Roy G D'Andrade

• Ph.D. Social Anthropology
• University of California, San Diego

Melford Eliot Spiro, born in 1920 in Ohio to Jewish immigrants, died in La Jolla in October 2014. His parents moved to Minnesota where he attended the University of Minnesota, majoring in philosophy. He received his PhD from Northwestern University in 1950. Spiro was especially interested in the philosophy of science, having a strong interest in an...

Personal Values in the Ukraine and the USAThe University of ConnecticutThe Ukrainian ScalesDiscussionReferences

istic framework as other aspects of culture, this paper attempts to test a series of hypotheses concerning supernatural beliefs by means of the cross-cultural method.2 Before explaining the methods and presenting the findings of this research, the theoretical assumptions from which its hypotheses were derived must first be outlined. These assumptio...

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Research on synesthesia has consistently found an association between colors and emotions. In order to try to determine whether the basis for this phenomenon is culture specific or universal, a test to determine color and emotion associations was administered to a sample of Tzeltal-speaking adults from highland Chiapas and U.S. college undergraduat...

Since 1960 there has been a steady decline in the number of children born each year in the United States. As a result, the number of eighteen- to twenty-one-year-old adults will decline from approximately seventeen million in 1980 to fourteen million in 1990. Even with an increasing percentage of college entrances, there will still be a large decre...

In response to Searle's article on social ontology, this commentary focuses on the relation between the concept of culture and Searle's work on institutions. Issues concerning the super-organic property of culture and collectivities, the fusion between ideas and social agreement found in institutions, and the relation of values to institutions are...

We find that the cell response spectra of lateral geniculate nucleus cells, as well as the reflectance spectra of Munsell color chips, may be modeled by using the cone sensitivity functions of the long and medium cones. We propose a simple model for how the neural signals from the photoreceptors might be combined in the retina to closely approximat...

This paper compares the spectral response curves of cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) with the reflectance spectra of a large sample of Munsell color chips. By examining the color chips with methods used by neural response researchers and the LGN cells with methods used by psychophysical color researchers, we obtain insights that may be...

This article presents a computational model of the process through which the human visual system transforms reflectance spectra into perceptions of color. Using physical reflectance spectra data and standard human cone sensitivity functions we describe the transformations necessary for predicting the location of colors in the Munsell color space. T...

This article presents a computational model of the process through which the human visual system transforms reflectance spectra into perceptions of color. Using physical reflectance spectra data and standard human cone sensitivity functions we describe the transformations necessary for predicting the location of colors in the Munsell color space. T...

This article examines the effect of cultural selection on the development of language in humans. First, it is claimed that directive and expressive types of speech acts are commonly found in many animal species. Representative speech acts, on the other hand, with the exception of animal "calls," are found primarily among humans. !t is argued that a...

This article explores some of the implications of the current ideational definition of culture. If culture consists of shared ideas, then the findings of cognitive psychology concerning the limits of short-term memory necessarily constrain the size and complexity of cultural units. Wienbicka's universal linguistic primes or primitives would then be...

Within the social sciences, anthropology appears to have been more strongly affected by external political trends than its sister disciplines. The trends affecting anthropology appear to primarily reflect ideas and attitudes of the intellectual Left in American universities and colleges. As the intellectual Left moved from the antigovernment activi...

This article introduces principal components analysis as a means of constructing phylogenetic trees. Applying this method to Morin's chimpanzee data reveals three major lineages corresponding to the subspecies P. t. verus, P. t. troglodytes, and P. t. schweinfurthii. Analysis of the Vigilant et al. (1991) human mtDNA data set yields a phylogenetic...

Cet article expose la tendance actuelle, en anthropologie, a travers le developpement d'une discipline morale avec des modeles mondiaux qui contiennent implicitement des jugements moraux. Le modele moral actuel est profile avec ses emphases sur l'oppression, la demystification et la denonciation. Des attaques variables de la science et de l'objecti...

In an historical account of the growth and development of the field of cognitive anthropology, Roy D'Andrade examines how cultural knowledge is organised within and between human minds. He begins by examining the research carried out during the l950s and l960s which was concerned with how different cultures classify kinship relationships and the na...

A full understanding of human action requires an understanding of what motivates people to do what they do. For too many years studies of motivation and of culture have drawn from different theoretical paradigms. Typically, human motivation has been modelled on animal behaviour, while culture has been described as pure knowledge or symbol. The resu...

This article examines the structure of beliefs about abortion and welfare. For each issue, a sample of respondents indicated their agreement with statements about the issues and sorted the statements into groups based on their similarity. These data were used to measure the relations among the statements. For both issues, the sort data revealed a n...

Answers to attitude questions in surveys can vary markedly depending on the preceding items in the questionnaire. This study concerns such context effects. More than 1,100 respondents were asked about six target issues in a telephone survey. Before answering the target questions, most of the respondents had been asked about one of two sets of relat...

Answers to attitude questions can vary sharply as a function of earlier items in the questionnaire. Some of these context effects involve the retrieval of beliefs relevant to the question. These beliefs are often numerous and complex, but the retrieval process is not usually very thorough or reliable. Many respondents retrieve only a sample of thei...

The papers in this volume, a multidisciplinary collaboration of anthropologists, linguists, and psychologists, explore the ways in which cultural knowledge is organized and used in everyday language and understanding. Employing a variety of methods, which rely heavily on linguistic data, the authors offer analyses of domains of knowledge ranging ac...

cognitive anthroplogy has been an ongoing enterprise for more than 25 years / in this period much has been learned about the relationship between culture and cognition / this chapter summarizes some of that work one issue taken up . . . has to do with the ways in which culture "structures" or "packages" or "conventionalizes" human cognition / can...

This paper discusses the role of cultural anthropology in Cognitive Science. Culture is described as a very large pool of information passed along from generation to generation, composed of learned “programs” for action and understanding. These cultural programs differ in important ways from computer programs. Cultural programs tend to be unspecifi...

50 university students observed short videotaped scenes from the "American Family" TV series and then made global, bipolar scale ratings of each interactor. Trained coders analyzed the transcripts of these conversations using a new speech act classification scheme. Multidimensional analysis replicated the 4 dimensions found in prior studies of hypo...

Clarifies the authors' systematic distortion hypothesis (SDH) with reference to the J. Block et al (see record 1980-29222-001) critique. The "bipolar redundancy" effect is found to be an artifact of reduced variance in matrices of uncorrelated traits. It is contended that the SDH remains well supported and that the evidence for the existence of co...

A monotone invariant method of hierarchical clustering based on the Mann-Whitney U-statistic is presented. The effectiveness of the complete-link, single-link, and U-statistic methods in recovering tree structures from error perturbed data are evaluated. The U-statistic method is found to be consistently more effective in recovering the original tr...

Korean and American cultures are compared with respect to the way in which semantic domains are organized. With similarity scores based on the results of a modified word association test, words from different semantic domains are analyzed by means of the Kruskal-Shepard multidimensional scaling technique and by content analysis. The results from th...

major propositions of the model and a set of interview questions designed to test these propositions, along with illustrative interview responses folk model is contrasted briefly to the scientific models of the mind found in academic psychology and psychoanalytic theory, and then related to a nonwestern folk model of the mind . . . with some conc...

Reviews the practical work of R. F. Bales (1951, 1970), J. Dore (1977), and W. Labov and D. Fanshel (1977) on the application of speech act theory to the development of coding schemes for research on natural conversation. The theoretical frameworks of J. L. Austin (1962), J. R. Searle (1969, 1975), and Z. Vendler (1972) are also discussed. A speech...

[discusses the need for] procedures by which the content of a [patient's] schema can be reliably determined from clinical data schemas defined / parallel distributed processing and schemas / self defined / schema identification in anthropology / structural analysis of social behavior and schemas / core conflictual relationship theme and schemas /...

Discusses the use of the most frequently held items of knowledge and belief, the modal items, as the culture of the group. Research on intracultural variation demonstrates that selection of modal items is associated with a distinct set of social and psychological characteristics. These characteristics are reliability; consistency; normality; and ed...

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