Rune Waagbø

Institute of Marine Research/University of Bergen in Bergen Norway · Future aquaculture program/Department of Biological Sciences

Understanding the evolutionary relationships between a host and its intestinal resident bacteria can transform how we understand adaptive phenotypic traits. The interplay between hosts and their resident bacteria inevitably affects the intestinal environment and, thereby, the living conditions of both the host and the microbiota. Thereby this co-ex...

The study of co-evolution between host and microbes has the potential to transform how we understand evolutionary adaptations, yet genuine co-evolutionary relationships are challenging to show. The host's intestinal environment shapes the gut microbiota through the co-existence of bacteria and host. This co-existence influences the fitness of both...

Oxidative stress, drop in pigmentation and production related diseases in Atlantic salmon in spring.

The hypothesis of the present study was that increased growth in spring, stimulated by increasing temperature and daylength, leads to oxidative stress in Atlantic salmon with accumulation of oxidation products in the tissues and increased utilization of antioxidants. The drop in fillet pigmentation and astaxanthin, often observed in spring by the i...

This chapter deals with vitamins in the nutrition of aquatic animals. Water-soluble vitamins (eight vitamin B complex, vitamin C, inositol, and choline), the four fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K), and two vitamin-like substances (lipoic acid and astaxanthin) are covered. Their chemical structures, nutritional functions, deficiency symptoms, an...

The field of nutritional epigenetics seeks to explain the nutritional effects on chromatin accessibility and the potential for gene expression. The epigenetic regulators that are sensitive to the cellular environment are DNA methylation, histone tail modifications, and noncoding RNAs. Both DNA methylation and histone tail modifications involve mino...

The development of suitable and sustainable feeds and feeding-regimes have been accompanied by solving nutrition based redox challenges that were at the base of many of the early production related diseases. Stabilized forms of vitamin C and E solved many of these problems and some of the early research in fish nutrition was focussed on determining...

Atlantic salmon fed low fish meal feeds supplemented with zinc (Zn) were studied in two feeding trials. In trial I, Atlantic salmon parr were fed six graded Zn levels (40 to 249 mg kg⁻¹ as ZnSO4) for 8 weeks in freshwater followed by a 4-week seawater phase. In trial II, Atlantic salmon post-smolt were fed for 10 weeks in SW with 10 dietary Zn leve...

To avoid negative environmental impacts of escapees and potential inter-breeding with wild populations, the Atlantic salmon farming industry has and continues to extensively test triploid fish that are sterile. However, they often show differences in performance, physiology, behavior and morphology compared to diploid fish, with increased prevalenc...

Selenium (Se) supplementation either as inorganic or organic was evaluated in Atlantic salmon post-smolt in vivo and in vitro. The basal diet was formulated to be low in fish meal and contain 0.24 mg Se kg-1; six other diets with Se inclusion of 0.15, 0.4, 0.7 or 1.1 mg kg-1 as sodium selenite (SS) and 0.15 or 0.4 mg kg-1 as L-selenomethionine (SM)...

Gastrointestinal Immunity and Crosstalk with Internal Organs in Fish

The current volume, entitled Climate Change and Non-infectious Fish Disorders (CCNFD) is the first of the two-volume set, and it focuses on the development, physiology and health of fish. CCNFD has 11 chapters organized into two parts. Chapters 1 and 2 (Part I) are mainly for aquatic biologists including colleagues who study non-infectious fish dis...

Functional feeds contain nutrients or dietary components that exhibit biological functions that strengthen the fish during environmental or disease challenges. This is an attractive way of health management of infectious diseases and disorders, since it means preventive or therapeutic mass treatment of fish in a natural way. The aquaculture feeds h...

The impact of dietary manganese (Mn) levels and sources on the growth and mineral composition of post-smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed practical diets was studied. Seven experimental diets were prepared with graded supplementation level of Mn; basal diet had a Mn concentration of 15 mg kg−1, four diets with 5, 15, 35 and 65 mg kg−1 supplemen...

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) feeds have changed drastically in their composition from being predominantly marine-based to plant-based. This has altered the dietary supply and availability of micro-nutrients to Atlantic salmon. The impact of graded inclusion levels of a nutrient package (NP) comprising of 25 different micro-nutrients were studied i...

The composition of salmonid diets has changed from the use of mainly marine ingredients to increased use of plant ingredients,and this has an impact on the mineral content and availability. Minerals,like zinc (Zn), selenium (Se) and manganese (Mn),are supplemented to diets as inorganic or organic forms to cover the nutritional requirements of fish....

A feeding trial was conducted to test the growth potential, nutritional utilization, liver health and fillet sensory parameters of sea-water Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fed diets with increasing substitution of fish meal with insect meal. The insect meal was produced from black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens, L.). Triplicate sea-cages o...

We evaluated the effect of a diet containing insect meal and insect oil on nutrient utilization, tissue fatty acid profile and lipid metabolism of freshwater Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Insect meal and insect oil from black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens, L.; BSF), naturally high in lauric acid (12:0), were used to produce five experiment...

Dietary fish oil used in aquafeed transfers marine pollutants to farmed fish. However, the entire transfer route of marine pollutants in dietary fish oil from ocean to table fish has not been tracked quantitatively. To track the entire transfer route of marine pollutants from wild fish to farmed fish through dietary fish oil and evaluate the relate...

Apical uptake of zinc as ionic Zn(II) or as Zn-methionine (Zn-Met) was studied in RTgutGC cell line in vitro under media compositions mirroring the gut luminal ionic concentration of freshwater (FW) and seawater (SW) acclimated salmonids. Viability of the RTgutGC cells exposed to experimental media preparations showed a time-dependent decrease in S...

The Norwegian Food Safety Authority has commissioned this monitoring program, which is part of the Norwegian implementation of national and international feed legislation. In this report, the results from the official monitoring program for fish feed, feed ingredients and premixes for 2017, are summarized and discussed. In 2017, a total of 129 samp...

Apical uptake of zinc as ionic Zn(II) or as Zn-methionine (Zn-Met) was studied in RTgutGC cell line in vitro under media compositions mirroring the gut luminal ionic concentration of freshwater (FW) and seawater (SW) acclimated salmonids. Viability of the RTgutGC cells exposed to experimental media preparations showed a time-dependent decrease in S...

In the recent years, challenges faced in salmonid farming with regard to deformities have helped to improve our knowledge on skeletal biology and development of bone health in salmonids. Different nutritional, genetic and environmental factors are associated with skeletal deformities in salmonids and other fish species. Minerals are a group of esse...

ABSTRACT: In salmon farming, the use of sterile triploids (3N) can mitigate the problem of escapees interbreeding with wild salmon. However, triploid salmon appear less tolerant to high water temperatures and low oxygen levels compared to diploids (2N). To investigate how the thermal performance and physiology of large (2.5 kg) triploid Atlantic sa...

Supplementary Table 1. Heavy metals and arsenic composition of 21 macroalgal species. Data represent mean values of two analytical measurements conducted on pooled algal material of several individuals per species. Data are expressed as mg/kg of the algal dry weight (dw). Values in brackets refer to concentrations of inorganic arsenic expressed as...

In the present study, we aimed to assess the effect of dietary insect meal (IM) and insect oil (IO) on growth performance, body composition and nutrient digestibility of freshwater reared Atlantic salmon. The IM and IO were produced from black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens, L.; BSF) that had been grown on (1) media containing organic waste...

Background: In the past few years, much effort has been invested into developing a new blue economy based on harvesting, cultivating and processing marine macroalgae in Norway. Macroalgae have a high potential for a wide range of applications, e.g. as source of pharmaceuticals, production of biofuels or as food and feed. However, data on the chemi...

High dietary content of vegetable oil (VO) has been associated with increased intestinal lipid accumulations in fish. The extent of this in aquacultured Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and its health effects are not certain. Samples were therefore collected from two separate feeding trials to investigate the effect of high dietary VO on intestinal...

The aim of this study was to compare how different dietary vegetable oil n-6/n-3 ratios affect gene responses involved in inflammation, signaling pathways, fatty acid synthesis and oxidation, oxidation and apoptosis as well as eicosanoid production in salmon head kidney tissues and isolated head kidney leukocytes. Salmon smolts (200 g) were fed fou...

Background: It studies on the factors that affect the stability of fatty acid profiles from human blood specimens are generally performed by evaluating the effect of a single factor on an individual fatty acid and excluding a considerable amount of data from the total fatty acid profiles. Methods: The stability of fatty acids from plasma, serum...

In-depth metabolic profiling, also termed metabolomics, provides detailed information about the biochemical phenotype of an organism. Besides improving our understanding of biochemical processes, metabolomics is used for environmental monitoring, natural product discovery, or even chemotaxonomy, among others. However, for marine macroalgae, compara...

Background: The black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) is one of the most promising insect species for the use in animal feed. However, studies that investigate feed and food safety aspects of using black soldier fly as feed are scarce. In this study, we fed black soldier fly larvae feeding media enriched with seaweed, which contains naturally high...

Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae are a promising source of protein and lipid for animal feeds. The nutritional composition of the BSF larvae depend partly on the composition of the feeding medium. The BSF lipid profile in part mimics the feeding media lipid profile, and micronutrients, like minerals and vitamins, can readily accumulate...

The proposed regression design at 11 concentration levels and different replication per level used in this study compared against the ideal 6 concentration levels in triplicate as described elsewhere (Araujo (2008)). (TIF)

Non-Protein Nitrogen Compounds (μmole g-1, dry matter) of black soldier fly larvae grown on increasing inclusions of brown algae in growth media. a n = 4, b mean value of two crates (n = 2); BA0: insect larvae grown on plant-based control growth medium; BA50 and BA100: insect larvae grown on growth media where 50% and 100% of the control media was...

The utilization efficiency of phosphorus (P) hydrolysed from herring by-products in feed for Atlantic salmon 0+ postsmolt was studied. Seven diets were produced with a low P level (D1): 5 g soluble P/kg, with P hydrolysed from herring by-products (D2, D3, D4): 7, 9 and 11 g soluble P/kg, or blue whiting fish bone meal (D5): 9 g soluble P/kg, and wi...

The Norwegian Food Safety Authority has commissioned this monitoring program, which is part of Norway’s implementation of national and international feed legislation. This report summarizes the results of the official monitoring program for fish feed, feed ingredients and premixes for 2016. The report is in Norwegian, however the summary, conclusio...

Twelve groups of farmed lumpfish and one of wild lumpfish were screened for cataract and sampled for fish muscle tissue, whole heart and both eye lenses to investigate possible relations between cataract and tissue free amino acid concentrations. Cataract prevalence ranged from 20% to 100%, with the highest average score of 7.3 (max 8) and incidenc...

A period of starvation is regarded as a sound practice in aquaculture prior to handling, transportation and harvest, to minimise impacts on welfare and ensure proper hygiene after harvest. However, documentation of welfare issues such as stress following starvation and handling in adult Atlantic salmon are lacking. This study aimed to examine gut e...

Clinical data set including liver mRNA data for starved controls and stressed Atlantic salmon Plasma clinical analyses combined with liver mRNA data for starved controls and stressed salmon presented in Table 2 and Fig. 2, including reference genes

Heart and skin mRNA expression analyses of starved controls and stressed salmon, including reference genes

Dataset for liver mRNA expression, somatic data and gut content of starved controls and stressed salmon, including reference genes Figs. 1 and 2 dataset for liver mRNA expression, somatic data and gut content of starved controls and stressed salmon, including three reference genes

Periods of high or fluctuating seawater temperatures result in several physiological challenges for farmed salmonids, including an increased prevalence and severity of cataracts. The aim of the present study was to compare cataractogenesis in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) reared at two temperatures, and in...

Periods of high or fluctuating seawater temperatures result in several physiological challenges for farmed salmonids, including an increased prevalence and severity of cataracts. The aim of the present study was to compare cataractogenesis in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) reared at two temperatures, and in...

Rainbow trout lens metabolites in relation to cataract scores. Biochemicals that were significantly different in lenses with different cataract scores in rainbow trout lenses. The data are presented as mean values of each metabolite per cataract score 0–2. Red colour indicates a significantly higher level and green colour indicates a significantly...

Free amino acid concentration in Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout lenses. The concentration of amino acids in lenses from Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout reared at 13 or 19°C at the end of the 35 days experiment. Significant differences are indicated by the p-values in each column. (XLSX)

Atlantic salmon lens metabolites in relation to cataract scores. Biochemicals that were significantly different in lenses with different cataract scores in Atlantic salmon lenses. The data are presented as mean values of each metabolite per cataract score 1–3. Red colour indicates a significantly higher level and green colour indicates a significan...

Lens biochemical heat map. Heat maps showing the identified biochemicals in Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout lenses reared at 13 or 19°C. Red colour indicates a significantly higher level and green colour indicates a significantly lower level of the metabolite (contrasts) (p<0.05). (XLSX)

The Norwegian seaweed industry is expanding and there is a need for accurate estimates of protein content of seaweed species from Norwegian waters. A solid method to calculate protein content is through the sum of the proteomic amino acids; however, it can be expensive and beyond the capacities of many laboratories. The most commonly used method to...

Period of starvation is regarded as a sound practice in aquaculture prior to handling, transportation and harvest, to minimise impacts on welfare and ensure proper hygiene after harvest. However, documentation of welfare issues such as stress following starvation and handling in adult Atlantic salmon are lacking. This study aimed to examine gut emp...

Period of starvation is regarded as a sound practice in aquaculture prior to handling, transportation and harvest, to minimise impacts on welfare and ensure proper hygiene after harvest. However, documentation of welfare issues such as stress following starvation and handling in adult Atlantic salmon are lacking. This study aimed to examine gut emp...

The aim of the present study was to investigate cataract development in diploid (2N) and triploid (3N) Atlantic salmon smolts and post-smolts at two water temperatures (10 and 16 °C) given diets with different histidine supplementation (LH, 10.4 and HH, 13.1 g kg(-1) ) before and after seawater transfer. In freshwater, a severe cataract outbreak wa...

Periods of high or fluctuating seawater temperatures result in several physiological challenges for farmed salmonids, including an increased prevalence and severity of cataracts. The aim of the present study was to compare cataractogenesis in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) reared at two temperatures, and in...

The shift from marine to plant-based ingredients in fish feeds affects the dietary concentrations and bioavailability of micronutrients, amino acids and lipids and consequently warrants a re-evaluation of dietary nutrient recommendations. In the present study, an Atlantic salmon diet high in plant ingredients was supplemented with graded levels of...

Figures S1. Diet analyses and S2 gene expression as a function of nutrient premix.

Global warming may alter the bioavailability of contaminants in aquatic environments. In this work, mercury (Hg(2+)) toxicity was studied in cells obtained from Atlantic salmon smolt kept at 15 °C (optimal growth temperature) for 3 months or at a stepwise increase to 20 °C (temperature-stress) during 3 months prior to cell harvest to evaluate wheth...

Aiming to re-evaluate current recommendations for nutrient supplementations when Atlantic salmon are fed diets based on plant ingredients, two regression experiments, with parr and post-smolt, were conducted. A control diet was included to evaluate if ingredients supplied sufficient nutrients without any added nutrient package (NP). The nutrient pa...

This study investigated whether retention of n-3 fatty acids (FAs) is influenced by the levels of dietary monounsaturated (MUFA)-, saturated (SFA)- and n-6 FAs. The feeding trial used a mixture design, with rapeseed-, palm (PO)- and soybean oil (SO), providing high levels of MUFA, SFA and n-6 FAs, respectively, while 18:3n-3, eicosapentaenoic acid...

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The shift from marine to plant based ingredients in fish feeds affects the dietary concentrations and bioavailability of micronutrients, amino acids and lipids and consequently warrants a re-evaluation of dietary nutrient recommendations. In the present study, an Atlantic salmon diet high in plant ingredients was supplemented with graded levels of...

The shift from marine to plant based ingredients in fish feeds affects the dietary concentrations and bioavailability of micronutrients, amino acids and lipids and consequently warrants a re-evaluation of dietary nutrient recommendations. In the present study, an Atlantic salmon diet high in plant ingredients was supplemented with graded levels of...

The aim of this study was to test the efficacy of a new marine P ingredient from the bone fraction of herring by-products by evaluating the dietary impacts on growth, mineralization and skeletal development in Atlantic salmon fry. Five experimental diets were produced from a fish meal based diet, only differing in the dietary P source and level; lo...