Ruizhi Wen

China Earthquake Administration

Although the classical spectral representation method (SRM) has been widely used in the generation of spatially varying ground motions, there are still challenges in efficient simulation of the non-stationary stochastic vector process in practice. The first problem is the inherent limitation and inflexibility of the deterministic time/frequency mod...

The temporary strong-motion observation in Yunnan Province, southwestern China, has obtained a valuable batch of near-source recordings from many small earthquakes from 2008 to 2018. Based on the 546 well-processed strong-motion recordings with R = 4–35 km, which were obtained at 56 temporary strong-motion stations in 198 small earthquakes with ML=...

Ground motion amplification and spectral content are significantly influenced by local soil and geological conditions. This article summarizes the development of the China Site Database (CNSDB) in the China Ground Motion Flatfile project. CNSDB contains site information for 1450 strong-motion recording stations within the National Strong Motion Obs...

On February 6, 2023, the Republic of Turkey experienced a rare occurrence of two successive earthquakes, each with a magnitude exceeding 7.0. The Disaster and Emergency Management Agency (AFAD) swiftly shared the strong motion records, thereby enriching the global database of near‐fault strong motion records. Identification of permanent displacemen...

It is well-known that the impact of site effects on ground motion is a crucial factor to consider for earthquake disaster protection and mitigation. On February 6, 2023, southeastern Turkey experienced two strong earthquakes with M w 7.0 or greater followed by multiple aftershocks, resulting in significant casualties and economic losses. Field inve...

The site classification map is one of the vital inputs in earthquake disaster scenario prediction and risk modeling that provides a perspective of proxy-based methods. In China, a systematic empirical relationship between geological age, genesis, and site class in the practice of site classification has yet to be established. In this study, data fr...

A new method is presented that simulates nonstationary multipoint earthquake accelerograms at local field points, when the observed ground motions are specified at several locations. This process effectively avoids the stochastic decomposition of the spectral matrix. In addition, it does not use the target spectrum and spatial coherence function to...

Time-averaged shear-wave velocity to 30 m ( V S 30 ) is commonly used in ground motion models as a parameter for evaluating site effects. This study used a collection of boreholes in Beijing, Tianjin, Guangxi, Guangdong, and three other municipalities and provinces, which were divided into three regions with reference to the seismic ground motion p...

Classification of local soil conditions is important for the interpretation of structural seismic damage, which also plays a vital role in site‐specific seismic hazard analyses. In this study, we propose to classify sites as an image recognition task using a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN)‐based technique. We design the input image as a co...

A seismic sequence has struck the Yangbi county, west part of Yunnan Province in southwest China since May 18, 2021 . This region experienced the strongest ground shakings on the night of 21 May with the successive occurrence of four earthquakes with MS ≥5.0 in a short time and more small earthquakes. Large numbers of strong-motion recordings obtai...

Time-averaged shear-wave velocity to 30 m ( V S30 ) is commonly used in ground motion models as a parameter for evaluating site effects. This study used a collection of boreholes in Beijing, Tianjin, Guangxi, Guangdong, and three other municipalities and provinces, which were divided into three regions with reference to the seismic ground motion pa...

The conditional mean spectrum (CMS) and its generalized forms, like the generalized CMS (GCMS), and the CMS conditioned at the logarithm-average spectral acceleration over a period range (CMS-AvgSa), are anchored on a conditional period (or periods) with a target hazard level. This study evaluated the vector hazard of multiple spectral acceleration...

A simplified procedure is proposed to generate artificial non-stationary multi-point ground motion inputs for the dynamic seismic analysis of long span or large scale structures. The probability distribution parameters for the phase difference were fitted using 438 recordings selected from Center for Engineering Strong Motion Data. Then the time cu...

Seismic site classification, which is fundamental for site-specific seismic hazard assessment, also plays an important role in accurate interpretation of ground motion data. However, detailed borehole information is not always available in many countries, e.g., China. Therefore, this study investigated application of the generalized regression neur...

The South China Sea (SCS) is recognized as a zone at high risk of tsunamis, which makes surrounding areas suitable for conducting probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment (PTHA). Most previous PTHAs were conducted with consideration of either local or regional potential tsunami sources (PTSs). In this study we developed a PTHA framework for the coas...

A computer-simulation-based three-stage optimization strategy is proposed for the resilience enhancement of urban gas distribution networks (GDNs). In stage I (pre-earthquake stage), the Fixed Proportion and Direct Comparison Genetic Algorithm (FPDC-GA) is applied to select key pipelines need to be strenthened or replaced under limited funding in p...

A computer-simulation-based three-stage optimization strategy is proposed for the resilience enhancement of urban gas distribution networks (GDNs). In stage I (pre-earthquake stage), the Fixed Proportion and Direct Comparison Genetic Algorithms (FPDC-GA) are applied to select key pipelines for repair or replacement under limited funding in preparat...

Seismic site classification, which is fundamental for site-specific seismic hazard assessment, also plays an important role in accurate interpretation of ground motion data. However, detailed borehole information is not always available in many countries, e.g., China. Therefore, this study investigated application of the generalized regression neur...

For mainland China, the primary obstacle in conditional spectrum (CS) based ground motion selection work is that the corresponding seismic hazard disaggregation results were not released for the China national standard GB 18306–2015 “Seismic Ground Motion Parameter Zonation Map”, which refers to the fifth-generation seismic hazard map. Therefore, t...

It is crucial to include additional site amplification effects resulting from the thick sediment on ground motions in the reliable assessment for seismic hazard in sedimentary basins. Ground-motion residual analysis with respect to ground-motion prediction equation is performed to evaluate additional site amplifications at over 200 K-NET stations w...

On 12 July 2020, an Ms 5.1 moderate earthquake occurred on the north segment of the Tangshan fault in North China, which was the seismogenic fault of the 1976 Ms 7.8 Tangshan earthquake and numerous small-to-moderate earthquakes in recent decades in the Tangshan seismic zone. The Ms 5.1 event was well-recorded by dense ground-motion observation sta...

This book focus on the multiple level ground motion selection for different engineering demand: (1) Ground motion input for China seismic design code by matching the target design spectrum; (2) China hazard consistent ground motion selection; (3) Determination of the ground motion input for performance based earthquake engineering; (4) Ground mot...

For mainland China, the primary obstacle in conditional spectrum (CS) based ground motion selection work is that the corresponding seismic hazard deaggregation results were not released for the China national standard GB 18306- 2015 “Seismic Ground Motion Parameter Zonation Map”, which refers to the fifth-generation seismic hazard map. Therefore, t...

We separated the propagation path attenuation and source spectra from the S-wave Fourier amplitude spectra of the observed ground motions recorded during 46 small-to-moderate earthquakes in the junction of the northwest Tarim Basin and Kepingtage fold-and-thrust zone, mainly composed of two Jiashi seismic sequences in 2020 and 2018. Slow seismic wa...

This study developed an approach for selecting sets of ground motion recordings that match a target conditional multivariate distribution of ground motion intensity measures (IMs). This was achieved by applying a genetic algorithm (GA) that treats IMs of interest of each recording as a “chromosome” and the set of the desired number of recordings as...

The selection of strong motion records leads to the uncertainty of structural dynamic analysis. This paper proposes to build the target spectrum for selecting strong motion records, based on PGA and spectral acceleration attenuation relationship. According to site conditions, the strong motion records are selected to match the target spectral shape...

In this paper, PEER Ground Motion Databases (PGMD) at the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) was updated by 141 groups of ground motion records in Japan Tohoku earthquake on March 11, 2011，which expanded the limitation of this database. Following the disaggregation results from probabilistic seismic hazard analysis, the scenario...

The strong-motion recordings selection has a lot of influence to the analysis result of the earthquake resistant design, and has been a hot issue in the field of earthquake engineering. On the selection of strong-motion recordings, details of the provisions codes are sketchy in the current seismic, and then they are hardly carried out. In this pape...

This study used earthquake records from China to investigate comprehensively the correlation coefficients between various intensity measures (IMs), including peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity, spectral acceleration, spectrum intensity, acceleration spectrum intensity, Arias intensity, cumulative absolute velocity, and significant durat...

This study aims to determine a proper input number of strong motion recordings for structural time-history analysis in China seismic design code. The cumulative probability curves of structural response under different number of records were simulated using 500 times of Monte Carlo samplings based on the assumption that the seismic demand can be re...

Considering the traditional hazard demand computation methods ignoring the hazard consistency and the relatively high computation cost, an improved multiple stripe method is proposed according to requirement of the third PBEE (Performance Based Earthquake Engineering), that is to closely link with the probability seismic hazard analysis results in...

Observed ground-motion intensity for six earthquakes of Mw = 6.0–6.2 that occurred in China’s North–South Seismic Zone (NSSZ) was compared with predicted medians from the BSSA14 model. The resulting between-event (δBe) and within-event (δWes) residuals for peak ground acceleration and pseudo-spectral acceleration up to 5.0 s were used to investigat...

With the ground motion accumulation and widespread use of structural dynamic analysis, more and more attention was paid to the ground motion selection which is the fundamental work for structural seismic performance analysis. This paper reviews the records selection work according to the seismic design framework, hazard consistent earthquake scenar...

The stress drop (Δσ) is a fundamental parameter used to quantify source physics, and its uncertainty is closely related to seismic hazard. To reveal the relationship between Δσ uncertainty and resultant ground-motion variability, ground motions produced by the 2013 Mw6.6 Lushan earthquake, characterized by various Δσ values, are simulated using the...

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267726119301915 Spectral ratio methods have been widely used in evaluation of nonlinear seismic site response. Nevertheless, it remains inefficient and subjective to identify stations with nonlinear site response according to empirical threshold values of spectral ratio nonlinear degree indicator...

To analyze the source characteristics of the 2016–2017 central Italy seismic sequence, source spectra of 78 earthquakes of ML = 3.5–6.1 were separated from the S wave Fourier spectra using the two‐step nonparametric generalized inversion technique. Source parameters (e.g., stress drop) were estimated from the source spectra following the ω‐square m...

The strong ground-motion records selection in structural collapse fragility analysis was studied. To consider the seismic hazard difference within target sites， the conditional mean spectrum ( CMS) was used as the target spectrum for ground-motion records selection in the increment dynamic analysis ( IDA) method. The CMS was constructed through the...

With a large number of strong motion records captured over the world every year, the records selection work is generally needed in dynamic structural dynamic analysis nowadays. First, the recordings are collated from NGA-West1 dataset and Chinese National Strong Motion Observation Network System (NSMONS, 2007 to 2015 year) to construct the dataset...

The ground motion selection procedure of important key structures considering the hazard un － consistency and conservative characteristic of current target uniform hazard spectrum ( UHS) in the safety evaluation work was focused on． The concept of conditional mean spectrum ( CMS) and conditional spectrum ( CS) are firstly introduced， than the overa...

The ground-motion selection is neglected on the traditional fragility demand curve of structural seismic engineering, and the seismic hazard is rarely considered. The conditional mean spectrum (CMS) ground-motion selection method was introduced into the IDA method and stripe method to solve the problem, and compared with the traditional cloud metho...

The earthquake damages of engineering structures have been affected by the amplitude, frequency and duration of the strong motion records. However, there are relatively few published duration equations available in Chinese mainland. In this paper, we collected the strong motion records with magnitude M W 5.0-6.6 during 2007-2015 from Chinese digita...

The standard deviation of ground-motion prediction equation under the ergodic assumption is commonly used for the site-specific probabilistic seismic hazard analysis. However, this assumption leads to overestimations of site-specific ground-motion variability. The single-station standard deviation (σss) after removing the ergodic assumption on site...

This paper aims at implementing and introducing the use of conditional mean spectrum (CMS) and conditional spectrum (CS) as the main input parameters in the practice of seismic safety evaluation (SSE) in China, instead of the currently used uniform hazard spectrum (UHS). For this purpose, a procedure for M-R-epsilon seismic hazard deaggregation in...

This study used the spectral inversion technique to investigate the source characteristics, site effects, and path attenuation of S-wave Fourier amplitude spectra recorded in the Mw 7.8 Kaikōura, New Zealand, earthquake sequence. For this purpose, we assembled a dataset comprising 2445 strong-motion recordings, obtained at 126 GeoNet stations, of 1...

Strong-motion recordings observed during theMs 7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake, which occurred on 8 August 2017 in western China, were used to reveal the underlying source, propagation path, and site effects in comparison with observations from the 2013 Lushan earthquake of identical magnitude (Ms 7.0). The similar VS30 distributions at the strong-motion...

Secondary (S) wave amplitude spectra from 928 strong-motion recordings were collected to determine the source spectra, path attenuation and site responses using a non-parametric generalized inversion technique. The data sets were recorded at 43 permanent and temporary strong-motion stations in 132 earthquakes of M-s 3.2-6.5 from 2008 May 12 to 2013...

Serial destructive earthquakes have caused heavy casualties and economic losses to the city in southwestern of China. The Ludian Ms 6.5 earthquake and the Jinggu Ms 6.6 earthquake occurred in Yunnan province in 2014. There is a question of why the two events with almost the same level of magnitude caused differences in earthquake damage. To underst...

The consideration of soil nonlinearity is important for the accurate estimation of the site response. To evaluate the soil nonlinearity during the 2008 Ms8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake, 33 strong-motion records obtained from the main shock and 890 records from 157 aftershocks were collected for this study. The horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR)...

With a large number of strong motion records captured over the world every year, the records selection work is often required in structural dynamic analysis nowadays. First, the recordings from U.S. PEER NGA-West1 dataset and Chinese national strong motion observation network system (2007-2015) are collated to construct the dataset for records sele...

An Mw6.2 earthquake occurred in Central Italy on August 24, 2016. The objective of this study was to reveal the imprint of rupture directivity using the strong motion recordings. The strong motion stations were separated into two groups: southeast (SE) and northwest (NW). The effects of rupture directivity on the peak ground acceleration (PGA), pea...

On August 8, 2017 an MS7.0 earthquake rocked Jiuzhaigou, Sichuan Province. The China Strong-Motion Networks Center (CSMNC) officially released 66 strong-motion recordings collected during this event. Eight of them obtained at stations up to 150 km from the hypocenter, of which the site responses are available, were used to retrieve the source spect...

Reliable site classification of the stations of the China National Strong Motion Observation Network System (NSMONS) has not yet been assigned because of lacking borehole data. This study used an empirical horizontal-to-vertical (H/V) spectral ratio (hereafter, HVSR) site classification method to overcome this problem. First, according to their bor...

Conditional mean spectrum (CMS) is increasingly being accepted as a more reasonable target spectrum for selecting earthquake records than uniform hazard spectrum. Construction of CMS requires the determination of correlation coefficients of spectral accelerations. This article presents the first investigation of correlation coefficients based on ea...

It is primary for making the structure seismic design to have a reliable local site classification. This paper firstly reviewed and evaluated the traditional methods of site classification. Then a new popular method is introduced which is usually called the horizontal/vertical spectral ratio method based on the strong motion recordings. Considering...

For investigating the rupture directivity effect of the central Italy MW6.2 earthquake on August 24, 2016, more than 150 strong motion stations are separated into two groups, which are SE and NW, according to the fault strike. Comparing the PGA, PGV, pseudo-acceleration response spectrum (PSA) and significant duration DSR of two groups, the results...

To select real strong motions for Chinese seismic safety evaluation work, we disaggregated the result of Chinese seismic safety evaluation work into specified earthquake scenarios considering magnitude, distance and earthquake variation, and then the condition median spectrum was constructed as strong motion selection target. The results based on c...

First, strong-motion recordings from an Mw 4.4 earthquake with symmetrical rupture were regarded as empirical Green’s functions (EGFs) to simulate ground motions produced by the 2013 Mw 6.6 Lushan mainshock using the two-step stochastic EGF method proposed by Kohrs-Sansorny et al. (2005). In this simulation, the source of the Lushan mainshock was s...

An MS6.3 earthquake hit the Kangding County, Sichuan Province on November 22, 2014. Three days later, an MS5.8 aftershock occurred. The source rupture properties of two earthquakes were analyzed and the method for rapidly estimating the source rupture direction was investigated using strong-motion recordings. The grid-search technique was used to s...

The South China Sea is recognized as an area at high risk of tsunamis. The Manila Trench has long been considered as the regional source of tsunamis that might affect Chinese coastal areas, and considerable analysis of the tsunami hazard has been conducted in this area. However, there has been no consideration of other potential local sources near...

The study of failure behavior of a diverse population of cables is challenging. Previous attempts have failed to capture the complexity of cable system failures due to an independent analysis of multiple failure causes or influential factors. In this paper, the multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) is proposed for simultaneous analysis of multiple...

The Mw6.7 Lushan earthquake on April 20, 2013 provided the opportunity to validate the applicability of American Next Generation Attenuation Relationship(NGA-West 1 and NGA-West 2 model). A total of 42 free-field strong-motion recordings within the rupture distance of 200 km were used in this study. Firstly we established an empirical attenuation r...

The different selections of strong ground motion records lead to the discretness of structural dynamic responses. This paper proposes to build a new target spectrum, based on PGA and spectral acceleration attenuation relationship. On the basis of existing strong ground motion record data and according to site conditions, the strong motion records a...

A rational ground motion selection method plays an important role in structure time history analysis, which depends on whether record’s earthquake character is proper. It is often neglected when selecting real strong ground motion for engineering or study, for the design seismic group and design intensity in Chinese seismic code are too ambitious t...

The observed directivity effects of ground motion have extensive implications for both earthquake source physics and earthquake-hazard analyses on active fault zones. In general, it is still difficult to determine the rupture directivity in detail for smaller earthquakes because of limited azimuthal coverage. Four Lushan aftershocks that occurred o...