Ronald E. Riggio

Claremont McKenna College | CMC · Department of Psychology

This chapter examines the role of crisis leadership in the higher education sector. It defines organisational crises and elucidates five dynamics of crises that are particularly salient to higher education institutions, they being the unexpected, public, high-consequence, novel and ambiguous, and emotionally and ethically laden nature of crises. Th...

Despite the recognized importance of leader development as a lifelong process, it remains unclear whether adolescents who engage in leadership will continue to do so into adulthood. Moreover, to what extent does leadership role occupancy facilitate internalizing future leader self-views? Conversely, to what extent does internalizing leader self-vie...

While improving ability to communicate effectively is a given for developing student leadership potential, there are very few systematic frameworks to guide communication skill improvement. Using a model of emotional and social skills derived from research in interpersonal and emotional/nonverbal communication, tools and strategies for both assessi...

Even though there is no leadership without the input and cooperation of followers , there has been very little attention paid to followers and followership in the research literature. We propose that this occurs for several reasons, including an overemphasis on the importance of leaders, the way that followers are viewed, the fact that they are agg...

Even though there is no leadership without the input and cooperation of followers , there has been very little attention paid to followers and followership in the research literature. We propose that this occurs for several reasons, including an overemphasis on the importance of leaders, the way that followers are viewed, the fact that they are agg...

Interpersonal skills are central to human thriving, yet difficult to analyze due to their ubiquitous and multifaceted nature. In an effort to better understand the causes and consequences of interpersonal skills, this special topic brings together a collection of six articles spanning educational, work and customer service settings, as well as a re...

This article reviews foundational scholarship related to leader development, including implications of the integrative theory of leader development and the dynamic model of leader development across the lifespan. Authors provide a rationale for why college is a critical juncture for creating ethical and inclusive leaders for the future and offer su...

Introduction This study provides long‐term evidence that profiles of temperament during adolescence are associated with happiness and health over two decades later. Methods Data are based on the ongoing Fullerton Longitudinal Study, a community‐based sample in the United States. At 14 and 16 years, adolescents (N = 111; 52% male, 90% Euro‐American...

Phronesis" can be summarized as "wisdom in determining ends and the means of attaining them." This unique article originated from comments made by scholars on a podcast hosted by Dr. Scott Allen titled "Phronesis: Practical Wisdom for Leaders." Here, we propose ten specific agendas focused on the future of scholarship in the field of leadership stu...

A review of research on crisis leadership, which goes beyond crisis management literature. Discusses the key competencies required for effective crisis leadership and suggests ideas for research in the area going forward. With practical applications.

There is no situation where leadership is more important than during a crisis, and yet crisis leadership is a relatively underdeveloped field. This article explores what we know and what remains unknown about crisis leadership. We begin with an overview of what crises are, including different types and key dynamics of crises. We then review four le...

Leadership development has been characterized as an ongoing process that continues throughout a lifetime. From a long-lens perspective, this study aims to investigate how leaders’ early family socioeconomic environment influences their later transformational leadership. According to the social cognitive theory of social class, we propose that paren...

This entry provides an overview of the concept of social contagion, including attention given to both emotional and behavioral forms of contagion. The history of social contagion processes and the various definitions are discussed, as are forms of contagion, including fads and the clustering of both violent and self-injurious behaviors. Also consid...

This article makes a case for longitudinal and non-linear methods when researching or evaluating student leadership development. After a primer on longitudinal methodology, barriers and aligned solutions to methodological challenges are presented.

Introduction to Industrial/Organizational Psychology provides a complete overview of the psychological study of the world of work. Written with the student in mind, the book presents classic theory and research in the field alongside examples from real-world work situations to provide deeper insight. This edition has been thoroughly updated to incl...

“Phronesis” can be summarized as “wisdom in determining ends and the means of attaining them.” This unique article originated from comments made by scholars on a podcast hosted by Dr. Scott Allen titled “Phronesis: Practical Wisdom for Leaders.” Here, we propose 10 specific agendas focused on the future of scholarship in the field of leadership stu...

While research on leadership has acknowledged the joint efforts of leaders and followers, advancements in conceptualizing the outcomes of such joint efforts have stagnated. Integrating leadership theory and research with multilevel theories on emergent states, we develop and propose a new framework of shared leader-follower outcomes (SLFOs). We rec...

In this prospective study, we examined the link between positive family relationships during childhood and adolescence and health and happiness three decades later in middle adulthood. We also investigated the stability of positive family relationships into adulthood as one possible pathway underlying this long-term association. Data were from the...

There is a general assumption that when it comes to possession of nonverbal skills, having more skill is better. This chapter argues that some nonverbal/emotional skills may actually be curvilinear (inverted U-shaped distribution), with a moderate, or “optimal” level of skill possession. For example, too little emotional control, or too much of it,...

Leadership has become an important topic in industrial-organizational psychology, and a popular concept for adult development. Research on leadership has examined leader behavior, styles, and the impact of leaders on groups and group performance, as well as the “dark side” of bad and abusive leaders. Although there is a strong focus on the leader,...

Charisma is a constellation of personal characteristics that causes an individual to be attractive to others and to have impact on them. Charisma is the ability to inspire, to affect people at the emotional level, and to lead a devoted following. Charisma is most often associated with charismatic leadership, but personal charisma is related to well...

We propose a construct called “everyday leadership” and a measure to assess it. Everyday leadership is the behaviors enacted by individuals who, regardless of formal title or authority, influence others to achieve shared objectives for the betterment of the collective. Initial validation of the measure was performed, and its developmental anteceden...

An interview focusing on a career in studying and teaching leadership and discussing issues related to leadership development

Overview of research on leadership development, with directions for the future. Introductory article for a special issue on leadership development.

Leadership development seeks to understand, predict, and intervene effectively in addressing the questions of how individuals develop as leaders and how collections of individuals develop a capacity for leadership. These questions are attracting scholars interested in the factors and processes involved in developing leaders and leadership. Presente...

Incorporates adult learning theory into the development of leadership in Business schools. Suggests ways to improve leadership development and gives examples of state-of-the-art approaches to leadership development.

Leader development serves as a strong focus in the mission statements of many business school programs. Looking at business school leader development programs through the lens of adult learning theory, we assert that there is an overreliance on cognitive training (e.g., lecture) as the primary form of education used in preparing future business lea...

It is no secret that employees leave their organizations because of bad managers- but what about the good ones? How can researchers and organizations differentiate individuals in terms of the interpersonal skills needed to perform well in the managerial role? Although these are fundamentally important questions to organizational psychologists, ther...

This encyclopedia volume covers clinical, cross-cultural, and applied applications of research on personality and individual differences.

Emotional intelligence is a widely used, but controversial construct, and has been adapted and applied extensively in workplace research. This entry is structured around three “streams” of thought in modeling and measuring emotional intelligence. Stream 1 refers to the original definition of the construct by Peter Salovey and Jack Mayer, measured i...

This chapter summarizes the life and work of Maria P. P. Root, one of the foundational thinkers in the field of biracial and intersectional identity development in psychology. It addresses the manner in which Dr. Root has drawn upon her own experience as a person of mixed race living in the cultural context of the United States in order to propose...

Relationships between personality and health are increasingly well documented, but understanding who gets sick and who stays well is a complex problem; a number of key variables interact with one another over time to lead an individual towards early death or a long, healthy life. Howard S. Friedman's concepts of the disease‐prone and self‐healing p...

Dr. Joseph Matarazzo is an academic and clinical psychologist who is indisputably the parent of Clinical Health Psychology in the United States and internationally. Dr. Matarazzo is a visionary; through his decades of writing, teaching and advocacy he challenged professional psychologists to move beyond treating patients with exclusively mental hea...

Machismo is a Latino male cultural value with a lot of controversy in the psychological literature due to its lack of an operational definition. Scholars argue that machismo is multidimensional with positive and negative qualities. More recently, traditional machismo and caballerismo are used as proxies of machismo when studying Latino men. Publish...

This entry provides a summary of the diagnostic considerations, prevalence, demographics correlates, potential risk and protective factors, and treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD is a syndrome which may emerge following a potentially traumatic event (PTE) in which a person witnesses or experiences actual or possible death, se...

Substantial research has contributed to our understanding of personality factors involved in suicide risk. In this entry, we briefly review the literature linking broad personality factors, including the Five Factor Model, but emphasizing Tellegen's Three Factor Model, with suicide‐related outcomes. We suggest an explanatory framework that integrat...

Organizations have great interest in controlling counterproductive work behaviors. In an effort to reduce the amount of counterproductivity among employees, professionals have turned to integrity tests – a non‐cognitive measure used worldwide for more than 60 years to identify individuals with a higher propensity to engage in counterproductive work...

Schizoid Personality Disorder (SZPD) is classified as one of the cluster A (“schizophrenia‐spectrum”) personality disorders (PDs) in the DSM‐V (APA, 2013). Its core diagnostic features are emotional detachment and social isolation. However, historically, SZPD was described as considerably more complex and multifaceted in both descriptive psychiatry...

Janet E. Helms, PhD is a noted counseling psychologist who, since the mid‐1970s, has contributed significantly to applied research and cross‐cultural considerations in theory, measurement, and application of racial identity (RI) theory. Helms's contributions include the development of racial identity models for people from a variety of racial and e...

Personality psychology in China has a long history before it became a specialized discipline. Since 1980s, the Western personality theory and measurements had been introduced into China and being wildly used among Chinese people. At the same time, there was also the localization movement of Chinese personality research which highlighted the indigen...

The majority of research examining individual antecedents of workplace deviance, also known as counterproductive work behavior, has focused on the big five personality variables: conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, extraversion, and openness to experience. Counterproductive work behavior has also been linked to the dark triad, a constell...

Some psychologists believe that resilience involves remaining the same despite the occurrence of stressful circumstances. In contrast, hardiness is the personality pattern of attitudes and strategies that, together, help one turn stressful circumstances from potential disasters into personal growth and advantage instead. There is more than 40 years...

Mental health professionals have long recognized that certain people have a dependent personality style – a tendency to look to others for nurturance, guidance, protection, and support, even in situations where autonomous functioning is warranted. Although early theoretical models conceptualized dependency as being inextricably linked with passivit...

Histrionic Personality Disorder (HPD) is a pervasive, stable, pattern of excessive emotionality and attention‐seeking behavior, currently classified as “Cluster B” personality disorder (dramatic, emotional, and erratic cluster) in the DSM‐V The etiology of HPD is presently unclear, although both heritable and environmental factors may contribute to...

Longevity has been linked to several personality traits – that is, the relatively stable patterns in thought, behavior, and motivation that serve to differentiate individuals from one another. The associations are complex, however, and more long‐term studies with multiple measured factors are needed to further expand understanding of personality‐lo...

Dr. Harry C. Triandis is known as the father of Cross‐Cultural Psychology. He served as president of multiple psychological associations and is well known for his influential research developing the cultural constructs of individualism and collectivism, the self, and interpersonal behavior. His research relied on multiple methodologies and collabor...

Japan has its own history about personality psychology. There are some Japanese words regarding meaning of personality. Historically, various pieces of knowledge of personality psychology have come into Japan, and original theories have also been created. Japanese personality psychology researchers maintain energetic research activities and publish...

David C. McClelland was an internationally recognized, motivation psychologist because of his profound research into achievement, affiliation, and power and his commitment to applying the findings to enhance people's lives and society. He led efforts to develop entrepreneurs in dozens of countries of the world, many in developing economics. He appl...

Marketing campaigns are most effective when they are tailored toward the personalities of the target audiences. In this entry, we review the central links between marketing and personality, including the ideas of brand personality, self‐congruity, and message‐person congruence. We end with an overview of personality‐based marketing in digital envir...

Janet E. Helms and Donelda A. Cook began using the term “visible racial/ethnic groups” (VREGs) in place of racial/ethnic minorities, as the respective minority and majority status designations for VREGs and Whites continued to disempower and characterize VREGs as deficient in comparison to White societal standards. They also considered VREGs as an...

Sexual dysfunctions are influenced by many factors, including personality traits and personality‐related characteristics. Understanding these personality factors may aid in the understanding and treatment of sexual problems. Men and women both share and differ on personality traits impacting sexual dysfunctions. Neuroticism, hostility, openness, an...

Personality in Islam is viewed as a multidimensional entity comprised of body, mind, and spirit that interact with one another and constitute an individual human being. In the Qur'an, the Muslim holy book, humans are encouraged to reflect on the signs within and outside themselves so they can know their real self and their relationship with their C...

The terms sadism and masochism were coined by German psychiatrist Richard von Krafft‐Ebing in his book Psychopathia Sexualis. He described sadism as deriving sexual pleasure from inflicting pain on another person and masochism as obtaining sexual pleasure from receiving pain and cruelty inflicted by another person. British psychologist Havelock Ell...

This entry compares and contrasts the terms monocultural and multicultural. It includes general uses of the terms as well as their use in relation to the field of psychology. The entry addresses key topics such as origins of the terms, definitions, and their various uses.

Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is characterized by a chronic pattern of antisocial behavior. Its close link to violence and crime renders it an important social and public health issue. A review of the extant literature on ASPD is provided. Key topics such as the conceptualization and categorization of ASPD, sex differences in the manifesta...

There is geographical variation in the ways in which people think, feel, and behave. Research concerned with geographical variation in personality explores the spatial organization of personality traits and how they relate to social entities and physical features of the environment. Evidence indicates that social influence, ecological influence, an...

Peggy McIntosh founded the Seeking Educational Equity and Diversity (SEED) Project on inclusive curriculum in 1986, serving as co‐director until 2011. McIntosh's understanding of privilege grew out of her own experience as a woman teaching in women's studies in the 1970s and 1980s. McIntosh has been instrumental in identifying and shaping the under...

Social class and classism are poorly understood when objective indices of income, education, and occupation are used to categorize individuals into social‐class groups (e.g. middle‐class). Research suggests that individuals within these social‐class groups vary on a number of personality and individual characteristics. Subjective approaches to unde...

Risk‐seeking is a characteristic that one attributes to a certain personality: Some individuals are risk‐seeking; others are risk‐aversive. Recreational risk‐seeking, implicates two personality traits: impulsivity and sensation seeking. Risk‐seeking can implicate antisocial behavior, especially if the activities engaged in are prohibited by law, su...

Biculturalism describes one's status of being identified with two cultures, internalizing, or containing within oneself, the identity and/or behaviors of both cultures. Biculturalism occurs as a result of a variety of situations, including immigration, interethnic relationships, mixed heritage, colonialism and war‐related occupations, expatriation,...

James M. Jones is a leading voice in psychology on the issue of race, racism, prejudice, and discrimination. His book, Prejudice and Racism is a classic in the field. This chapter discusses his early life, academic influences, and employment history. Jones's two major impacts upon the profession have been on his writings on prejudice and racism and...

Individual differences play a key role in career choice and development. Personality and interests are evident from early childhood, and they typically remain stable across the lifespan. Personality traits have been found predictive of college major and career choice, and they have been related to many career outcomes including job search behaviors...

Martin E. P. Seligman is a leading authority in the fields of positive psychology, resilience, learned helplessness, depression, optimism, and pessimism. In 1998, Dr. Seligman was elected president of the American Psychological Association by the largest vote in modern history. He is currently the Zellerbach Family Professor of Psychology at the Un...

Schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) affects just under 4% of the population and is characterized by cognitive, perceptual, social, interpersonal, and behavioral features. SPD exists along a continuum of severity across clinical and community populations. Between 20% and 40% of individuals with early SPD develop schizophrenia later. Much progress...

This section examines the role played by individual coping behaviors in managing stressful experiences. First, “stress” and “coping” are defined, and the importance of cognitive appraisal in coping processes is noted. Different types of coping (e.g. problem‐focused and emotion‐focused strategies), methods of assessment, and dispositional versus sit...

Allocentrism and idiocentrism are the individual equivalents of collectivism and individualism. Collectivism and individualism are intended to refer to cultural or societal descriptions of the interrelations among inhabitants of those cultures or societies. Thus, an individual can be allocentric or idiocentric in a collectivistic society, or an ind...

This chapter will define cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and describe its theoretical perspective; place CBT in historical perspective in psychology; briefly review some basic principles; describe applications and efficacy of CBT to specific problems and populations including children and adolescents; and describe limitations and discuss possibl...

Culturally adapted psychotherapy refers to the tailoring and modification of mental health services for people of diverse backgrounds. A number of meta‐analyses have found that culturally adapted treatments moderately improve treatment outcomes. Moreover, cultural adaptations that occur at a deeper structural level and incorporate client values in...

This entry provides a compact review of the evidence that personality characteristics are related to deviant work behaviors, with special attention directed at counterproductive work behaviors and abusive supervision. In particular, the roles that the Big Five personality traits, the attachment system, and dark personality characteristics play in t...

Volunteerism is a unique form of helping behavior that is related to personality traits and characteristics. The Big Five personality traits of agreeableness and extraversion consistently predict volunteerism. In addition, there are a number of dynamic, or changeable, traits and states that reliably predict volunteerism, including: (a) prosocial or...

For many years, the trait perspective has dominated the study of human personality. At the turn of the twentieth century, with the development of new scientific methods for psychological research, researchers began to focus on personality as a set of identifiable, universal traits. Researchers such as Allport, Cattell, and Murray each developed the...

With over 6,000 languages spoken in the world (Crystal, 1987), acknowledging linguistic and cultural variables is imperative as they impact the understanding of psychological functions. Individually, these variables represent intricate mechanisms, and complexity becomes greater when both culture and language are coalesced and studied together. To m...

Personality and intelligence are two commonly measured constructs used for employee selection that have been shown to be valid predictors of job performance. Often used in connection with other measures, the combination of personality and intelligence assessments has been shown to have incremental validity over either type of assessment used alone....

Cultural Intelligence is defined as “an individual's capacity to function and manage effectively in culturally diverse settings” (Ang et al., 2007). CQ is conceptualized into four different dimensions that correspond to the depth, breadth, and flexibility of an individual's cultural strategies, knowledge, drive, and skills. There are three broad ty...

Personality was once regarded as stable in adulthood, but increasingly researchers are discovering patterns of change across the adult years. The principles of plasticity, maturation, and social engagement provide a framework for understanding changes in personality traits. From the perspective of psychosocial developmental theories, ego identity c...