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Publications (100)
We present an axiomatic foundation of non-integrable phases of Schrödinger wave functions and use it for interpreting Dirac's 1931 pioneering article in terms of the electromagnetic 4-potential. The quantization of the electric charge in terms of e implies the quantization of the dielectric flux through closed surfacesΨ := ⃗ D · d ⃗ S in terms of t...
Information ist Basis physikalischer Erkenntnis. Ein Dutzend Naturkonstanten lassen sich auf vier zurückführen. Es folgt die Hypothese, daß die Information der Abstände von Massen die Basis der Gravitation ist.
Kleinste Einheiten physikalischer Information, Anzahl der elektromagnetischen Naturkonstanten, Hypothese: die Gravitationskonstante beruht auf der Information über Abstände von Massen im Universum
Information is a knowledge-quantity. Four nature constants related to electromagnetic questions. Idea : The gravity constant is made by the information of distances between masses of the universe.
Physikalische Information, ihr Bezug zu Naturkonstanten und eine Hypothese zur Gravitation
Physical information, its relation to the constants in nature and gravitation
In der Physik liefern Experimente und Theorien Information. Solche Information ist eine Beziehung zwischen Objekten, Ereignissen oder Zuständen mit begrenzter Genauigkeit. Beispiele zeigen als kleinste Einheit eine Kombination aus dem Wirkungsquantum h und einer Energie. Gravitation kann dann auf die Kenntnis von Abständen und die dazugehörige Ener...
In physics, you find information with experiments and theories. Such information is a relationship between objects, events or conditions with restricted precision. Examples show as smallest unit a combination of the action-quantity h and an energy. Gravity then can be explained by the knowledge of distances and a related energy.
Rudolf Germer, ITPe.V., TU-Berlin, germer@physik.tu-berlin.de
Information kann sich in physikalischen Systemen maximal mit Lichtgeschwindigkeit
ausbreiten, egal in welcher Form dies geschieht. Es liegt dann nahe anzunehmen, daß
Photonen auch Informationen übertragen können. Physikalische Erkenntnis beruht auf dem Erlangen und Bearbeiten von Infor...
Die elektromagnetische und mechanische physikalische Beschreibung ist in Einklang mit der Idee, daß es eine kleinste Informationseinheit gibt, die als Beziehung zwischen zwei Objekten auftaucht. Eine solche Trinität finden wir auch beim Photon, es gibt einen zeitlichen Abstand zwischen elektrischen und magnetischen Feldern. Solch kleinste Informati...
Die klassische Physik enthält die Vorstellung, daß in der Natur alles unendlich genau vorgegeben ist und berechnet werden kann. Dies ist identisch mit der Annahme , daß unendlich viel Information vorliegt. In der Quantenphysik begrenzen die einzelnen Quanten die Informationsmenge und es gibt Unschärferelationen als Folge von einer begrenzten Menge...
Information is the background of physical laws and description. The difference between classical and quantum laws can be explained by the amount of information, which is present in nature.
Herr Vorsitzender, meine Damen und Herren! Herzlichen Dank, daß ich heute einige Gedanken vor-und Ihrer Kritik stellen darf. Verbunden damit ist das Vermitteln von Information. Auch in der Physik ist man daran interessiert, Informationen zu erlangen, gegebenenfalls dadurch, daß man mißt oder rechnet. Der Begriff Information wird oft mit Nachrichten...
ITP e.V. und TU-Berlin. DPG Kurzzeitphysik 2018 Wenn man die Welt physikalisch beschreibt, so geschieht dies mit dem Ziel, entweder Ergebnisse von Messungen vorherzusagen oder zu begründen. Die Grenzen solcher Information sind zwar häufig in unseren experimentellen oder mathematischen Fähigkeiten zu finden, aber es gibt solche Grenzen auch mit phys...
An advanced edge-based method of feature detection and extraction is developed for object description in digital images. It is useful for the comparison of different images of the same scene in aerial imagery, for describing and recognizing categories, for automatic building extraction and for finding the mutual regions in image matching. The metho...
The paper describes a novel method of localizing line segments and estimating their start and end points. The lines are ordered within the image by detecting the orientation of straight edges. Image processing structure is considered which includes directional gradient processing for obtaining straight lines from edges and filtering of lines with t...
The discharge in linear plasma X-ray flash tubes ( Sato tubes ) is simulated. For the geometry of a cylinder cathode outside and an anode in the centre, the electrical fields and potentials are calculated and the propagation of electrons are studied. Space charge limits the current in the initial phase strongly. Replacing the vacuum by plasma from...
The noise of today's CCD-cameras can be so small that the photon's shot noise is dominant. The size of possible grey steps is calculated. It depends on the intensity of light. If the picture has 100 grey steps, then the high of the detectable grey step is about 100times as large in the bright part of the picture compared with the smallest steps in...
In the plasma flash x-ray generator, a 200 nF condenser is charged up to 50 kV by a power supply, and flash x-rays are produced by the discharging. The x-ray tube is a demountable triode with a trigger electrode, and the turbomolecular pump evacuates air from the tube with a pressure of approximately 1 mPa. Target evaporation leads to the formation...
We show bubbles investigated with videography and multiple colour LED flash illumination. The short flashes show the propagation and development of the shape of the bubbles. The long flashes make the velocity vector of the bubbles directly visible and allow easy investigation of the unstable movement. If bubbles are used to reduce friction of ships...
The gadolinium plasma flash x-ray generator is useful for performing high-speed enhanced K-edge angiography using cone beams because K-series characteristic x-rays from the gadolinium target are absorbed effectively by iodine-based contrast media. In the flash x-ray generator, a 150 nF condenser is charged up to 80 kV by a power supply, and flash x...
Novel monochromatic x-ray generators and their applications to high-speed radiography are described. The five generators are as follows: a weakly ionized linear plasma x-ray generator, a monochromatic compact flash x-ray generator, a super-fluorescent plasma generator, a cerium x-ray generator using a 3.0-mm-thick aluminum filter, and a 100micron-f...
In the plasma flash x-ray generator, a 200 nF condenser is charged up to 50 kV by a power supply, and flash x-rays are produced by the discharging. The x-ray tube is a demountable triode with a trigger electrode, and the turbomolecular pump evacuates air from the tube with a pressure of approximately 1 mPa. Target evaporation leads to the formation...
In the plasma flash X-ray generator, a 200 nF condenser is charged up to 50 kV by a power supply, and flash X-rays are produced by the discharging. The X-ray tube is a demountable triode with a trigger electrode, and the turbomolecular pump evacuates air from the tube with a pressure of approximately 1 mPa. Target evaporation leads to the formation...
The high-voltage condensers in a polarity-inversion two-stage Marx surge generator are charged from -50 to -70 kV by a power supply, and the electric charges in the condensers are discharged to an x-ray tube after closing gap switches in the surge generator with a trigger device. The x-ray tube is a demountable diode, and the turbomolecular pump ev...
The tungsten plasma flash x-ray generator is useful in order to perform high-speed enhanced K-edge angiography using cone beams because Kalpha rays from the tungsten target are absorbed effectively by gadolinium-based contrast media. In the flash x-ray generator, a 150 nF condenser is charged up to 80 kV by a power supply, and flash x-rays are prod...
In the plasma flash x-ray generator, a 200 nF condenser is charged up to 50 kV by a power supply, and flash x-rays are produced by the discharging. The x-ray tube is a demountable triode with a trigger electrode, and the turbomolecular pump evacuates air from the tube with a pressure of approximately 1 mPa. Target evaporation leads to the formation...
Energy-selective high-speed radiography utilizing a kilohertz-range stroboscopic x-ray generator and its application to high-speed angiography are described. This generator consists of the following major components: a main controller, a condenser unit with a Cockcroft-Walton circuit, and an x-ray tube unit in conjunction with a grid controller. Th...
High-voltage condensers in a polarity-inversion two-stage Marx surge generator are charged from -50 to -70 kV using a power supply, and the electric charges in the condensers are discharged to an x-ray tube after closing the gap switches in the surge generator using a trigger device. The x-ray tube is a demountable diode, and the turbomolecular pum...
The high-voltage condensers in a polarity-inversion two-stage Marx surge generator are charged from -50 to -70 kV by a power supply, and the electric charges in the condensers are discharged to an x-ray tube after closing gap switches in the surge generator with a trigger device. The x-ray tube is a demountable diode, and the turbomolecular pump ev...
The fundamental experiments for measuring soft x-ray characteristics from the vacuum capillary are described. These experiments are primarily performed in order to generate intense soft x rays. The generator consists of a high-voltage power supply, a polarity-inversion ignitron pulse generator, a turbomolecular pump, and a radiation tube with a cap...
The cerium target plasma flash x-ray generator is useful in order to perform high-speed enhanced K-edge angiography using cone beams because K-series characteristic x rays from the cerium target are absorbed effectively by iodine-based contrast mediums. In the flash x-ray generator, a 150 nF condenser is charged up to 80 kV by a power supply, and f...
In the plasma flash x-ray generator, a 200 nF condenser is charged up to
50 kV by a power supply, and flash x rays are produced by the
discharging. The x-ray tube is a demountable triode with a trigger
electrode, and the turbomolecular pump evacuates air from the tube with
a pressure of approximately 1 mPa. Target evaporation leads to the
formation...
High-voltage condensers in a polarity-inversion two-stage Marx surge generator are charged from -40 to -60 kV using a power supply, and the electric charges in the condensers are discharged to an X-ray tube after closing the gap switches in the surge generator using a trigger device. The X-ray tube is a demountable diode, and the turbomolecular pum...
A fundamental study on quasi-monochromatic parallel radiography using a polycapillary plate and a copper-target X-ray tube is described. The X-ray generator consists of a negative high-voltage power supply, a filament (hot cathode) power supply, and an X-ray tube. The negative high-voltage is applied to the cathode electrode, and the anode electrod...
The development of a portable X-ray generator with a cerium-target tube and its application to angiography are described. The portable X-ray generator consists of a main controller, a unit with a Cock–Croft circuit and an X-ray tube, and a personal computer. Negative high voltages are applied to the cathode electrode in the X-ray tube, and the tube...
In the plasma flash X-ray generator, a high-voltage main condenser of approximately 200nF is charged up to 50kV by a power supply, and electric charges in the condenser are discharged to an X-ray tube after triggering the cathode electrode. Flash X-rays are then produced. The X-ray tube is a demountable triode connected to a turbo molecular pump wi...
In the plasma flash x-ray generator, high-voltage main condenser of about 200 nF is charged up to 55 kV by a power supply, and electric charges in the condenser are discharged to an x-ray tube after triggering the cathode electrode. The flash x-rays are then produced. The x-ray tube is of a demountable triode that is connected to a turbo molecular...
In the plasma flash x-ray generator, a high-voltage main condenser of approximately 200 nF is charged up to 50 kV by a power supply, and electric charges in the condenser are discharged to an x-ray tube after triggering the cathode electrode. The flash x-rays are then produced. The x-ray tube is a demountable triode that is connected to a turbo mol...
If a coaxial cable or a strip line has an open end, then the incoming signal is reflected there. Due to the propagation velocity, an incoming rectangular pulse has a length in space which depends on its length in time. If the pulse length is twice the cable length, then after the reflection at the end, the pulse energy is distributed in an electric...
In the plasma flash x-ray generator, a 200 nF condenser is charged up to 50 kV by a power supply, and flash x rays are produced by the discharging. The x-ray tube is a demountable triode with a trigger electrode, and the turbomolecular pump evacuates air from the tube with a pressure of approximately 1 mPa. Target evaporation leads to the formation...
A transformer is described, which is build of cables or lines. It can handle ns pulses and can transform voltages or currents in multiples of one. Furthermore it is possible to construct pulse shapes.
Light emitting diodes are very efficient sources of visible and infared light. They have small size and can be combined with fiber optical cables easily. Simple videography can use the wavelength range 400 nm - 1000 nm, which is covered totally by the LED. The speed of modern LED allows flashes shorter than 100 ns in the whole spectral range.
In the plasma flash x-ray generator, high-voltage main condenser of
about 200 nF is charged up to 50 kV by a power supply, and electric
charges in the condenser are discharged to an x-ray tube after
triggering the cathode electrode. The flash x-rays are then produced.
The x-ray tube is of a demountable triode that is connected to a turbo
molecular...
In the plasma flash x-ray generator, a high-voltage main condenser of approximately 200 nF is charged up to 55 kV by a power supply, and electric charges in the condenser are discharged to an x-ray tube after triggering the cathode electrode. The flash x-rays are then produced. The x-ray tube is a demountable triode that is connected to a turbo mol...
The speed to read out the data of a CCD camera limits applications for high speed videography. If the size of a picture is reduced and if parts of the sensitive area of a CCD are used to store the pictures before reading out, an picture sequence can be stored on a CCD and is available as a standard tv-signal. Cavitation bubbles in an ultrasonic wav...
When W. Schaaffs developed X-ray flash machines after World War II at Siemens in Germany, he used spark discharges in layers of liquid between solid plates as a nonmilitary test object. W. Schaaffs discovered the so-called compression ring in 1947 during his experiments with spark discharges. This paper discusses the construction of triode X-ray fl...
A fast digital two-channel pulse generator for controlling initiation and investigation of time-dependent processes is described. A gating pulse is periodically swept through the period of the excitation pulses, thereby chopping the initiated process into measurable quantities. The same quartz-controlled time base, used throughout the whole generat...
The author examines the problems of X-ray flash production and its applications, similar to those of continuous X-radiation. Special problems are the fast production of high X-ray intensities to produce detectable radiation and the high-voltage and high-current discharge circuits required. Anode voltages from some 10 kV to about 1 MV and currents u...
The shutter consists of cubic-phase lead lanthanum zirconate titanate (PLZT) ceramic operating in the quadratic mode between crossed polarisers and can be used from 0.4 to 8 mu due to the high optical transmission of the PLZT material. Typical minimum transmission pulse widths are 0.1 mu s in the visible and 1 mu s in the near infrared. They are no...
The response of CdS:Cu bistable optically controlled semiconductor switches to 10 ns laser pulses had been measured with green (532 nm), red (650 nm) and IR (1064 nm) excitation and pulse mixtures. In addition to light-stimulated conductivity the authors show a new mechanism: the stimulated switch-off with an infrared light pulse. With the present...
The design of semi-insulating GaAs photoconductive switches requires a knowledge of the physical properties of deep centers and their spatial distribution. A method which allows us to obtain the deep level parameters for different depths is Electron Beam Induced Current Transient Spectroscopy (EBICTS). This diagnostic method can be applied to any w...
A model for the high voltage breakdown of semiconductors is
developed which can be applied to new high power switches, which were
presented on the 18th ICHSPP, or to well known Zener diodes. Computer
calculations show that a breakdown may result in localiced current
streams. The distribution of the current is inhomogenious in general.
The current d...
The idea of a new high speed CCD-camera which was presented on the 17th ICHSPP1 is now realized and the system is avalaible on the market. In the present paper we show first experiments which demonstrate the impressive picture quality. The high speed video camera uses a frame transfer sensor. The sensing and the storage area on the chip is divided...
Photocurrents in the ampere range were generated and optically quenched,
respectively, in a new type of semiconductor switch on a nanosecond
timescale using two lasers of different wavelength. The semi-insulating
switch material is GaAs, doped with silicon and compensated with copper,
which forms sets of deep acceptors below the middle of the band...
The diffusive decay of a gaussian excitation profile was studied by collinear beam deflection. An effective diffusion coefficient Deff = 30±2 (mm2 s-1) was inferred. A refractive transient nonlinear in pump pulse energy was observed.
We show and demonstrate a new concept of a Bistable Optically controlled Semiconductor Switch : BOSS. The switch can be turned on and off with light pulses of different wavelengths in a nanosecond time scale. The calculations promise high current ( MA )and high voltage ( '100kV ) feasibilities. We use a control mechanism of the whole bulk material...
Silicon‐doped n‐type gallium arsenide crystals, compensated with diffused copper, were studied with respect to their application as photoconductive, high‐power closing switches. The attractive features of GaAs:Cu switches are their high dark resistivity, their efficient activation with Nd:YAG laser radiation, and their microsecond conductivity deca...
Turn‐on and turn‐off of bulk semiconductor switches, based on excitation and quenching of photoconductivity, respectively, have been demonstrated with copper‐doped II‐VI semiconductor crystals. The increase of the conductivity (turn‐on) was realized with a xenon flash‐lamp pulse of 15‐μs duration. A reduction of the conductivity (turn‐off) was obta...
A concept for a bulk semiconductor switch is presented, where the conductivity is increased and reduced, respectively, through illumination with light of different wavelengths. The increase in conductivity is accomplished by electron ionization from deep centers and generation of bound holes. The reduction of conductivity is obtained by hole ioniza...
A concept for an optically controlled closing and opening switch is presented where laser radiation is not used to sustain the switch conductance, but to drive the switch into and out of the conductive state. The concept is based on photoexcitation of electrons and holes, respectively from deep centers. Photoconductance measurements on cadmium sulf...
The serial signal readout limitations experienced in high speed CCD TV camera photography are presently addressed by three different techniques. The use of the frame-transfer technique allows the taking of two images within a time interval of only about 400 microsec. CCD electronic image storage allows the implementation of stroboscopic illuminatio...
Two concepts for externally controlled bulk semiconductor switches are discussed. One concept is based on electron-beam ionization of direct semiconductors with a negative differential electron mobility region in their velocity-field strength characteristic (e.g. GaAs). The e-beam is injected through one of the contacts in direction of the applied...
It is found that the preparation of CCD TV-camera sensors with an X-ray converter screen directly on the surface increases the sensitivity and spatial resolution for shorter X-ray wavelengths; the dynamic range is increased by a factor of 20. Single photon detection is possible for X-rays greater than 10 keV. A spatial resolution better than 25 lp/...
Extremely narrow fine structures in the absorption, emission, and excitation spectra of the Ni2+ transitions 3T1(F)⇆ 3T1(P) and 3T1(F)⇆ 3A2(F) have been achieved by doping CdS and ZnS crystals with very small concentrations of nickel impurities. The incorporation of up to five different nickel isotopes leads to the appearance of clearly resolved is...
An imaging CCD (charge coupled device) camera for soft x‐ray detection has been constructed. The principle used is the conversion of x‐rays to visible light in a GdO 2 S:Tb screen which covers the CCD surface. The achieved detective quantum efficiency was about 9% at the wavelength λ=4.5 nm.
Semiconductor devices are sensitive to X-rays. Array sensors can be constructed with integrated circuits as CCD's. Their application -to X-ray imaging is discussed especially to get a high spatial resolution. This is shown to be possible with some 10 μm resolution using a CCD-sensor covered with a converter screen. Furthermore such a screen protect...
An X-ray-acoustic detector was realized which is sensitive for extremely soft X-ray flashes (5 eV - 10 keV, T < 1 μS). The total dose of the flash is measured by the X-ray acoustic effect. The absorbed energy induces an acoustical pulse which is registered with a microphone. The microphone signal depends on the absorbed energy only. It is independe...
An x‐ray acoustic detector was found to be sensitive to extremely soft x‐ray flashes (5 eV–10 keV, T≤1 μs). The total dose of the flash is measured by the x‐ray acoustic effect. The absorbed energy induces an acoustical pulse that is registered with a microphone. The microphone signal only depends on the absorbed energy. It is independent of the wa...
The zero-phonon line (ZPL) at 4615 cm-1 in the absorption spectrum of n-type GaAs:Ni has been measured under uniaxial stress and magnetic field. The observed ZPL splittings conclusively demonstrate that the ZPL is due to the Γ7(2T2)→Γ8(2E) intracenter transition of isolated Ni+(3d9), thus confirming that the doubly ionized state of the Ni acceptor...
When a condensor is discharged between two electrodes in a thin Layer of liquid, a light flash is produced. The light emission is detected with a fast silicon detector filtered for red, green and blue light. The spark discharge and the shock waves in the liquid layer are photographed with X-ray flashes. The energy transfer to the gas plasma is much...
Wire explosions in 2 mm or 4 mm thick layers of H2O contained between a plate of 10 mm lucite and a thin metal plate (some 0.1 mm thick) are studied by X-ray flash photography. A slowly propagating one dimensional liquid wave is induced. Its formation and propagation can be studied with these pictures. The slow propagation velocity is explained by...
The influence of X-ray Flashes on the germinative faculty of cress seeds has been studied. The experiments show that the radiation damage produced by X-ray flashes (τ < 0,5 μs) is much stronger than the influence of continuous radiation if the absorbed dose is the same. With a dose of about 0.3 Gy, it is possible to reduce ther germinative faculty...
The main local vibration of F centers and M centers are calculated with the use of a simple spring-mass model. The model is applicable if the displacement of the surrounding ions from their lattice position is small. At the nodal points of the vibrations the surrounding region is replaced by a fixed wall. The respective spring constants are derived...
La dépendance en fréquence du signal photoacoustique est utilisée pour étudier la relaxation non radiative du rubis (Al2O3 : Cr3+). Une corrélation quantitative avec des données optiques indique que, pour T ≥ 200 K, le rendement quantique total de la fluorescence n'est pas déterminé exclusivement par la relaxation (2E→4A2). The modulation frequency...
Measurements are reported of the magnetization, magnetic ordering, and optical absorption of mixed single crystals of Dy(P1-xVx)O4. This compound is shown to be a good example of a system with random spin anisotropy. In contrast to the results on Fe1-xCoxCl2, no tetracritical point is found, and long-range magnetic order is destroyed by rather smal...
By doping highly perfect single crystals of several II–VI compounds with small concentrations of nickel, very narrow zero phonon lines — due to the transition 3T1(F) ⇌ 3T1(P) in Ni2+— could be obtained in emission and absorption. The use of different nickel-isotopes lead to different clearly resolved lines. The exact position of these lines includi...
The Zeeman effect of the 3T1(P) state of Ni2+(3d8) in cubic ZnS has been investigated in absorption, under magnetic fields up to 10 T, where complete mixing of the Gamma 5 and Gamma 3 spin-orbit zero field states occurs. The analysis supports a previous suggestion that a dynamic Jahn-Teller effect occurs in the excited 3T1(P) state.
Selected, differently doped and annealed cubic ZnS monocrystals exhibit a structured luminescence in the spectral region between 815 and 1150 nm. At 4 K more than 70 lines with typical linewidths of only 3–5 cm−1 could be resolved. The influence of temperature, of magnetic fields up to B = 10T, and of irradiation with additional light were studied,...
A solar simulator lamp has been designed to overcome the difficulties
associated with the xenon high-pressure lamp in the simulation of the
solar spectrum and intensity in the development of solar energy
conversion technology. The 250-W lamp has a spectrum more similar to
that of the sun as seen from the earth's surface than does a xenon lamp,
with...
With magnetic flux densities up to 10 T, Zeeman experiments are carried out on CdS: Ni2+ crystals at low temperatures. Shifts and splittings of the 3T1(F) → 3T1(P) absorption components are studied in polarized light for H ‖ c and H ⟂ c orientation. The static crystal field theory is not a sufficient theoretical concept to interpret the findings, d...
With magnetic flux densities up to 10 T, Zeeman experiments are carried out on CdS:Ni**2** plus crystals at low temperatures. Shifts and splittings of the **3T//1(F) yields **3T//1(P) absorption components are studied in polarized light for H parallel c and H PERPEND c orientation. The static crystal field theory is not a sufficient theoretical con...
The Zeeman effect was measured at the 3T1(F) -->3T1(P) absorption band of Ni2+ with hexagonal CdS, ZnO and ZnS, and with cubic ZnS. At T = 1.6 K, perfect crystals weakly doped with Ni show absorption lines with some cm-1 line widths only. The results allow us to decide between different interpretations of absorption lines, using crystal field theor...
Exploding wires produce shock waves in thin layers of liquid between plane solid plates and induce compression phenomen. principally similar to those induced by spark discharges. Specific differences and typical phenomena of wire explosions can be detected using soft X-ray flashes. The interaction of several shock waves leads to compression and cav...
Spark discharges in thin layers of liquid between solid electrode plates produce compression rings due to interaction of different shock waves. The waves are detected with fast microphones. Small piezoelectric ceramic indicators are used 40-350 mm distant from the discharge. For the nearer surrounding magnetostrictive microphones with acoustic dela...
Spark discharges in thin layers of liquid can produce compression areas, that are stable for more than 100 μs. Examinations with X-ray flashes, piezoelectric pressure indicators and laser-“Schlieren”-optics show, that the reason is an interaction of shock-waves. An attempt is made to explain the experimental results and build-up of compression area...
In the excitation spectrum of the green emission band of ZnO:Cu crystals, zero phonon lines have been detected for the first time. In the liquid-helium temperature range, a line with Δ = 2 cm−1 at λ = 433.5 nm coincides with the well-known zero-phonon line of the emission. Additional lines are located at 432.2 and 431.4 nm. In a distance of 525 cm−...
A simple method for the fabrication of interdigital evaporation masks is described. The accuracy of the electrode separation is better than 5% at a separation of 0.2 mm. A minimum electrode width of 0.1 mm can be achieved with this method.
A hot gas plasma is created by a dielectric spark discharge through a thin layer of liquid between planar electrodes. Normally the plasma is encircled by a ring of highly compressed matter. For the building up of this compression ring solidification cannot be the cause. This work shows the importance of the front of the compression ring and the nec...
An electrical spark discharge is made in a liquid between plane plates. Thereby a hot gas plasma is formed which is surrounded by a ring of highly compressed liquid. These compression rings are photographed with X-ray flashes. Investigation of the rheological properties of the liquid in the compression rings shows that normally they are under press...
When an electrical spark discharge is produced in a thin layer of liquid between planar electrodes, a hot gas plasma arises, encircled by a compression ring of dense liquid. The present work concerns the production of shock waves by such a compression ring, which is in a thermodynamically unstable state: it disintegrates spontanously by oscillating...
