Rosaria Ottanà

Rosaria Ottanà
University of Messina | UNIME · Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute

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Introduction
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Publications

Publications (100)
Article
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Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is an enzyme crucially implicated in aberrations of various signaling pathways that underlie the development of different human pathologies, such as obesity, diabetes, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. Its inhibition can prevent these patho-genetic events, thus providing a useful tool for the discovery...
Article
Full-text available
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a serious chronic disease with an alarmingly growing worldwide prevalence. Current treatment of T2DM mainly relies on drug combinations in order to control blood glucose levels and consequently prevent the onset of hyperglycaemia-related complications. The development of multiple-targeted drugs recently emerged as...
Article
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Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors (gliflozins) represent the most recently approved class of oral antidiabetic drugs. SGLT-2 overexpression in diabetic patients contributes significantly to hyperglycemia and related complications. Therefore, SGLT-2 became a highly interesting therapeutic target, culminating in the approval for clin...
Article
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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex disease which currently affects more than 460 million people and is one of the leading cause of death worldwide. Its development implies numerous metabolic dysfunctions and the onset of hyperglycaemia-induced chronic complications. Multiple ligands can be rationally designed for the treatment of multifactorial di...
Article
Full-text available
Diabetes mellitus is a multifactorial disease, which is frequently complicated by the development of hyperglycaemia-induced chronic complications. The therapy of diabetes mellitus often requires combinations of two or more drugs in order both to control glycaemic levels and to prevent hyperglycaemia-induced dangerous affairs. The application of mul...
Article
Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) acts as a negative regulator of insulin and leptin signalling and is crucially involved in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Pursuing our efforts to identify PTP1B inhibitors endowed with drug-like properties, we designed and evaluated 3-aryl-5-arylid...
Article
Designed multiple ligands (DMLs), developed to modulate simultaneously a number of selected targets involved in etiopathogenetic mechanisms of a multifactorial disease, such as diabetes mellitus (DM), are considered a promising alternative to combinations of drugs, when monotherapy results to be unsatisfactory. In this work, compounds 1–17 were syn...
Article
This paper describes the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 2-thioxoimidazolidin-4-one derivatives as inhibitors of proteasome and immunoproteasome, potential targets for the treatment of hematological malignancies. In particular, we focused our efforts on the design of noncovalent inhibitors, which might be a promising therapeutic opt...
Article
Study Objectives Sleep fragmentation (SF) is highly prevalent and has emerged as an important contributing factor to obesity and metabolic syndrome. We hypothesized that SF-induced increases in protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP-1B) expression and activity underlie increased food intake, inflammation, and leptin and insulin resistance. Methods W...
Article
New 4-{[5-arylidene-2-(4-fluorophenylimino)-4-oxothiazolidin-3-yl]methyl}benzoic acids (5) and 2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone analogues (6) were synthesised as a part of a continuing search for new inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), an enzyme which is implicated in metabolic disorders and inflammatory signaling. Most of the tested co...
Article
Full-text available
(5-Arylidene-4-oxo-2-thioxothiazolidin-3-yl) acetic acids (6) and 5-arylidene-4-oxo-2-thioxothiazolidines (7), which we recently synthesised and assayed as aldose reductase inhibitors, were evaluated as anti-inflammatory/antidegenerative agents in cultures of human chondrocytes stimulated by IL-1beta. In this screening, most of the tested compounds...
Article
Aldose reductase (AR) is an aldo-keto reductase which has been widely investigated as an enzyme crucially involved in the pathogenesis of chronic complications associated with diabetes mellitus. Recently it was established that AR also acts as a key mediator of certain oxidative and inflammatory signalling pathways that are involved in the developm...
Article
Insulin resistance is a complex altered metabolic condition characterized by impaired insulin signaling and implicated in the pathogenesis of serious human diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, neurodegenerative pathologies. In pursuing our aim to identify new agents able to improve cellular insulin sensitivity, we have synthesized new 4-[(5-arylide...
Article
Full-text available
5-Arylidene-2-oxo-4-thiazolidinones and 2-phenylimino analogues were evaluated for their antidegenerative activity on human chondrocyte cultures stimulated by IL-1β and for their inhibitory capability against matrix metalloproteinase-13. Our results indicated that 5-arylidene-4-thiazolidinone derivatives 1-9 exhibit antidegenerative activity and co...
Article
Full-text available
5-Arylidene-2-oxo-4-thiazolidinones and 2-phenylimino analogues were evaluated for their antidegenerative activity on human chondrocyte cultures stimulated by IL-1�β and for their inhibitory capability against matrix metalloproteinase- 13. Our results indicated that 5-arylidene-4-thiazolidinone derivatives 1-9 exhibit antidegenerative activity and...
Article
Knoevenagel condensation and subsequent N-alkylation provide the first series of the title derivatives (V), while the synthesis of the second series is carried out by means of a multi-step procedure starting from phenylisothiocyanate.
Article
2-Thioxo-4-thiazolidinone derivatives were evaluated as aldose reductase inhibitors (ARIs) and most of them exhibited good or excellent in vitro efficacy. Out of the tested compounds, most N-unsubstituted analogues were found to possess inhibitory effects at low micromolar doses and two of them exhibited higher potency than sorbinil, used as a refe...
Article
Some amides, 1-substituted methylenediamines and 2-substituted thiazolidin-4-ones, all containing the aminopyrazinyl moiety, were synthesized and tested in the experimental models of acute and chronic inflammations and as potential analgesic agents. The first series of compounds are inactive, whereas the N,N'-di-(2-pyrazinyl)-methylene-diamines and...
Article
ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Article
ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Article
Non-carboxylic acid containing bioisosteres of (5-arylidene-2,4-dioxothiazolidin-3-yl)acetic acids, which are active as aldose reductase (ALR2) inhibitors, were designed by replacing the carboxylic group with the trifluoromethyl ketone moiety. The in vitro evaluation of the ALR2 inhibitory effects of these trifluoromethyl substituted derivatives le...
Article
ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Article
ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Article
The structure of aldehyde reductase (ALR1) in ternary complex with the coenzyme NADPH and [5-(3-carboxymethoxy-4-methoxybenzylidene)-2,4-dioxothiazolidin-3-yl]acetic acid (CMD), a potent inhibitor of aldose reductase (ALR2), was determined at 1.99A resolution. The partially disordered inhibitor formed a tight network of hydrogen bonds with the acti...
Article
Full-text available
We have optimized previously discovered benzoic acids 1, which are active as inhibitors of PTP1B and LMW-PTP, two protein tyrosine phosphatases that have emerged as attractive targets for the development of novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of diabetes, obesity, and cancer. Our efforts led to the identification of new and more potent analo...
Article
As part of a project aimed at identifying effective low molecular weight nonphosphorus monoanionic inhibitors of PTPs, we have synthesized 4-[(5-arylidene-4-oxo-2-phenyliminothiazolidin-3-yl)methyl]benzoic acids (4) and evaluated their inhibitory activity against human PTP1B and LMW-PTP enzymes. The introduction of a 2-phenylimino moiety onto the 4...
Article
In this work, the usefulness of (2-hydroxypropyl)-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CyD) as a tool to form an inclusion complex with 9-fluorenonic derivative (AG11) has been investigated, in pure water, by UV absorption. Phase-solubility diagrams allowed the determination of the association constant between AG11 and HP-beta-CyD. At the same time, solid bi...
Article
The biological activities of a series of mono- and oligosaccharides (beta-xylosides and alpha-glucosides) of 9-fluorenylmethanol were investigated together with mono-beta-galactoside and beta-glucoside of this aglycone, produced by biocatalytic routes. By using marine glycoside hydrolases and inexpensive donors such as maltose or xylan, access to m...
Article
In continuation of our studies, we here report a series of non-carboxylic acid containing 2,4-thiazolidinedione derivatives, analogues of previously synthesized carboxylic acids which we had found to be very active in vitro aldose reductase (ALR2) inhibitors. Although the replacement of the carboxylic group with the carboxamide or N-hydroxycarboxam...
Article
ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Article
In pursuing a research on the antiviral and immunomodulatory activity of tilorone congeners, two new series of compounds were prepared and pharmacologically explored: 9-fluorenone carboxyhydroxyesters, indicated as AG, and 9-fluorenone carboxyhydroxamides, indicated as MG. Two of them, AG17 and MG3, were used as sugar acceptors in the transglycosyl...
Article
Full-text available
5-Arylidene-3-hydroxyalkyl-2-phenylimino-4-thiazolidinones (7,8) were synthesized and evaluated for their antidegenerative activity on human chondrocyte cultures stimulated by IL-1beta. This in vitro model has proven to be a useful experimental model to reproduce the mechanisms involved in arthritic diseases. The cell viability, the amount of GAGs,...
Article
4-(5-Arylidene-2,4-dioxothiazolidin-3-yl)methylbenzoic acids (2) were synthesized and evaluated in vitro as inhibitors of PTP1B and LMW-PTP, two protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) which act as negative regulators of the metabolic and mitotic signalling of insulin. The synthesis of compounds 2 represents an example of utilizing phosphotyrosine-mim...
Article
A number of 5-arylidene-2,4-thiazolidinediones containing a hydroxy or a carboxymethoxy group in their 5-benzylidene moiety have been synthesised and evaluated as in vitro aldose reductase (ALR2) inhibitors. Most of them exhibited strong inhibitory activity, with IC(50) values in the range between 0.20 and 0.70 microM. Molecular docking simulations...
Article
A series of fluorenone-carboxamide compounds was analyzed with regard to DNA binding properties by UV spectroscopy and competition dialysis methods. The morpholino derivative 10 provided interesting results in terms of affinity and specificity toward the DNA G-tetraplex structures. Interactions against this target were evaluated by a comparative mo...
Article
Several 5-benzyl-2,4-thiazolidinediones (5-7) were synthesised and tested as in vitro aldose reductase (ALR2) inhibitors. Most of them, particularly N-unsubstituted 5-benzyl-2,4-thiazolidinediones 5 and (5-benzyl-2,4-dioxothiazolidin-3-yl)acetic acids 7, displayed moderate to high inhibitory activity levels. In detail, the insertion of an acetic ch...
Article
The characterization of two cyclooxygenase isoforms (COX), the rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of prostaglandins (PGs) from arachidonic acid, has allowed the development of COX-2 selective inhibitors as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with significant gastric tolerability. However, PGs are also important in cancer pathogenesis...
Article
Full-text available
The synthesis and pharmacological activity of 5-arylidene-2-imino-4-thiazolidinones (3a-8a) are described. All derivatives exhibited significant activity levels in models of acute inflammation such as carrageenan-induced paw and pleurisy edema in rats. In particular, 5-(3-methoxyphenylidene)-2-phenylimino-3-propyl-4-thiazolidinone (3a) displayed hi...
Article
Full-text available
As a part of an ongoing search for new isoniazid-related isonicotinoylhydrazones (ISNEs), 2'-monosubstituted isonicotinohydrazides and cyanoboranes, some analogues belonging to these three series of compounds were further evaluated in an in vitro advanced antimycobacterial screening. The results here reported allowed us to extend their structure-ac...
Article
In pursuing research on the antiviral, interferon (IFN)-inducing tilorone congeners, a new series of fluoren-carboxyhydroxyesters has been prepared and biologically explored. These esters have subsequently been used as sugar acceptors in the enzymatic transglycosylation reaction using the 'retaining' beta-glycosidase from the archaeon Sulfolobus so...
Article
Full-text available
The structure-activity relationships (SARs) of 5-arylidene-2,4-thiazolidinediones active as aldose reductase inhibitors (ARIs) were extended by varying the substitution pattern on the 5-arylidene moiety and on N-3. In particular, the introduction of an additional aromatic ring or an H-bond donor group on the 5-benzylidene ring enhanced ALR2 inhibit...
Article
Full-text available
The in vitro antimycobacterial activity of cobalt(II) and copper(II) complexes of some fluorinated isonicotinoylhydrazones was evaluated in a TB-infected macrophage model; all metalcomplexes exhibited excellent activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Erdman growing within macrophages, at concentrations much lower than in culture media. Moreover...
Article
Novel 9-fluoren-beta-O-glycosides, designed as DNA-intercalating agents in structural correlation with antiviral tilorone and anticancer anthracyclines, have been prepared with yields in beta-anomers ranging between 25 and 63%. They have been screened for antiproliferative, immunostimulating and antiviral properties against HSV-1 and HSV-2 viruses....
Article
Full-text available
Title 9-fluorenon-4-carboxamides has been prepared as asymmetrically-substituted analogues of the antiviral tilorone and their antiherpetic and cytokine-inducing properties have been explored. The best pharmacological profiles were shown by carboxamides 1, 4, 9, and 10 endowed with anti-HSV-2, IFNα, IFNγ and TNFα-inducing properties assayed on peri...
Article
Anti-inflammatory/analgesic 3,3'-(1,2-ethanediyl)-bis[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-thiazolidinones] 1, obtained as racemic mixtures (a) and mesoforms (b), have two equivalent stereogenic centres (C-2 and C-2') and exist as RR, SS and RS isomers. The enantioseparation of 1a provided the single enantiomers that displayed different in vitro cyclooxygenas...
Article
Within the series of chiral 3,3'-(1,2-ethanediyl)bis[2-arylthiazolidin-4-ones], the 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl substituted derivative was found in the primary anti-inflammatory screening to be endowed with superior in vivo properties and good safety profile. Such a lead compound was modified by eliminating 3-methoxy group while retaining 4-methoxy group o...
Article
Full-text available
Several (Z)-5-arylidene-2,4-thiazolidinediones were synthesized and tested as aldose reductase inhibitors (ARIs). The most active of the N-unsubstituted derivatives (2) exerted the same inhibitory activity of Sorbinil. The introduction of an acetic side chain on N-3 of the thiazolidinedione moiety led to a marked increase in lending inhibitory acti...
Article
Full-text available
As a result of our search for new isoniazid derivatives with extended spectra of activity, we evaluated the in vitro antimycobacterial activities of isonicotinohydrazides (compounds 2) and their cyanoborane adducts (compounds 3), both obtained by the reaction of isonicotinoylhydrazones (compounds 1) with sodium cyanoborohydride. Most of the tested...
Article
Full-text available
In this note, the synthesis and structure-activity relationships of a new series of 2R,2'R/2S,2'S and 2R,2'S-meso 3,3'-(1,2-ethanediyl)-bis[2-aryl-4-thiazolidinones] are described. Antiinflammatory activity was investigated by the carrageenin-induced paw edema test and analgesic activity by acetic acid writhing and hot plate tests in rats. All comp...
Article
Full-text available
The reaction of 2,6-diacetylpyridine (dap) and isonicotinoyl- or benzoylhydrazide leads to bishydrazones H(2)dapin (1a) and H(2)dapb (1b), respectively. The condensation can either take place as a bimolecular kinetic process between the two reactants or as a monomolecular metal-templated synthesis in the presence of nickel(II) ions. In the latter c...
Article
Diastereomers of antiinflammatory/analgesic and antihistaminic 3,3′[(1,2-ethanediyl)bis(2-aryl-4-thiazolidinone)] derivatives possessing two stereogenic centers (indicated as BIS 2*C) have been widely investigated in recent years. The 5,5′-dimethyl analogues (BIS 4*C), now reported, have been synthesized by reaction of (±) α-mercaptopropionic acid...
Article
Octahedral cobalt(II) complexes of isonicotinoylhydrazones, which were obtained from the primary antituberculous agent isoniazid, have been synthesised and characterised. Their antimycobacterial in vitro activity has been evaluated against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv: they exhibit MIC values ranging from < 0.1 to 0.39 microg/mL, showing them t...
Article
Full-text available
Isonicotinoylhydrazones 1, obtained by the primary antituberculous agent Isoniazid, have been used as monoanionic ligands (L) to prepare copper(II) 2 and nickel(II) 3 octahedral complexes of stoichiometry [MeL2(H2O)2]. Their antimycobacterial in vitro activity was evaluated against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv in comparison with the ligands. Co...
Article
The oxygen heterocyclic compounds (coumarins, psoralens, and polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs)) present in citrus essential oils (lemon, mandarin, sweet orange, bitter orange, bergamot, grapefruit, and lime) were analysed by an HPLC-MS system equipped with an APcI source. The mass spectra obtained at different voltages of the “sample cone” have been...
Article
Full-text available
Five series of differently-featured Isoniazid (INH) analogs were synthesized and investigated with the aim of extending the specific bioactivity of the parent-drug to AIDS-associated pathologies other than tuberculosis. All compounds were found to be more lipophilic than INH. They were submitted for NCI disease-oriented primary in vitro antitumor s...
Article
The synthesis of isonicotinohydrazide mono- and di-cyanoborane adducts 2 and 3 by reaction of isonicotinoylhydrazones 1 and sodium cyanoborohydride, their characterization (MS, IR, 1H, 13C and 11~B NMR) and experimental conditions of the reaction course have been investigated and discussed.
Article
The title compound, C15H16BFN4O, is a cyanoborane adduct showing a butterfly-like conformation, with the fluorophenyl moiety disordered.
Article
Full-text available
Various kinds of lipophilic analogues of isonicotinic acid hydrazide (Isoniazid) were synthesized and in vitro explored in a search for antimycobacterial agents with extended activity spectrum against pathogens responsible for the AIDS-associated diseases. The primary in vitro screening showed that a) isonicotinoylhydrazones 1a, 1b, 1d, 1e are more...
Data
An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and...
Article
To deeply investigate the influence of lipophilicity, phenyl substitution patterns and stereo-chemistry on pharmacological profiles of chiral bisarylthiazolidinones, frequently endowed with stereoselective antiinflammatory, analgesic, antihistaminic activities, we synthesized and explored some 3,3'-(1,2-ethanediyl) analogues 1-4, along with their S...
Article
The synthesis and evaluation of antiviral in vitro activity are reported of some 2'-(1-arylethyl)isonicotinohydrazides (5a-d) and N-(1-arylethyl)isonicotinohydrazonic acids (6a-d), obtained by reducing fluorinated acetophenone isonicotinoylhydrazones (2a-d) with sodium cyanoborohydride. These INH analogues, along with other ones previously prepared...
Article
The 5-aryl-4-methyl-2-(4-pyridyl)-delta 2-1,3,4-oxadiazolines 3, previously synthesized along with isomer 4-aryl-1-methoxy-1-(4-pyridyl)-2,3-diaza-1,3-butadienes 2 from benzaldehyde isonicotinoylhydrazones and diazomethane, were tested for in vitro activity against both M. tuberculosis and some atypical mycobacterial strains as well as against huma...
Article
The enantiomers of anti-inflammatory and antihistaminic 3,3′-(1,2-ethanediyl)bis(2-aryl-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one) derivatives possessing two stereogenic centres were separated on Chiralcel OD stationary phase without derivatization. The meso form was also well separated from the enantiomers. The good resolution afforded a milligram-scale separation an...
Article
As part of a research directed to the synthesis of novel isoniazid derivatives with potential activity on mycobacteria and HIV virus, the acetophenone-isonicotinoylhydrazones 3 and the 4-aryl-1-methoxy-1-(4-pyridyl)- 2,3-diaza-1,3-butadienes 5, obtained by reaction between isonicotinoylhydrazones and diazomethane, have been prepared and tested for...
Article
The synthesis of a representative group of isoniazid derivatives, namely 5-aryl-4-methyl-2-pyridyl-Δ2-1,3,4-oxadiazolines (3) and 4-aryl-1-methoxy-1-pyridyl-2, 3-diazabutandienes (2) by reaction of isonicotinoylhydrazones (1) with diazomethane is described A mechanism for the unexpected formation of 3 is suggested.
Article
In a wider research directed to improve pharmacological profiles of known anti-infective agents by introducing fluorine or trifluoromethyl groups, some sulfanilamides trifluoromethylsubstituted on N1 ring, were synthesized and examined for their in vitro activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Two N1-trifluoromethylphenyl-sulfani...
Article
An one-pot synthetic approach to the novel 3a,4,5,6-tetrahydro[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,5-a][1,5]benzodiazepine system, by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of benzonitriloxides to 1,5-benzodiazepine derivatives, is described. The structure and stereochemistry of the obtained adducts have been assigned by means of spectroscopic measurements.
Article
A simple stereospecific route to the (±)-allosedamine alkaloid has been accomplished by ring opening of the isoxazolidinium salt 2 with lithium iodide.
Article
Dipolar cycloaddition of the benzodiazepine N-oxide (I) with the acrylic acid derivatives (II) gives the regioisomeric isoxazolidines (III) and (IV).
Article
4-Regioisomeric 4-isoxazolines are selectively formed by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of N-arylnitrones to substituted alkynes. The reactivity and regioselectivity of the addition process are interpreted by the application of FMO principles. Secondary orbital interactions between reactants affect the transition state for the 4- and 5-regioisomeric 4-i...
Article
Regioisomeric 4-isoxazolines are formed by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of C-benzoyl-N-phenylnitrone to electron-deficient alkynes. The 4- and 5-substituted cycloadducts react in different modes under the same conditions yielding enaminoderivatives, via a novel rearrangement process, and amines, aziridines and 1,3-oxazolines according to the substitut...
Article
Reaction of C,N-diphenylnitrone (I) with the alkynes (II) in the absence or presence of water gives the cycloadducts (III) or a mixture of the anilines (V) and the indoles (VI).
Article
The configurations of some isoxazolidinium salts have been determined by nuclear Overhauser effect difference spectroscopy (NOEDS). The stereochemical findings give a good explanation of the different reactivities experienced in the five-membered ring-opening process as a function of the steric requirement of the system.
Article
Thermal rearrangements of 4-isoxazolines from C,N-diphenyl-nitrone and substituted alkynes have been directed towards the formation of substituted indoles. Detection and isolation of the intermediates of the process elucidate the reaction pathway. The appropriate choice of substituents and experimental conditions has allowed the control of the sing...
Article
The reaction of 2,3-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethyl-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine with mercaptoacetic acid gave two unexpected main derivatives 2,3-dihydro-4-(2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2,2-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-thienyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine and 1,1-dimethyl-1H,3H-thiazolo[3,4-a]benzimidazole. The structures of obtained compounds have been assigned by means of sp...
Article
N-(o-Allylphenyl)benzamide (I) and the sulphonium salt (II) are cyclized to form the benzoxazepinium salt (III) which is converted to the parent base (IV).