Roy La Touche

• PT, MSc, PhD
• CSEU La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

BACKGROUND - OBJECTIVE This study investigated the use of social networks as educational tools in the university environment, with the aim of designing and validating the Questionnaire of Satisfaction with Educational Activities Performed on Social Networks (CuSAERS). METHODS Employing a mixed and sequential methodology, we explored the perceptio...

Frailty is a key concept in geriatric care; yet its definition and assessment remain debated. Since the early 2000s, two main models have emerged: the Fried frailty phenotype, focusing on physical deficits, and the Mitnitski frailty index, which incorporates broader health factors. These divergent approaches have led to over 50 frailty instruments,...

Background and Objectives: Exercise-induced hypoalgesia (EIH) is a topic of interest in the scientific community. This umbrella review aimed to analyze EIH research and compare it with public dissemination on X. Materials and Methods: We selected relevant EIH reviews that included a healthy population or patients with pain and studied exercise inte...

Objective Explore motor imagery (MI) abilities in healthy older adults compared with healthy younger adults. Methods A systematic review with meta-analysis. Results Twenty-seven cross-sectional studies were included. Meta-analyses explored MI abilities between healthy older and younger adults for the ability to generate kinesthetic (60–70 years:...

Background There is a physiological association of the neck movements and jaw and tongue movements. However, there are no previous data regarding the performance of the tongue when the neck is under a lack of movement condition. Objective To quantify the tongue's maximal strength and mobility under an experimental restriction of cervical mobility....

Previous research has focused on the possibility of cervical dysfunction in migraine patients, similar to what is observed in patients with tension-type headaches. However, there is no evidence concerning the physical function of other body regions, even though lower levels of physical activity have been reported among migraine patients. The aim of...

Objective: The objective of this study was to examine the effect of observing actions at different speeds on the speed of motor task performance in subsequent actions. Methods: Sixty individuals, divided equally between those with non-specific chronic low back pain (NSCLBP) and asymptomatic subjects, were enrolled. Participants were further split i...

The main objective was to perform a description of the potential biobehavioral factors that influence disability in patients with migraines and develop a multimodal physiotherapy treatment proposal incorporating therapeutic education and exercise prescription, applying a biobehavioral approach. This manuscript highlights the complex interplay betwe...

Chronic non-specific low back pain (NSCLBP) is linked to sensorimotor dysfunctions and altered motor planning, likely due to neuroplastic changes. Motor imagery (MI) and movement execution share neural pathways, but the relationship between imagined and executed movements in NSCLBP patients remains underexplored. This study aimed to assess the temp...

Objective There is no established consensus for screening the spine in patients with shoulder pain. The aim of this study was to explore the role of the spine in shoulder pain and generate a set of recommendations for assessing the potential involvement of the spine in patients with shoulder pain. Methods A modified Delphi study was conducted thro...

Objective To analyze the perceived benefits and limitations of a pain psychoeducation program as a non-pharmacological treatment for patients with fibromyalgia. Methods An interpretative phenomenological analysis was applied to analyze the subjective experiences of 11 patients with fibromyalgia who participated in a pain psychoeducation program. T...

Introduction: The concept of frailty has been investigated in recent years. Currently, frailty in the elderly is understood as the presence of vulnerability to the occurrence of health-related adverse events. It was originally conceived as a construct dependent on the patient’s physical parameters. However, it is currently conceived on the basis of...

Background: Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a prevalent musculoskeletal issue that could lead to significant disability. CLBP involves persistent pain and psychological factors contributing to its complexity. Therapeutic education combining cognitive-behavioral approaches may aid in managing CLBP. Objectives: This systematic review evaluates the ef...

Osteopathy is categorized as complementary and alternative medicine. It is a profession which is presentin most countries, with a variety of practices and regulations. While it is sometimes integrated withinother disciplines of manual therapy, such as physiotherapy, unlike the latter, osteopathy continues to be based on philosophical principles tha...

Objective The purpose of this research was to design and psychometrically validate a new instrument (the Biobehavioural Pain and Movement Questionnaire/BioPMovQ), which assesses the relationship between pain and various factors related to motor behaviour from a biobehavioural perspective. Methods A mixed-method design combining a qualitative study...

Objective To compare various exercise modalities’ efficacy on migraine frequency, intensity, duration, and disability. Background Exercise has been shown to be an effective intervention to reduce migraine symptoms and disability; however, no clear evidence exists regarding the most effective exercise modalities for migraine treatment. Methods A s...

Previous research has focused on the possibility of cervical dysfunction in migraine patients, similar to what is observed in patients with tension-type headaches. However, there is no evidence concerning the physical function of other body regions, even though lower levels of physical activity have been reported among migraine patients. The aim of...

Practitioners have begun using motor imagery (MI) for preventing and treating some pelvic floor disorders. Due to requirements for imagining before performing a MI intervention and because there are few instruments available for assessing this specific ability in the pelvic floor musculature, we sought to develop and test a new MI questionnaire, th...

Background Cerebral palsy (CP) refers to a group of permanent movement and posture disorders. Motor imagery (MI) therapy is known to provide potential benefits, but data on MI ability in children and adolescents with CP is lacking. Objective A systematic review was performed to explore MI abilities in children and adolescents with CP compared to t...

We aimed to describe the potential bio-behavioral factors influencing disability in patients with migraine and present a multimodal physiotherapy treatment proposal incorporating therapeutic education and exercise prescription employing a bio-behavioral approach. This manuscript highlights the complex interplay between migraine and physical activit...

Introducción: La artritis idiopática juvenil es la enfermedad reumática crónica más común. El síntoma principal que padecen sus pacientes es el dolor, ubicado en diferentes zonas. Pese a ser la patología reumática más prevalente en niños no está muy estudiada desde las diferentes capacidades cognitivas, emocionales, somatosensoriales, motoras o bio...

Introducción: Entre los síntomas más frecuentes que aparecen en pacientes con síndrome de post-COVID persistente destaca la presencia de dolor musculoesquelético, pero actualmente existe una falta de evidencia sobre el impacto de la presencia de este síntoma sobre otras variables cognitivas, afectivas, funcionales y de discapacidad. En base a ello,...

Esta editorial reflexiona sobre el papel de los sesgos atencionales y las estrategias de distracción en la percepción y gestión del dolor. En el texto se resalta la participación de la hipervigilancia y el sesgo atencional, en el contexto de dolor crónico como un factor influyente en la percepción del dolor. El papel de las técnicas de distracción,...

Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify the possible relationships between psychological, pain, and disability variables with respect to the perception of change/recovery from physiotherapy in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP). Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was performed with 150 patients. All patients c...

Introduction: Decision making and action execution both rely on sensory information, and their primary objective is to minimise uncertainty. Virtual reality (VR) introduces uncertainty due to the imprecision of perceptual information. The concept of "sensorimotor uncertainty" is a pivotal element in the interplay between perception and action with...

Context: There are no available questionnaires in Spanish that assess the function and performance of shoulder and elbow in overhead sports. The Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic (KJOC) score is a reference tool for this purpose. We aimed to cross-culturally adapt and investigate its measurement properties in Spanish overhead athletes. Design: Cros...

The purpose of this study is to present the development and analysis of the factorial structure and psychometric properties of a new self-administered questionnaire (Dizziness Fear-Avoidance Behaviours and Beliefs Inventory (D-FABBI)) designed to measure fear-avoidance behaviors and cognitions related to dizziness disability. A mixed-method design...

Purpose: The aim of this review was to provide a qualitative and quantitative overview of the effects of exercise on pain, physical function, and quality of life for patients with knee and hip osteoarthritis. Materials and methods: This study was an umbrella and mapping review with meta-meta-analysis. Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trial...

RESUMEN El presente manuscrito resalta el papel crítico del ejercicio terapéutico en la fisioterapia, delineando su evolución histórica y proponiendo reflexiones para mejorar su implementación en la práctica clínica, la academia y la gestión organizativa. El texto destaca figuras históricas como Per Henrik Ling, pionero del ejercicio terapéutico en...

La implementación de razonamiento clínico basado en la modificación de síntomas requiere que los fisioterapeutas tengan un conocimiento profundo sobre terapia manual ortopédica y otras técnicas de tratamiento. Este tipo de razonamiento se basa en tres principios fundamentales: individualidad del paciente, interacción dinámica y evaluación continua....

Objective: The goal of this study was to reach consensus about the best exercise prescription parameters, the most relevant considerations, and other recommendations that could be useful for prescribing exercise to patients with migraine. Methods: This was an international study conducted between April 9, 2022 and June 30, 2022. An expert panel...

The main objective of this clinical practice guideline is to provide a series of recommendations for healthcare and exercise professionals, such as neurologists, physical therapists, and exercise physiologists, regarding exercise prescription for patients with migraine. This guideline was developed following the methodology and procedures recommend...

Background: Burnout syndrome has been extensively studied in different health science professions. It has been less studied in physiotherapy than in professions such as medicine. Moreover, it is not known how the working condition influences this syndrome. Objective: The main objective of this study was to compare the burnout index between contr...

Primary chronic pain is a major contributor to disability worldwide, with an estimated prevalence of 20-33% of the world's population. The high socioeconomic impact of musculoskeletal pain justifies seeking an appropriate therapeutic strategy. Immersive virtual reality (VR) has been proposed as a first-line intervention for chronic musculoskeletal...

Objectives: The aim was to evaluate the influence of the level of disability on sensorimotor and psychological variables in nonspecific chronic low back pain (NCLBP). Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was performed with 90 participants, divided into one group with NCLBP (60 participants) and one asymptomatic group (30 participants)....

The main objective of this clinical practice guideline is to provide a series of recommendations for healthcare and exercise professionals, such as neurologists, physical therapists, and conditioning coaches, regarding exercise prescription for patients with migraine. This guideline was developed following the methodology and procedures recommended...

The aim of this meta-meta-analysis was to assess the current evidence regarding the effect of physical therapy (PT) interventions on pain and functional variables in temporomandibular disorders (TMD). We conducted an umbrella systematic review (SR) and four meta-meta-analyses (MMA) and created an evidence map to determine the effectiveness of PT on...

We thank the effort conducted by Gutierrez-Arias et al¹ with the aim of improving scientific aspects in the search for finding the truth—in this case, due to an epistemological problem. They performed an in-depth exploration of our analysis² in the context of a hot topic in the field of umbrella reviews: the influence of overlapping primary studies...

The aim was to assess the impact of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on patients with musculoskeletal disorders. We conducted a search of Medline, Embase, PEDro and Google Scholar. We conducted a meta-analysis to determine the effectiveness of HIIT on pain intensity, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max), disability, and quality of life (QoL)...

Background Migraine is the second leading cause of disability worldwide, engendering a high economic cost in developed countries. The adverse events related to pharmacological treatment use have increased interest in non-pharmacological interventions such as exercise. YouTube offers a public source of information for migraine patients regarding exe...

The main aim of this study was to assess whether self-efficacy (SE) and outcome expectations (OEs) modulate the hypoalgesic effect induced by motor imagery (MI). A total of 75 asymptomatic participants were randomly assigned to the positive (SE+, OE+), negative (SE−, OE−) or nonexpectation (CG) groups. Heat pain threshold (HPT) and pain pressure th...

The frequency of a high Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI) total score and the prevalence of pain have already been established among breast cancer survivors (BCS). However, the psychological factors’ influence based on the clinical features of pain is still unknown, as well as BCS characteristics with no pain. Thus, our main aim was to evaluate...

Objective: This paper presents a preliminary study about verbal behaviour of a physiotherapist exploring possibilities of a system of coding verbal behaviour developed before to study verbal behaviour of psychologists Methods: Principal variable verbal behaviour of physiotherapist was coded using Frojan’s the categorization system of the therapist...

En términos generales las habilidades clínicas en fisioterapia se pueden englobar en tres dimensiones: a) las habilidades para la realización de la evaluación del paciente; b) habilidades técnicas para los procedimientos prácticos; y c) habilidades de comunicación y gestión (Michels et al., 2012). Los estudiantes de fisioterapia adquieren las habil...

Objectives: The main objective of this study was to evaluate the laterality recognition of the body parts “hands”, “neck” and “feet” based on the response time and accuracy of left/right body-part judgments with performance compared across three age groups. The secondary objective was to calculate within age correlations between the time and accura...

En esta editorial se propone una definición contemporánea del concepto de entrenamiento funcional desarrollada desde el paradigma de las ciencias aplicadas a la rehabilitación. Además de la definición se describen características del entrenamiento funcional. Dentro de esta definición, se integran dos subdivisiones: 1) entrenamiento funcional basado...

Introduction: An umbrella review with meta-meta-analyses (MMAs) was conducted to assess the current evidence for the effects of neural mobilisation (NM) treatments. Methods: Three MMAs were conducted to determine the effects of NM on pain intensity and disability in patients with musculoskeletal disorders and on mechanosensitivity in asymptomatic...

Background There is a lack of standardized criteria for diagnosing Rotator Cuff Related Shoulder Pain (RCRSP). Objective To identify the most relevant clinical descriptors for diagnosing RCRSP. Methods A Delphi study was conducted through use of an international physical therapists expert panel. A 3-round Delphi survey involving an international...

La grave crisis sanitaria que sufre el mundo actualmente a consecuencia de la COVID-19 está afectando todas las esferas sociales y profesionales. Durante los meses más complicados de la pandemia se han adoptado muchas medidas de aislamiento y modificación de las actividades diarias. Una medida generalizada que se esta implementando en casi todo el...

Históricamente las disciplinas profesionales asociadas a las ciencias de la rehabilitación se forman y se estructuran entorno a la prevención, mantenimiento y recuperación de las funciones perdidas. La pérdida de una función disminuida conlleva un proceso de entrenamiento catalogado terminológicamente como reentrenamiento, reeducación y más recient...

Background: We aimed to determine the presence of alexithymia in patients with craniofacial pain (CFP) compared with asymptomatic individuals. Our secondary aims were to assess the relationship of alexithymia with anxiety and depression levels, as well as to assess the presence of facial emotion recognition deficit. Methods: Medline, Scielo and Goo...

Objective To investigate the prevalence of first dorsal interosseous myofascial trigger point (MTrP) in patients with thumb carpometacarpal osteoarthritis (CMC OA). Methods Fifty subjects participated in the study, 25 with thumb CMC OA and 25 without thumb CMC OA. Participants were examined to identify first dorsal interosseous MTrP through palpat...

Purpose: The main objective was to assess the hypoalgesic effect of adding blood flow restriction (BFR) training with or without motor imagery (MI) to moderate-intensity exercise. The secondary objective was to analyze the correlations of the pain pressure thresholds (PPTs) regarding perceived pain intensity, perceived fatigue, and cuff pressure di...

Objective: The present trial aimed to compare the effects of the mobilisation of the nervous system (NS) to those of a soft-tissue intervention in subjects exposed to an experimentally induced hyperalgesia of the masticatory muscles. Methods: The study was a single-blinded randomised controlled trial. A total of 49 participants (mean ± SD age: 4...

En este planteamiento teórico se propone un diseño y re-conceptualización de la experiencia dolorosa manteniendo el enfoque multidimensional, pero introduciendo una dimensión más, que se denomina “comportamiento motor”. La dimensión del comportamiento motor incluye todas los procesos y respuestas asociadas a la experiencia dolorosa que pueden manif...

Objetive: The main objective of this study was to analyze whether there were differences in dynamic balance and postural stability in relation to the level of disability in patients with chronic low back pain. Methodss: This is an observational study in which 60 patients with nonspecific chronic low back pain were included. All patients received a...

Objective To develop a mapping and umbrella review with a meta-meta-analysis (MMA) to critically evaluate the current evidence of motor imagery (MI), action observation and mirror therapy (MT) on pain intensity. Methods The study involved a systematic search of PubMed, PEDro, Scielo, EBSCO and Google Scholar, Results Ten systematic reviews were i...

Background: The Craniofacial Pain and Disability Inventory (CF-PDI) is a cross-culturally adapted instrument designed from a biopsychosocial perspective to measure pain, disability, and function in orofacial head and neck pain with shown psychometric properties; however, the German cross-cultural adaption is lacking. Objectives: To carry out a t...

Purpose: The main objective was to compare the effects of neural mobilization (NM), NM performed through mirror therapy (MT), NM performed through action observation (AO) training and finally classic rehabilitation program (mobility and strength) exercises on neural mechanosensitivity, widespread of proximal and distal pain and pressure pain thres...

The aim of the study was to perform a mapping and umbrella review with meta-meta-analysis (MMA) to synthesise and critically evaluate the effectiveness of manual therapy (MT) and aerobic exercise (AE) in relation to pain intensity, frequency, disability and quality of life in patients with migraines, tension-type headaches (TTH) and cervicogenic he...

Introduction Dance has been linked in a complex manner to pain and the physical and psychological peculiarities of this discipline could influence pain perception and chronicity of pain. Objective To determine the differences in cognitive, emotional, and somatosensory symptoms between dancers with acute vs chronic pain. Design A cross sectional s...

INTRODUCTIONː The objective was to assess the impact of movement representation techniques (MRT) through motor imagery (MI), action observation (AO) and visual mirror feedback (VMF) and cross-education training (CE) on strength, range of motion (ROM), speed, functional state and balance during experimental immobilisation processes in healthy indivi...

Tongue strength has an important role in the swallowing process, and previous research has suggested that tongue position, concerning the craniomandibular region, could affect the oral function. This study aimed to evaluate the strength and endurance of three areas of the tongue in three experimentally induced craniocervical postures. A cross-secti...

The main aim was to assess the short-term efects of active-tDCS (a-tDCS) in the primary motor cortex (anodal stimulation-M1) on sensorimotor variables. These variables included discriminative sensation through the two-point discrimination (2-PD) test, tactile acuity threshold and pressure pain threshold (PPT), and electromyographic (EMG) activity c...

Objective Telerehabilitation is an option that should be adapted as soon as possible in order to face the crisis caused by COVID-19. An umbrella and mapping review with meta–meta-analysis (MMA) of the available scientific evidence was performed to determine if telerehabilitation could be an effective alternative to conventional rehabilitation in ph...

Introduction One of the factors contributing to transformation of migraine are sleep disorders, which can act as a trigger and/or perpetuating factor in these patients. This study’s primary objective was to identify predictive factors related to sleep quality in patients with chronic migraine (CM); the secondary objective was to identify any differ...

Objective: The main aim was to assess motor learning process comparing action observation (AO), motor imagery (MI), and double time of MI (2MI) at post-and at 1-week post-intervention through Purdue-Pegboard test. The secondary objectives were to assess if improvements enhanced the ability to imagine and the perceived fatigue. Methods: 20 healthy s...

Objective Peripheral facial palsy (PFP) is predominantly a unilateral disorder of the facial nerve, which can lead to psychological disorders that can result in decreased quality of life. The aim of this systematic review was to assess anxiety, depression and quality of life symptoms associated with PFP. Data sources We searched the Medline, PEDro...

Objective The primary objective was to compare the difference in autonomic nervous system (ANS) response between motor imagery (MI) group and action observation (AO) group. Both consisted of two subgroups: the control subgroup (CG), which consisted of asymptomatic individuals, and the patient subgroup (PG), which consisted of patients with chronic...

The main aim was to investigate the influence of various distracting stimuli on the endurance-strength and fatigue of the lumbar region in asymptomatic participants. Fifty-four healthy individuals were randomized to three groups: auditory distraction group (ADG), visual distraction group (VDG) and control group without distraction (CG). Lumbar musc...

To assess the current evidence on motor imagery (MI) and action observation (AO) and their influence on functional variables. We conducted 3 meta-meta-analyses (MMA) to determine the effectiveness of MI and AO on arm functionality, performance on activities of daily living and gait mobility in stroke patients. For arm functionality, MMA revealed a...

The aim was to perform a translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and psychometric evaluation of the Spanish version of the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia for Temporomandibular Disorders (TSK-TMD-S). The study sample included 110 patients with TMD. We translated and cross-culturally adapted the TSK-TMD-S using standard methodology and analysed its int...

Objective The purpose of this study is to present the development and analysis of the factorial structure and psychometric properties of a new self-administered questionnaire (Therapeutic Alliance in Physiotherapy Questionnaire-Patients [CAF-P]) designed to measure therapeutic alliance in physiotherapy. Methods The sample included 204 patients wit...

To assess neck disability with respect to jaw disability, craniocervical position, cervical alignment, and sensorimotor impairments in patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD), a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies trials were conducted. The meta-analysis showed statistically significant differences in the associatio...

Several studies have shown an association between psychosocial variables and functional capacity in chronic pain processes such as osteoarthritis. The aim of this study was to test a structural equations model that shows the predictive weight of certain variables such as catastrophizing, self-efficacy and kinesiophobia on functional pain and WOMAC...

Objective: The purpose of this study was to develop a scale to measure patient adherence to physical therapist intervention and to report psychometric properties in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Methods: This observational, multicenter, qualitative, and cross-sectional study was divided into 2 phases: development of scale items (content va...

Objective Greater trochanteric pain syndrome (GTPS) is a common condition that can cause lateral hip pain. The single-leg-squat test (SLST) may be used by physicians in primary care environments to evaluate patients’ dynamic stability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dynamic stability and strength of lateral abduction hip movements in pri...

The present work is the first study that assess long run change after motor learning. The study’s main objective was to evaluate the short to medium-term impact of motor imagery (MI) and action observation (AO) on motor learning of a sequence of thumb-opposition tasks of increasing complexity. We randomly assigned 45 participants to an AO, MI, or p...

Background: Patients with nonspecific chronic low back pain (NCLBP) have greater difficulty generating kinesthetic and visual motor imagery. Objectives: The main aim of this study was to determine whether the ability to generate mental motor imagery (MIab) influences psychological, motor, and disability variables in patients with NCLBP. The seco...

Objective: The aim of this systematic review was to analyze the effectiveness of exercise and manual therapy interventions in patients with disc displacement without reduction. Method: The authors performed a systematic review of Medline, EMBASE, PEDro, CINAHL, and Google Scholar databases. Two independent reviewers conducted the eligibility and qu...

The hand pain experienced by patients with hand osteoarthritis (OA) is often accompanied by hypersensitivity and sings of peripheral and central sensitization. The European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) published a systematic literature review that summarized the current non-pharmacological, pharmacological and surgical approaches for the mana...

Históricamente la concepción profesional de la fisioterapia se asienta a través de la utilización de la terapia manual y ejercicio como medios terapéuticos principales para recuperar a pacientes con diversos trastornos (Hansson & Ottosson, 2015; Shaik & Maniyat Shemjaz, 2014). Los términos movimiento y ejercicio están directamente relacionados con...

Objetivo: El objetivo principal del presente estudio fue evaluar la capacidad de generar imágenes mentales motoras entre bailarines profesionales y sujetos sedentarios. El objetivo secundario fue evaluar la relación entre la capacidad de generar imágenes mentales motoras y la cronometría mental. Diseño: Estudio observacional transversal. Marco: Con...

Background The main objective of this study was to assess painful memory as well as long‐term episodic memory, both in patients with chronic pain (CP) and in asymptomatic participants (AP). Methods A prospective cohort study design was used. Sixty‐eight participants were divided into two groups: CP (n = 34) and AP (n = 34). The protocol consisted...

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of cervical exercise, motor imagery (MI) and action observation (AO) of cervical exercise actions on conditioned pain modulation and pressure pain thresholds. The second objective was to assess the effects of these interventions on cervical motor activity (ranges of motion and muscle endurance),...

Objective To assess the effectiveness of cervical manual therapy (MT) on patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) and to compare cervico-craniomandibular MT vs cervical MT. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis (MA). Methods A search in PubMed, EMBASE, PEDro, and Google Scholar was conducted with an end date of February 2019. Two ind...

Objectives Low back pain (LBP) is the most prevalent musculoskeletal problem, which implies a high rate of chronicity. The chronicity of symptoms can lead to pain expansion. The main objective of this study was to assess whether there were differences between patients with nonspecific chronic LBP (CLBP) who sought healthcare compared to those who d...

Objectives The objective was to explore whether action observation (AO) and motor imagery (MI) of aerobic and isometric exercise could induce hypoalgesic responses in asymptomatic individuals compared with placebo observation (PO). Methods A randomized controlled pilot trial was designed. Twenty-four healthy participants (mean age = 21.9 ± 2.1 yea...

Objective: To identify assessment tools used to evaluate patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) considered to be clinically most useful by a panel of international experts in TMD physical therapy (PT). Methods: A Delphi survey method administered to a panel of international experts in TMD PT was conducted over three rounds from October...

Background and objective: Movement representation techniques such as motor imagery (MI) and action observation (AO) could play an important role in the field of rehabilitation of patients with musculoskeletal pain; however, the effects of these tools on clinical pain remain unclear. Our objective is therefore to develop a systematic review and met...

Objectives: The main objective was to evaluate the effects of action observation (AO), visual mirror feedback (VMF), and motor imagery (MI), combined with an orofacial exercise program, on sensorimotor variables in asymptomatic participants. Methods: We designed a randomized, single-blind, controlled trial that included 52 asymptomatic participants...