Rosa Mayelin Guerra Bretaña

• PhD
• Head of Department at University of Havana

Introducción: la evaluación del impacto de la formación es un reto científico y académico ante la necesidad de mejorar continuamente la calidad de los programas desde su pertinencia y excelencia académica. Objetivo: analizar los resultados del perfeccionamiento de un instrumento para la evaluación del impacto de la formación académica de posgrado.

La gestión efectiva de la comunicación con estudiantes y partes interesadas, junto con el manejo adecuado de la información documentada, son aspectos fundamentales en los sistemas de gestión educativa que buscan fortalecer la calidad institucional, promover la transparencia y garantizar la toma de decisiones informadas. El propósito de este estudio...

La preparación de los docentes respecto al uso educativo de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) es importante para la formación de posgrado. Sin embargo, no todos los docentes cuentan con los conocimientos necesarios para el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje en ambientes virtuales. El artículo analiza los criterios que permiten...

Los Sistemas Internos de Aseguramiento de la Calidad en las Instituciones de Educación Superior son fundamentales para cumplir con los estándares de acreditación externa y satisfacer a las partes interesadas, por lo que se requiere contar con sistemas maduros que garanticen el cumplimiento de estos objetivos. En este contexto, se llevó a cabo una i...

Este libro proporciona una visión comprensiva y detallada de las mejores prácticas y estrategias para el aseguramiento de la calidad en la educación superior, diseñado tanto para académicos como para profesionales que buscan mejorar y mantener altos estándares de calidad en sus instituciones educativas.

El Observatorio de Buenas Prácticas para el Aseguramiento de la Calidad en la Educación Superior (OBPACES) y la Red Académica de Investigación en Calidad tienen el agrado de presentar la cuarta edición del libro Buenas prácticas para el aseguramiento de la calidad en la educación superior. Esta obra compila experiencias y reflexiones de diversos ex...

The purpose of the article is to reflect and analyze the concept and tools of internationalization of the curriculum in higher education. The defined methodology was based on a systematic review of the literature of some pioneering texts, specialized publications and institutional repositories, based on defined search descriptors. This review const...

Information and knowledge are key elements for the continuous improvement of the quality of educational services, including academic postgraduate studies. This work aimed to establish a model for the integrated management of information, knowledge and quality in postgraduate academic training in the Chair of Quality, Metrology and Standardization....

El objetivo principal de este artículo es reflexionar y analizar el concepto y las herramientas de la internacionalización del currículo en la educación superior. La metodología utilizada se basó en una revisión sistemática de la literatura, incluyendo textos pioneros, publicaciones especializadas y repositorios institucionales, utilizando descript...

Open science is a current approach that promotes scientific collaboration, free access to publications and data, transparency and reusability of information, open education, and citizen science. Higher education institutions are increasingly participating in this phenomenon, so the objective of this work is to reflect on open science as a global tr...

To demonstrate their quality, higher education institutions can be accredited by sectoral educational quality schemes or certify their management systems, following the approaches of the International Organization for Standardization. The objective of this work is to present the actions carried out in Cuba to establish the certification scheme, acc...

La autoevaluación de los programas de maestría impartidos total o parcialmente en entornos virtuales permite la mejora de estos y favorece la toma de decisiones basada en evidencias. La eficacia de la autoevaluación depende de los indicadores utilizados por lo que es indispensable determinar el valor de estos. El objetivo del trabajo fue implementa...

La Organización Internacional de Normalización publicó la norma ISO 21001 en 2018, que describe el sistema de gestión para organizaciones educativas. Este trabajo se centra en la implementación de los requisitos de la norma ISO 21001 dentro de una Cátedra colaborativa que ofrece servicios de formación académica de posgrado en la Universidad de La H...

El fortalecimiento de la Infraestructura Nacional de Calidad responde a las estrategias para el desarrollo económico y social de Cuba, para lo cual se requiere desarrollar las capacidades y la cultura existente en los temas de Calidad, Metrología y Normalización. Para ello, la Cátedra desarrolla tres programas de posgrado académico: Maestría en Ges...

Quality management and innovation are priority issues in research facilities that close the cycle from research to products delivery for its social use. The objective of this work is to diagnose the conditions for the implementation of the Integrated Quality and Innovation Management System in the Biomaterials Center of the University of Havana, ba...

Objetivo: Implementar un proceso de vigilancia e inteligencia para el posgrado en salud. Desarrollo: El proceso realizado se basó en la norma cubana NC 1308:2019 Gestión de la I+D+i. Sistema de Vigilancia e inteligencia. Se muestra su aplicación para la actualización del curso Gestión de la Calidad en Salud, a partir de incorporar un tema relacion...

La implementación y mejora del proceso de gestión de la innovación, para alcanzar desempeños superiores, es una temática de gran pertinencia y actualidad en las universidades cubanas contemporáneas. La integración de sistemas de gestión aumenta la capacidad de reacción en las organizaciones frente a las nuevas necesidades o expectativas de las part...

El turismo en Cuba ha aumentado la participación de los emprendimientos privados, que necesitan herramientas para elevar su calidad y competitividad. Por ello, el objetivo de este trabajo es identificar la base normativa aplicable para contribuir al cumplimiento de los requisitos de calidad en los emprendimientos turísticos cubanos. A través de una...

RESUMEN En la práctica internacional se lleva a cabo la autoevaluación como proceso clave que precede a una evaluación externa. Esta práctica se toma como instrumento para la mejora continua de los procesos sustantivos en instituciones de ciencia, tecnología e innovación. El objetivo de este trabajo fue presentar una propuesta de guía de autoevalua...

La formación virtual es una modalidad de la educación a distancia que está siendo implementada en Cuba para impartir el posgrado académico. Para su mejora continua es necesario contar con mecanismos de evaluación que respondan a las especificidades de esta modalidad. El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en establecer un instrumento para la autoeval...

Introducción: Los fabricantes de los dispositivos médicos no siempre disponen de experiencia para realizar un proceso de gestión de riesgos que cumpla con la norma ISO 14971:2019 e incluya los requisitos metrológicos necesarios; por tanto, para un mejor uso de estos equipos, especialmente los de diagnóstico, se debe implementar y mantener un proces...

Education, in addition to being a fundamental human right, is a public service with a social function. Therefore, the educational system must guarantee the right to a quality education for all, understood as the right to learn what is required to live a dignified life. The objective of this work is to analyze the quality in higher education focused...

The objective of this study is to apply this method to the design of a new consulting service for standardized management systems, based on the knowledge and experience of professors from higher education institutions in Cuba and Colombia. To identify the main quality attributes for the standardized management systems consulting service, different...

To guarantee quality in Higher Education, sectoral models that allow the accreditation of institutions, as well as quality management systems based on internationally recognized standards, such as ISO 9001 series, are used. The ISO 21001 standard published in 2018, for the first time establishes specific requirements of management systems for educa...

La Dirección de Aseguramiento de la Calidad de la Universidad Técnica de Cotopaxi (UTC), el Observatorio de Buenas Prácticas para el Aseguramiento de la Calidad en la Educación Superior (OBPACES) y la Red Académica de Investigación en Calidad, realiza la presentación de la segunda edición del libro Buenas prácticas para el aseguramiento de la calid...

Knowledge management and innovation are core activities in institutions that complete the worthy cycle from research to the delivery of products for social consumption. The objective of this work is to diagnose knowledge management and innovation in the Biomaterials Center of the University of Havana. An instrument was applied in the form of a ques...

Introducción: Los documentos normativos establecen el estado del arte relacionado con determinado campo del conocimiento. Existe una gran cantidad de normas relacionadas con los servicios de salud y su gestión, cuya aplicación es relevante en este sector. Objetivo: Exponer la importancia de las normas técnicas en la formación de los profesionales...

En este trabajo se exponen las experiencias relacionadas con el establecimiento de planes de contingencia y continuidad en los procesosacadémicos de posgrado en tiempos de COVID-19 en dos instituciones cubanas que brindan servicios de formación en maestrías y especialidades: la Cátedra de Calidad Metrología y Normalización de la Universidad de La H...

Los modelos de aseguramiento de la calidad en la educación superior permiten acreditar las instituciones. También, se han implementado sistemas para la gestión de la calidad ISO 9001 y en 2018 aparece la ISO 21001, con requisitos de gestión específicos para organizaciones educativas. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar cómo se relacionan estos...

The objective of this work is to evaluate the quality of the virtual training service in the first experiences carried out in the Chair of Quality, Metrology and Standardization of the University of Havana in this teaching modality. For this purpose, surveys were applied to students in two of the courses given. The attributes that had the greatest...

Introducción: En Ecuador se han establecido políticas públicas encaminadas al tratamiento de la problemática social de los adultos mayores. Sin embargo, en la ciudad de Riobamba las acciones que se realizan para implementar estas políticas son aisladas e insuficientes, sin involucrar a todos los actores en el cambio social necesario. Objetivo: Dis...

Introducción: La población adulta mayor en el mundo experimenta un crecimiento acelerado, que impone retos a la sociedad para mantener y elevar la calidad de vida de este grupo etario. Objetivo: Exponer la influencia de la formación continua en la calidad de vida de los adultos mayores. Desarrollo: La calidad de vida en el adulto mayor está fuert...

El objetivo del trabajo es analizar la formación de posgrado y la satisfacción laboral de los docentes en los Institutos Superiores Tecnológicos Isabel de Godín y Juan de Velasco Riobamba, Ecuador. Se aplicó una encuesta a 37 docentes. El 43 % de los docentes ha culminado estudios de maestría o especialidad. Los impactos de la formación académica d...

El Observatorio de Buenas Prácticas para el Aseguramiento de la Calidad en la Educación Superior (OBPACES) y la Dirección de Evaluación y Aseguramiento de la Calidad de la Universidad Técnica de Cotopaxi (UTC) tienen el agrado de presentar la primera edición del libro Buenas prácticas para el aseguramiento de la calidad en la educación superior, el...

Introducción: El Centro Nacional de Cirugía de Mínimo Acceso tiene implementado el Sistema de Gestión de la Calidad para contribuir a la satisfacción de los pacientes, familiares y otras partes interesadas, que se integraron a partir del año 2016 con el Manual de Acreditación Hospitalaria del Ministerio de Salud Pública de la República de Cuba, par...

Introducción: El desempeño de los institutos superiores tecnológicos depende en última instancia de su capital humano, con las competencias requeridas para garantizar el desempeño exitoso del proceso educativo. Objetivo: Exponer las competencias docentes que se necesitan en la actualidad para dar respuesta a las demandas de la formación superior t...

Introducción: La gestión del conocimiento es vital para las organizaciones de salud con vistas a garantizar la calidad de sus servicios. Objetivo: Evaluar la gestión del conocimiento en el Centro Nacional de Cirugía de Mínimo Acceso. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación descriptiva de tipo transversal. Se elaboró, validó y aplicó una encuesta a...

This work aims to know if there are barriers to introduce medical devices in the European market. It integrates a research project that studies the same topic from two different perspectives: developed and developing countries. It consists of an exploratory case study with Spanish companies, whose results are presented in this article. It will be c...

Introducción: En la actualidad, la calidad en las instituciones de educación superior constituye un reto a nivel mundial y, específicamente, en Ecuador. En este sentido, existen dos formas de lograr la calidad deseada, que se complementan entre sí: por una parte, su aseguramiento externo, basado en los modelos de evaluación y acreditación, y por ot...

Introducción: En 2018 la Organización Internacional de Normalización publicó la norma ISO 21001 para los sistemas de gestión de las organizaciones educativas. Su implementación en la formación académica de posgrado permitirá brindar un servicio educativo que cumpla de manera consistente con los requisitos legales, encaminado a elevar la satisfacció...

Introducción: En el Centro Nacional de Cirugía de Mínimo Acceso desde 2015 se implementó el Sistema de Gestión de la Calidad NC-ISO 9001:2015. Sin embargo, en el proceso de posgrado los riesgos no se han gestionado de forma sistemática e integral, lo que puede afectar su desempeño. Objetivo: Identificar los factores de riesgo que influyen en el de...

2017): "El papel de la consultoría, la formación de posgrado y la investigación en la mejora de la gestión de la calidad de los procesos organizacionales en los servicios de salud", Revista Caribeña de Ciencias Sociales (enero 2017). En línea: http://www.eumed.net/rev/caribe/2017/01/salud.html RESUMEN Las innovaciones organizacionales en los servic...

Introduction The regulatory framework and standardized assay methods for classical biomaterials and implantable devices are harmonized at the international level, based on the risk assessment. However, innovative products need the development of more appropriate assay methods and streamline regulatory and scientific evaluation to encourage innovati...

Introduction: The quality of medical services is an issue of growing concern for health professionals, researchers, the public, and governments around the world. Commonly, in the medical care, safety has been assumed to be a separate aspect of quality, without considering that patient safety is one of the fundamental dimensions of quality. Objectiv...

Implementing ISO 9001 Standard is one of the ways for guaranteeing quality in Universities. The aim of this paper is, in this sense, to analyze the existing perceptions about leadership, commitment and participation of the whole university community in quality management in the Universidad Estatal de Bolívar (Bolivar?s State University). For this r...

The external evaluation and management of hospital quality are two intimately related aspects of the same phenomenon: the need to improve the quality of health services and provide confidence of this quality to all stakeholders. The objective of this study is to analyze the hospital accreditation programs and ISO 9001 quality management and certifi...

The role of part-time post grade formation program is analyzed as a knowledge transference channel between universities and Industry in Cuba, on the basis of the results of Master Program on Quality and Environmental Management. An exploratory and descriptive study is carried out to this aim, through questionnaires which are applied to 46 graduated...

The external evaluation and management of hospital quality are two intimately related aspects of the same phenomenon: the need to improve the quality of health services and provide confidence of this quality to all stakeholders. The objective of this study is to analyze the hospital accreditation programs and ISO 9001 quality management and certifi...

Cuba has developed innovative medical technologies for sale within the country and in other geographical areas. Why Cuban medical technologies have not reached the markets of developed countries? What factors might be slowing down their introduction? From this point will examine the barriers to commercialization in the foreign market of Cuban healt...

Calcium phosphate materials have been widely used as bone substitute due to its good osteointegration. To improve their osteoinductive and osteoconductive properties several element-substitutions in the calcium phosphate matrices have been explored. In the present work, an overview of biological effects of some substitutions in calcium phosphates i...

Medical device regulatory agencies have adopted quality and risk management approaches to demonstrate compliance with the essential principles of safety and performance. For this reason, specific standards are established in the medical device sector for the quality management system by regulatory purposes and a systematic process, in order to mini...

Quality of health care services and patient safety has become a matter of interest to healthcare professionals, researchers and governments all over the world. The aim of this paper is to show the implementation of the risk-based integrated management for safety and quality at the National Center for Minimal Access Surgery in Havana, Cuba. Based on...

Fast curing biocompatible adhesives are a promising alternative to the metallic devices used for immobilization of fractures of small bone fragments as well as for some maxillofacial surgical procedures. They may serve as supports during the curing process, and present some advantages with respect to conventional fixation methods by plates and scre...

Improvement in organizational performance based on learning and innovation, demands information and knowledge management structured processes every time more. Starting from these guidelines, the following paper has as the main objective to describe the theoretical referents on knowledge management (KM) during its development and consolidation proce...

The implementation and certification of a NC-ISO 9001 quality management system require compliance with the principles and requirements established in this standard. Organization s that provide educational services to obtain academic degrees as one of its key processes need to understand and implement the requirements of the standard in conjunction...

Assessing the impact of training is an issue of great importance not only for the organizations receiving the training, but also to the institutions that provide, as a way to assess the quality of the training process. However, educational institutions do not always have the appropriate tools for assessing these impacts, so the aim of this work is...

Introduction: The implementation and certification of a NC-ISO 9001 quality management system require compliance with the principles and requirements established in this standard. Organizations that provide educational services to obtain academic degrees as one of its key processes need to understand and implement the requirements of the standard i...

Maxilla or mandible alveolar ridge defects are commonly a sequel to dental extractions when preventive treatment of atrophy of the maxillary bone (ABM) is not performed. In order to achieve bone reconstruction of the reabsorbed alveolar ridge, oral surgery is needed. The aim of this paper is to study the combine application in the alveolar ridge re...

The national quality infrastructure is the result of the integration and coordination of several interrelated subjects: metrology, standardization, testing, accreditation, and certification. In this paper the impact of such infrastructure on the field of Cuban medical technologies and its present role as a technical tool for regulators are analyzed...

Environmental education is a fundamental instrument for environmental management aimed at sustainable development based on social responsibility. Through her knowledge is transmitted and skills, values, attitudes and actions aimed at the preservation of the environment, understood in the nature-society relationship, are generated. In this context,...

Introduction: archives constitute important support processes in which an improved efficacy and efficiency of the documental management service could bring benefits to the general performance of the healthcare institutions. Objective: to analyze the application of the main quality management concepts to the archival practice, emphasizing on the med...

Introduction: the improvement of archival services requires the implementation of specific procedures and standards for documental management and organizational culture oriented to the principles of quality. Objective: establish the actions which ensure the compliance with quality management principles in archival practice and the standards applica...

Wollastonite-poly(n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate) composite (W-BCA) has been proposed to immobilize anatomically bone fragments in order to achieve an optimal healing process. The present study evaluated the in vitro and in vivo behavior of three types of fillers: powdered natural wollastonite (Wn), synthetic pseudowollastonite powder (Ws), and synthetic...

Introduction: the complexity of processes which taken place in health institutions and the high social responsibility in this sector, require the implementation of management systems. It will warrant a high quality level of provided services and effectiveness of the organization. Objective: to show the link between quality management and internal c...

Resumen — The maxilla and mandible bones are structures that are part of the facial bones, which are continuous with the alveolar process where the alveolar openings. They keep their shape and size by the presence of dental structures, so that the loss of teeth produces incorrect remodeling called mandibular or maxillary alveolar atrophy. This stud...

Risk management is a very successful tool used in the design and development of new medical products, its production and later insertion in the market, as a way to guarantee the safety of the manufacturers, patients and medical staff. It is also mandatory for Medical Registry in almost all countries. The use of biomaterials as medical devices entai...

This work summarizes the impact of the formation activities of Quality, Metrology and Normalization (QMN) Chair of the Havana University on medical devices, biotechnology and pharmaceutical sectors. More than 250 specialists of 26 institutions have participated in different scientific workshops organized by QMN Chair, since 2003. On the four opened...

During the last thirty years, some cyanoacrylic esters have successfully been applied for closure surgical and trauma wounds. Advantages of the application of this kind of chemical compounds, synthetic tissue adhesives, comparing it with the traditional methods as sutures, staples or adhesive tape, have been recognized [1]. Tissue adhesives signifi...

The medical devices Regulations require the establishment of an effective risk management program throughout product realization, conform to the provisions of harmonized standard NC ISO 14971. The aim of this paper is the evaluation of some advance quality techniques (Failure Mode and Effects Analysis - FMEA and Quality Function Deployment - QFD) f...

Control Charts are important statistical tools for studying the processes variability, with the aim of reduce it and ensure maximal quantity of conforming product with minimal waste. X-R Control Graphics were applied to analyze a chemical process for the manufacture of a medical adhesive. Purity and viscosity of the product and the quantity of mono...

Introduction: the complexity of processes which taken place in health institutions and the high social responsibility in this sector, require the implementation of management systems. It will warrant a high quality level of provided services and effectiveness of the organization. Objective: to show the link between quality management and internal c...

INTRODUCTION. One of the more beneficial uses of laparoscopy procedures in surgery is to decrease the morbidity related to surgical trauma. It is known that the use of the Tisuacryl® tissue adhesive for closure of cutaneous wounds favors the hemostasis, a fast tissue recovery and decrease of postsurgical edema avoiding complications including infec...

INTRODUCTION. One of the more beneficial uses of laparoscopy procedures in surgery is to decrease the morbidity related to surgical trauma. It is known that the use of the Tisuacryl® tissue adhesive for closure of cutaneous wounds favors the hemostasis, a fast tissue recovery and decrease of postsurgical edema avoiding complications including infec...

Los sellantes dentales son materiales que se emplean en estomatología para sellar las fosas y fisuras oclusales de los dientes y evitar la adherencia del estreptococus mutans agente que produce la caries dental. Estos materiales se suministran en dos partes que al mezclarse producen el endurecimiento de la resina. Sin embargo, estos productos prese...

Dentin hypersensitivity (DH) is a painful tooth condition affecting a large proportion of the world population. While DH is not a direct cause of tooth loss, it does cause discomfort and stress. DH treatment methods include desensitizers, such as fluoride compounds; polycyanoacrylate coating; low intensity laser therapy; and surgery as a last resor...

The dehiscences and fistulae of esophagus anastomosis with pedicular segments of the digestive tube are frequent complications in esophagus surgery. In various recent national and foreign statistics, an incidence of even 40 % has been registered. This fact, together with the advantages reported on the use of synthetic adhesives like Tisuacryl® made...

Effectiveness and safety of tissue adhesive Tisuacryl as alternative method for wound management in oral and facial tissues were evaluated. A phase III clinical trial was conducted in 26 hospitals and odontological clinical institutions all around the country. Four hundred thirty nine patients, males and females, from 0 to 80 years old who consente...

A clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the Tisuacryl tissue adhesive in the sealing of skin wounds under 6 cm of traumatic and surgical origin. 77 specialists from 9 health institutions in Havana and Havana City provinces and a population of 674 patients participated in this assay. They were topically applied Tis...

Se realizó un ensayo clínico fase III, en el Hospital Docente Materno Infantil 10 de Octubre, de Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba, entre julio de 1999 y marzo del 2000, con el objetivo de evaluar la eficacia y seguridad del adhesivo tisular Tisuacryl en el cierre de la piel de la episiotomía. Cada grupo constó de 300 pacientes, de acuerdo a los criterios...

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) has been demonstrated to be a useful tool in the determination of additives in polymeric materials. This paper describes the determination of some citrates and benzoates in poly(vinyl chloride) blended with 33-34% of plasticizer using off-line SFE followed by gas chromatography. Experimental factors affecting SF...

Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) has been demonstrated as a useful tool in the analysis of polymeric materials. This paper describes the off-line SFE followed by Gas Chromatography determination of some citrate and benzoate plasticisers used in poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC). Experimental factors affecting SFE with carbon dioxide have been studied...

N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate based tissue adhesive, Tisuacryl, was employed as a nonsuture method for closing wounds in oral surgery. One hundred thirty patients were treated with the adhesive and 30 with suture. The surgical procedures were apicectomy, extraction of molars, and mucogingival grafting. The studied product was well tolerated by the tissue...

La eficacia y la seguridad en la utilización de un biomaterial se demuestran, finalmente, en ensayos clínicos controlados, ya que la utilización de un grupo control es la única forma de evaluar realmente el efecto del nuevo tratamiento respecto a la regresión espontánea o en relación con un tratamiento ya establecido. El cálculo del número de sujet...

Photocurable composites based on hydroxyapatite and quartz as fillers and a monomeric mixture of bisphenol-A–bis(glycidylmethacrylate)/triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (40/60 wt%) as a matrix were prepared. Both fillers were also treated with 3-trimethoxysilylpropyl methacrylate, and the effectiveness of the silane treatment was verified by FTIR sp...

Photocurable composites based on hydroxyapatite and quartz as fillers and a monomeric mixture of bisphenol-A-bis(glycidylmethacrylate)/triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (40/60 wt%) as a matrix were prepared. Both fillers were also treated with 3-trimethoxysilylpropyl methacrylate, and the effectiveness of the silane treatment was verified by FTIR sp...

The utility of the amide II absorption band at 1537 cm-1 as internal reference for calculation of monomer conversion in urethane dimethacrylates (UDMA)-based dental restorative materials and sealants by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is demonstrated in this paper.

RESUMEN Los laboratorios químicos y, de manera especial, aquellos donde se realizan producciones químicas, aun en pequeña escala, generan desechos, que por su carácter tóxico, son fuentes potenciales de daños ambientales. Este hecho, unido a la necesidad de cuidar el entorno inmediato, donde los trabajadores desempeñan sus actividades cotidianas, h...

RESUMEN Este trabajo tiene como propósito demostrar los resultados clínicos obtenidos con el empleo de hidroxiapatita sintética (Apafill-G) para el relleno de defectos óseos, la membrana de colágeno Membracel para lograr la regeneración tisular guiada y el adhesivo tisular Tisuacryl para la adhesión de los tejidos blandos. Estos productos han sido...