Rory C Reid

• Ph.D., LCSW
• Professor (Assistant) at University of California, Los Angeles

Background and aims: The World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) includes Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder (CSBD), a new diagnosis that is both controversial and groundbreaking, as it is the first diagnosis to codify a disorder related to excessive, compulsive, and out-of-control sexual behavior. The inclus...

Many individuals who start psychotherapy for gambling disorder leave treatment within the first five sessions. Researchers have viewed early dropouts as treatment failures, but some may be early responders. This study examined dropout and early treatment response among those with probable depression in the first six therapy sessions of a gambling p...

Introduction: Despite the growing literature about hypersexuality and its negative consequences, most studies have focused on the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STI’s), resulting in relatively few studies about the nature and the measurement of a broader spectrum of adverse consequences. Methods: The aim of the present study was to exami...

Compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD) is currently defined in the eleventh revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) as an impulse control disorder. Criteria for hypersexual disorder (HD) had been proposed in 2010 for the fifth revision of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5). In this article, we compare difference...

Book chapter (written in Hungarian) about the Hypersexual Behavior Inventory.

In 1998, Gold and Heffner authored a landmark review in Clinical Psychology Review on the topic of sexual addiction that concluded that sexual addiction, though increasingly popular in mental health settings, was largely based on speculation, with virtually no empirical basis. In the more than two decades since that review, empirical research aroun...

The present study investigates characteristics of treatment seeking problem gamblers with adult ADHD (n = 39) and those without ADHD (n = 87). Patients completed self-report questionnaires about gambling behaviors, impulsivity (UPPS-P), substance abuse (AUDIT/DAST), emotional dysregulation (PHQ-4), illegal activities, and gambling consequences. Eac...

In 1998, Gold and Heffner authored a landmark review in Clinical Psychology Review on the topic of sexual addiction that concluded that sexual addiction, though increasingly popular in mental health settings, was largely based on speculation, with virtually no empirical basis. In the more than two decades since that review, empirical research aroun...

The notion of problematic pornography use remains contentious in both academic and popular literature. Although the mental health community at large is divided as to the addictive versus non-addictive nature of Internet pornography, substantial numbers of individuals report "feeling" as if their use of Internet pornography is problematic. The prese...

Criteria for hypersexual disorder (HD) were proposed for consideration in the DSM-5 but ultimately excluded for a variety of reasons. Regardless, research continues to investigate hypersexual behavior (HB). The Hypersexual Behavior Inventory (HBI) is one of the most robust scales assessing HB, but further examination is needed to explore its psycho...

The conceptualization of hypersexuality has begun to converge as a result of proposed diagnostic criteria. However, its measurement is still diverse. The Hypersexual Behavior Inventory (HBI) is one of the most appropriate scales used to assess hypersexuality, but further examination is needed to test its psychometric properties among different clin...

Background: The conceptualization of hypersexual behavior (HB) has begun to converge as a result of proposed diagnostic criteria. However, its measurement is still diverse. The Hypersexual Behavior Inventory (HBI) is one of the most robust scales assessing HB, but further examination is needed to explore its psychometric properties. Methods: The pr...

Purpose of Review Understanding the relationship between hypersexual behavior and substance use disorders (SUDs) has implications for assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and case conceptualization among individuals seeking help. This article reviews existing literature linking hypersexual behavior and SUDs, offers possible explanations for associatio...

While progress has been made towards classifying compulsive sexual behavior as an addiction, the field needs to bring greater clarity to creating uniform definitions of this construct, applying research that controls for confounds and establishing divergent validity from related psychiatric phenomena such as paraphilic disorders.

The current study investigated correlates of hypersexuality in a sample of religious (n = 52) and non-religious (n = 105) men assessed for hypersexual disorder as part of the DSM-5 Field Trial. Our results indicate that religiosity was unrelated to self-reported levels of hypersexuality as measured by the Hypersexual Behavior Inventory and the Hype...

Background and Aims The concept of severity among providers working with hypersexual behavior is frequently used despite a lack of consensus about how severity should be operationalized. The paucity of dialogue about severity for hypersexual behavior is disconcerting given its relevance in determining level of care, risk, allocation of resources, a...

There is a great need for brain-based measures in the assessment of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) for better diagnosis and treatment evaluation, and for development of brain-based models (in keeping with RDoC). Withinindividual variability in performance is commonly cited as reflecting inconsistent control of attention in ADHD, an...

This review includes 15 studies, evaluating evidence of the effectiveness of interventions addressing negative affect in substance use relapse prevention. A unitary construct of “negative affect” was inadequate for reconciling conflicting findings. Instead, affect variables were divided by temporal range, model of affect, and discreteness of measur...

The term “sex addiction” has been popularized in recent years to describe a range of different problematic sexual behaviors which are assumed to be similar to being addicted to substances and lend themselves to similar treatment approaches. Other terms such as sexual compulsivity, sexual impulsivity, erotomania, hyperphilia, and hypersexuality have...

Hypersexual behavior is an emerging construct that is receiving increased attention from both clinicians and researchers. Several theoretical perspectives exist about hypersexuality and its associated characteristics. Although the role of impulsivity and how it might be linked to hypersexuality are still being investigated, this article attempts to...

Problem and pathological gamblers demonstrate high levels of depression, which may be related to coping styles, reactive emotional states, and/or genetics (Potenza et al., Arch Gen Psychiat 62(9):1015-1021, 2005; Getty et al., J Gambl Stud 16(4):377-391, 2000). Although depression impacts treatment outcomes (Morefield et al., Int J Men Healt Addict...

Criteria for hypersexual disorder were proposed for consideration for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), but ultimately rejected by the American Psychiatric Association despite a field trial suggesting the criteria were valid and reliable. This article highlights the vast array of controversial issues...

This study explored facets of mindfulness between patients diagnosed with a gambling disorder (n = 26) and a community sample of non-gambling-disordered individuals (n = 33). Multivariate statistics comparing group differences showed the gambling-disordered patients exhibited significantly lower levels of mindfulness, emotional regulation, stress c...

A number of studies have linked maladaptive shame to higher levels of hypersexual behavior and tendencies to ruminate. However, little research has examined factors that may attenuate the negative impact that shame and rumination may have on hypersexuality. Drawing on data collected from male patients (N=172) assessed for hypersexual disorder in a...

The current study explores relationships between mindfulness, emotional regulation, impulsivity, and stress proneness in a sample of participants recruited in a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder Fifth Edition Field Trial for Hypersexual Disorder and healthy controls to assess whether mindfulness attenuates symptoms of hypersexual...

Despite the increased social acceptance and widespread use of pornography over the past few decades, reliable and valid instruments assessing problematic use of pornography are lacking. This paper reports the findings of three studies aimed at developing and validating a new scale measuring problematic pornography use. The Problematic Pornography U...

In the present work, we demonstrate a method for concurrent collection of EEG/fMRI data. In our setup, EEG data are collected using a high-density 256-channel sensor net. The EEG amplifier itself is contained in a field isolation containment system (FICS), and MRI clock signals are synchronized with EEG data collection for subsequent MR artifact ch...

Hypersexual behavior has been documented within clinical and research settings over the past decade. Despite recent research on hypersexuality and its associated features, many questions remain how best to define and classify hypersexual behavior. Proposed diagnostic criteria for Hypersexual Disorder (HD) have been proposed for the DSM-5 and a prel...

Although the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS; Patton, Stanford, & Barratt, 1995) is a widely-used self-report measure of impulsivity, there have been numerous questions about the invariance of the factor structure across clinical populations (Haden & Shiva, 2008, 2009; Ireland & Archer, 2008). The goal of this article is to examine the factor stru...

Research on nonparaphilic hypersexual behavior and its associated characteristics has increased in recent years. In the present article, the authors review the literature on the relation between nonparaphilic hypersexual behavior and depressive symptoms. There was a moderate, positive relation between nonparaphilic hypersexual behavior and depressi...

Research on nonparaphilic hypersexual behavior has increased in recent years. In the present article, the authors conducted a methodological review of empirical studies that evaluated a treatment for nonparaphilic hypersexual behavior. The authors reviewed several characteristics of the extant studies, including the participants, research designs,...

This article reviews the current body of research on adult ADHD and hypersexual behavior. Drawing on perspectives from the fields of psychology and neuroscience, several suggestions are offered to explain why individuals with ADHD may be vulnerable to engaging in hypersexual behavior. Assessment guidelines are provided to help clinicians differenti...

Review of the current state with respect to DSM-5 proposal for hypersexual disorder.

This article reviews the current body of research on adult ADHD and hypersexual behavior. Drawing on perspectives from the fields of psychology and neuroscience, several suggestions are offered to explain why individuals with ADHD may be vulnerable to engaging in hypersexual behavior. Assessment guidelines are provided to help clinicians differenti...

Consideration of Hypersexual Disorder as a diagnosable condition has led to recognition that various aspects of its psychopathology, including comorbidity, are largely unknown. Comorbidity with personality disorders (PDs) has been hypothesized, but the few studies assessing PD comorbidity are limited by sample size, recruitment methods, and varying...

This study investigated the role of perfectionism in a treatment-seeking sample (N = 136) of adult men and women using the Perfectionism Inventory (PI) and the Hypersexual Behavior Inventory (HBI). Several facets of perfectionism were positively correlated with hypersexuality, with the concern over mistakes scale from the PI accounting for most of...

Introduction. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) criteria for hypersexual disorder (HD) have been proposed to capture symptoms reported by patients seeking help for out-of-control sexual behavior. The proposed criteria created by the DSM-5 Work Group on Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders require evaluatio...

Background and aims: The past decade has seen an increased interest in understanding hypersexual behavior and its associated features. Beyond the obvious risks for sexually transmitted infections, there is a paucity of literature examining specific challenges encountered by hypersexual individuals. This study investigated and developed a new scale,...

This study explored group differences among a treatment-seeking sample of hypersexual women (n = 31) and hypersexual men (n = 47) across facets of personality using the NEO-Personality Inventory-Revised and the Hyper sexual Behavior Inventory. A number of striking parallels emerged between the two groups, including similar levels of impulsivity, em...

Behavioral addictions can present in a variety of subtle and deceptive patterns. Because of the intense shame, guilt, and embarrassment felt by patients, it may fall to providers to utilize screening tools and deeper interviewing techniques to uncover the extent of these behaviors. Identifying when the line is crossed from recreation/habit to psych...

The present study explored facets of personality in a sample of pathological gamblers with ADHD (n = 52) and without ADHD (n = 43). Participants were assessed for psychopathology and gambling disorders using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, the National Opinion Research Center DSM Screen for Gambling Problems, and the Adult ADHD S...

Patients seeking help for pathological gambling often exhibit features of impulsivity, cognitive rigidity, poor judgment, deficits in emotion regulation, and excessive preoccupation with gambling. Some of these characteristics are also common among patients presenting with neurological pathology associated with executive deficits. Evidence of execu...

The recent proliferation of Internet-enabled technology has significantly changed the way adolescents encounter and consume sexually explicit material. Once confined to a personal computer attached to a telephone line, the Internet is now available on laptops, mobile phones, video game consoles, and other electronic devices. With the growth of the...

This article reports the psychometric evaluation of the Pornography Consumption Inventory (PCI), which was developed to assess motivations for pornography use among hypersexual men. Initial factor structure and item analysis were conducted in a sample of men (N = 105) seeking to reduce their pornography consumption (Study 1), yielding a 4-factor so...

Introduction. Patients seeking help for hypersexual behavior often exhibit features of impulsivity, cognitive rigidity, and poor judgment as well as deficits in emotion regulation and excessive preoccupation with sex. Some of these characteristics are also common among patients presenting with neurological pathology associated with executive dysfun...

Earlier evidence suggests comorbid attention-deficit disorder (ADHD) among those seeking treatment for hypersexual behavior. This article examines which facets of ADHD symptoms are most strongly associated with hypersexual behavior among a patient sample of men (N = 81). ADHD diagnosis was made by 2 clinicians, and symptom characteristics were meas...

Although shame and facets of neuroticism have independently been linked to hypersexuality, the present study extends these findings by exploring pathways among these variables, using structural equation modeling in a patient sample of hypersexual adult men (N = 95). Results suggested that the domain of neuroticism, as represented by the NEO Persona...

Psychometric properties of the Hypersexual Behavior Inventory (HBI) are reported using treatment-seeking samples of hypersexual men. Study 1 details item reduction and exploratory factor analysis of the HBI. Study 2 provides results of a confirmatory factor anal-ysis yielding a 3-factor model measuring Control, Consequences, and Coping associated w...

This study explored facets of personality between pathological gamblers (n = 69) and nonpathological gamblers (n = 55) in a convenience sample in Los Angeles, California. Pathological gamblers were more prone to mood disturbance, impulsivity, feelings of frustration, interpersonal sensitivity, vulnerability to distress, and distrust of others as me...

This article offers a report disputing the notion that women who are married to hypersexual men exhibit a constellation of pathological symptoms, although it is likely they experience marital distress. The authors measured psychopathology using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form and marital satisfaction using the Re...

This article reports the findings of a study investigating psy-chopathology, personality traits, and marital distress among a sample of women married to hypersexual men (n = 85) com-pared with a control group (n = 85) drawn from a combined college and community sample. Psychopathology and personality traits were measured using the NEO Personality I...

This study investigated distinct emotions in a sample of men (n = 103) seeking help for hypersexual behavior compared to a control group of college students (n = 100) using the Hypersexual Behavior Inventory and the Differential Emotions Scale. Significant differences between groups emerged on several domains of emotion and hypersexual behavior. Se...

Patients seeking help for hypersexual behavior often exhibit features of impulsivity, cognitive rigidity, poor judgment, deficits in emotion regulation, and excessive preoccupation with sex. Some of these characteristics are also common among patients presenting with neurological pathology associated with executive dysfunction. These observations l...

This article reports the findings of a study investigating which facets of psychopathology are most strongly associated with hypersexual behavior among a patient sample (N = 151). Psychopathology was measured using the Restructured Clinical scales and the PSY-5 scales of the MMPI-2, and hypersexual behavior was measured using the Sexual Compulsivit...

This article reports the findings of a study investigating coping strategies used by hypersexual patients (n = 71), compared with a control group (n = 73), in their attempts to defend against shame. Coping strategies were measured using the Compass of Shame Scale (CoSS) and hypersexual behaviour was measured by the Hypersexual Behavior Inventory (H...

This study used the Symptom Checklist to examine the psychological symptom patterns among hypersexual patients (n = 59) at intake compared to a control group of non-hypersexual individuals (n = 55). Group membership for the hypersexual group was assigned based on the individual's chief complaint at intake and on elevated scores on the Hypersexual B...

This article reports the findings of a study investigating relationships among Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) scales as they pertain to a group of individuals seeking help for hypersexual behavior (N = 152). A number of MMPI-2 scale elevations were prevalent with this group, suggesting that some of these patients experience...

This article reports the findings of a study investigating alexithymia, emotional instability, and vulnerability to stress proneness among individuals (N = 120) seeking help for hypersexual behavior. At the onset of treatment at an outpatient community clinic, subjects completed the Sexual Compulsivity Scale (SCS), the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia S...

Mental health professionals may erroneously assume that clients seeking help for hypersexual behavior are ready to begin working on their issues at the outset of treatment. Prochaska and DiClemente (e.g., 1983, 1984) proposed the transtheoretical model (TTM) stages of change to advance their belief that clients move through several stages when atte...

Hypersexual behavior can have a devastating impact on attachments between partners in committed couple relationships. An array of emotions is activated by these attachment ruptures, including feelings of betrayal, confusion, frustration, hopelessness, and abandonment. Repairing these ruptures can be a delicate and challenging part of helping couple...