptoms and enhance quality of life. However, measures of patient-reported health status are not yet routinely collected or used. Methods: We developed a telephonic interactive voice response (IVR) system to capture patient-reported health statu...

Introduction: Implementation science frameworks have helped advance translation of research to practice. They have been widely used for planning and post-hoc evaluation, but seldom to inform and guide mid-course adjustments to intervention and implementation strategies. Materials and Methods: This study developed an innovative methodology using the...

BACKGROUND CDS design best practices are intended to provide a narrative representation of factors that influence the success of CDS tools. However, they provide incomplete direction on evidence-based implementation principles. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to describe an integrated approach to apply an existing implementation science...

Background Little is known about practices used to disseminate findings to non- research audiences. This study describes the perspectives, experience and activities of dissemination & implementation (D&I) researchers around disseminating their research findings. Methods The study explored D&I researchers’ experiences and recommendations for assessm...

Background: Implementation science is concerned with the study of adoption, implementation and maintenance of evidence-based interventions and use of implementation strategies to facilitate translation into practice. Ways to conceptualize and overcome challenges to implementing evidence-based practice may enhance the field of implementation science...

Background Little is known about practices used to disseminate findings to non- research audiences. This study describes the perspectives, experience and activities of dissemination & implementation (D&I) researchers around disseminating their research findings. Methods The study explored D&I researchers’ experiences and recommendations for assess...

Background Shared decision making (SDM) facilitates delivery of medical therapies that are in alignment with patients’ goals and values. Medicare national coverage decision for several interventions now includes SDM mandates, but few have been evaluated in nationwide studies. Based upon a detailed needs assessment with diverse stakeholders, we deve...

Background. Despite demonstrated efficacy, patient decision aids (DAs) are rarely used in clinical practice in the absence of coverage mandates. Deciding whether to pursue a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) is a major, preference-sensitive decision—ideal for exploring implementation of a DA. Methods. We conducted a type II effectiveness-implem...

After publication of our article [1] the authors have notified us that the title for Figure 1 was incorrectly captioned.

Background: Physical activity (PA) improves important health outcomes for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), including physical function. We iteratively adapted the implementation strategies of pragmatic and evidence-based PA counseling programs to meet primary care stakeholders’ needs, resulting in the “Be ACTIVE” program. In a pilot ra...

The National Working Group on RE-AIM Planning and Evaluation Framework (herein Workgroup) was established in 2004 to support the application of the framework and advance dissemination and implementation science (D&I). Workgroup members developed and disseminated products and resources (and continue to do so) to advocate for consistent application o...

Background: Shared medical appointments (SMAs) have been shown to be an efficient and effective strategy for providing diabetes self-management education and self-management support. SMA features vary and it is not known which features are most effective for different patients and practice settings. The Invested in Diabetes study tests the compara...

Background: Prehospital (ambulance) care can reduce morbidity and mortality from trauma. Yet, there is a dearth of effective evidence-based interventions and implementation strategies. Emergency Medical Services Traumatic Shock Care (EMS-TruShoC) is a novel bundle of five core evidence-based trauma care interventions. High-Efficiency EMS Training...

Introduction There has been an increasing focus on disseminating research findings, but less about practices specific to disseminating and engaging non-researchers. The present project sought to describe dissemination practices and engagement of stakeholders among dissemination & implementation (D&I) scientists. Methods Methods to disseminate to a...

Background: The RE-AIM framework has been widely used in health research but it is unclear the extent to which this framework is also used for planning and evaluating health-related programs in clinical and community settings. Our objective was to evaluate how RE-AIM is used in the “real-world” and identify opportunities for improving use outside o...

Background: Veterans with healthcare needs utilize both Veterans Health Administration (VA) and non-VA hospitals. These dual-use veterans are at high risk of adverse outcomes due to the lack of coordination for safe transitions. Objectives: The aim of this study was to understand the barriers and facilitators to providing high-quality continuum...

Policy Points Fundamental changes are needed in how complex chronic illness conditions are conceptualized and managed. Health management plans for chronic illness need to be integrated, adaptive, contextual, technology aided, patient driven, and designed to address the multilevel social environment of patients' lives. Such primary care-based health...

There is consensus in dissemination and implementation (D&I) science that addressing contextual factors is critically important for understanding translation of health care delivery interventions but little agreement on which contextual factors are key determinants of implementation outcomes. We describe the application of the Practical Robust Impl...

Introduction There has been an increasing focus on disseminating research findings, but less about practices specific to disseminating and engaging non-researchers. The present project sought to describe dissemination practices and engagement of stakeholders among dissemination & implementation (D&I) scientists. Methods Methods to disseminate to an...

Most of the clinical research conducted with the goal of improving health is not generalizable to nonresearch settings. In addition, scientists often fail to replicate each other's findings due, in part, to lack of attention to contextual factors accounting for their relative effectiveness or failure. To address these problems, we review the litera...

The RE-AIM planning and evaluation framework was conceptualized two decades ago. As one of the most frequently applied implementation frameworks, RE-AIM has now been cited in over 2,800 publications. This paper describes the application and evolution of RE-AIM as well as lessons learned from its use. RE-AIM has been applied most often in public hea...

A dramatically increased interest in dissemination and implementation (D&I) science, with relatively few training programs for D&I scientists, highlights the need for innovative ways to deliver educational materials, training, and resources. We described nine interactive, web-based D&I science resources appropriate for trainees and Clinical and Tra...