Roger Hayter

• Professor Emeritus at Simon Fraser University

To power cloud data centres (DCs) with renewable energy (RE) Amazon, Apple, Facebook, Google and Microsoft negotiated innovative long-term contracts that opened up regional vertically integrated electricity utilities to allow new roles for large-scale suppliers and buyers of electricity. This transformation is explained using Williamson’s framework...

This paper analyzes the evolutionary trajectory of the Panasonic Corporation in China during the past 40 years from a liability of foreignness (LOF) perspective. Conceptually, the LOF is interpreted as dynamic processes that occur on entry and subsequently as a result of interactions in corporate strategy, host country policies and local rivalries....

Google, Apple, Microsoft, Amazon and Facebook, the fearsome five of cloud computing, have committed to providing their data centers with renewable energy. In so doing, this paper argues that their strategies are fulfilling two main Sustainable Development Goals, while demonstrating a new evolution in the relation between firmspecific advantages and...

In Canada, a new collaborative approach to forest sector innovation was heralded by the formation of FPinnovations in 2007. Thus FPInnovations acquired and coordinated three long-established industry-driven (association) laboratories, respectively focusing on forestry, wood products and pulp and paper, becoming the largest R&D organization in Canad...

Resource conflicts are widespread features of contemporary globalization. In forestry-related resource peripheries, such as British Columbia (BC), various societal stakeholders are demanding a reform of resource uses away from industrial priorities towards more ecological and cultural ones. Forest conflicts represent institutional clashes that lead...

Why have a chapter on single industry resource towns, the only one in this book that refers to a specific kind of place as opposed to a process or economic entity? The very classification of “single industry resource towns” conjures up a stereotypical image with well‐known characteristics. First, they boom and they bust, and in this sense the probl...

This paper assesses the extent to which threshold firms have emerged within British Columbia's wood processing industries. Threshold firms comprise an innovative business segment and are growth oriented, larger than most small firms but not giant, locally owned, international in scope at least with respect to exporting, reliant on skilled, well pai...

The relationships between natural resources and development are profoundly important, but contingent and contradictory. This entry's objectives are to summarize the problematical implications of resource exploitation for economic diversification, and to discuss the implications of resource conflicts for development, particularly with respect to res...

This study examines the evolutionary geography of British Columbia's forest industries during a period marked by volatility and decline. Conceptually, the study draws upon the industrial life cycle model, identifying the distinctive characteristics of resource industries during the transition to maturity and beyond. Empirically, the study focuses o...

As a response to forest conflict, contemporary remapping refers to re-evaluations of resource values, new and diverse forms of governance among stakeholders, and compromises within patterns of land use that give greater emphasis to environmental and cultural priorities. This paper elaborates the processes of remapping by examining the role of insti...

This article examines and proposes connections between resource and economic geography from an institutional perspective. Economic geography urgently needs to more substantively embrace resources from its theoretical purview while resource geography's established approaches can be enriched by economic geography's focus on space–place relations, ins...

The Canadian-US softwood lumber dispute began in the early 1980s when US interests claimed Canadian exports were unfairly subsidized. This paper assesses recent (post 2001) spatial implications of the dispute for firm behaviour in BC's lumber industry, especially with respect to in-situ adjustments and geographical expansion. It is argued that the...

Dispute settlement mechanisms (DSMs), and the institutional architecture of free trade agreements, have been neglected in economic geography's contemplations of international trade or globalization. This article highlights the role of DSMs in free trade agreements, especially in relation to the World Trade Organization (WTO), and draws out some imp...

This paper addresses claims that the value-added wood industries contribute towards an economically and environmentally sustainable forest economy in British Columbia, Canada. The small firms that comprise the value-added industries have grown in number, are relatively labour intensive, draw upon diverse, small volume timber supplies, and serve a w...

This commentary supports Weller and O'Neil's plea for rigorous assessments of neoliberal policies that incorporate definitions of and recognition of alternative models and limits to neoliberalism. Their definition of neoliberalism is elaborated to refer to public goods, while suggestions for more explicit treatments of both markets and governments...

During the Fordist boom decades from the 1940 to the 1970s British Columbia's forest industries were dominated by large, vertically and horizontally integrated companies and the mass production of standardized, low-value commodities. The severe recession of the 1980s threatened this domination. The resource endowment was in decline, conflicts over...

The ability of clusters generated by direct foreign investment (DFI) in emerging economies to generate sustained, value-added growth is a matter of controversy. This article assesses this debate with reference to the role of Japanese electronics multinational corporations (MNCs) in the development of clusters in Malaysia. Conceptually, we present a...

This article argues that recent proposals for environmental and evolutionary economic geographies (EEG 1 and EEG2) should be integrated; EEG2 is used as “passing convenience” to make this case. EEG1's emphasis on environmental imperatives is loosely framed and needs a theoretical socio‐economic evolutionary base that is the central thrust of EEG2....

This paper contributes to the theory of subsidiary evolution in multinational corporations through utilising a value chain approach. It assesses the changing activities of the branches of Japanese electronics firms located in Southeast Asia (the ASEAN region) since the 1997–1998 financial crisis. In the paper, we argue that a modest development of...

Industrialization broadly refers to the transformation of agrarian-rural societies to industrial-urban societies that are dominated by manufacturing and services. The beginning of this transformation, conventionally referred to as the industrial revolution, is typically traced to the late 18th century in England. Although the term has broader usage...

The volatility of British Columbia’s (BC’s) forest industries over the last three decades has not only reflected the immediate impacts of demand fluctuations arising from the broader vicissitudes of capitalist economies but the evolutionary implications of industrial and resource dynamics. The 1980s recession in particular marked a turning point in...

In recent decades, the creation of conservation areas has been a significant and contested trend in resource peripheries around the globe, embracing the “remapping” of resource extents, tenures, and values and thereby land use patterns and regional development trajectories. Environmental nongovernmental organizations (ENGOs) have emerged as key act...

Recently, a number of economic geography studies have emphasized that when neoliberalism is grounded in particular places, it takes on hybrid forms, a result of local contingencies that are found at those sites. This article contributes to this literature by explicating the processes by which hybridization occurs by drawing on a comparative study o...

For Japanese multinational corporations (MNCs), glocalization (dochakuka) refers to the challenge of balancing the need to adapt foreign subsidiaries to local circumstances and to integrate corporate operations as a whole. This article addresses the regional headquarters (RHQ) strategies of electronics MNCs in the Association of Southeast Asian Nat...

This paper examines the cultural dimensions of production networks between Japanese and Taiwanese firms. Conceptually, we argue that, due to historical and cultural ties between the two countries, as well as long-standing associations with Taiwanese suppliers, Japanese lead firms have deepened their relationships as Taiwan has entered a more techno...

This paper focuses on the role of Taiwan's 'latecomer firms' that are also large firms in developing technological capability within the electronics industry. Taiwan illustrates a latecomer country that has industrialised in the late twentieth century through export-based industrialisation and latecomer firms are indigenous influences shaping this...

Introductory Paragraph Economy and environment have often been debated, not least by politicians seeking election, as two separate, conflicting realms in zero sum relationships to one another; voters must choose between economy or environment. Likewise, modern (post‐1960) economic geography largely sub‐disciplined itself around an interest in emplo...

In this article, trade is conceptualized as a cultural as well as an economic and political process. In this view, exporting connects market intelligence with production intelligence on either side of national, typically cultural, borders. These connections frequently imply alternative, mutually influencing, forms of communication and learning that...

This article examines hybrid branch plants created by an interaction of the routines and conventions of the parent company with those of local institutions. We argue that hybridization is a search for an appropriate mix of practices that ensure viability in local circumstances, rather than necessarily the transfer of established “best” (parent-comp...

For many Western corporations, Japan poses formidable barriers to export and investment. Although trade policy confrontations with Japan have been scrutinized, the strategies pursued by Western corporations in attempting to penetrate the Japanese economy remain poorly understood. This paper addresses this lacuna via a corporate case study. Conceptu...

The paper is divided into two main parts. The first outlines the general relationship between staples and industrialization in Canada by drawing upon Innis's work and that of later commentators. Two different models of resource development are discussed, entrepreneurial and plantation. An entrepreneurial model predicated upon small producers domina...

For over a decade the Science Council of Canada has argued with increasing conviction that Canada's industrial dilemmas stem from technological weaknesses that result primarily from high levels of foreign ownership (e.g. Cordell, 1971; Bourgault, 1972; Britton and Gilmour, 1978; Shepherd, 1980). Indeed, the council urges that only by adopting an in...

Throughout virtually all mass production industries in North America, including the Canadian newsprint industry, a significant theme of restructuring involves a transition from ‘Fordist’ to more ‘flexible’ methods of production and employment. In this paper, shifts towards smaller, more flexible employment conditions are assessed from the perspecti...

This paper, on the basis of primary data obtained at the level of the individual plant, examines the nature and extent of employment change in the forest product manufacturing industries of British Columbia between 1981 and 1985 - that is, during and following extremely severe recessionary conditions. The discussion emphasizes the employment implic...

This paper analyses the export performance and export potentials of end products manufactured in western Canada. Exports are explicitly interpreted as part of the (progressive) internationalization of firms. A sample of manufacturing firms is classified according to a five-stage model of the internationalization of firms on the basis of variations...

This article advocates evolutionary institutionalism as a conceptual platform to launch a systematic approach to environmental economic geography. Evolutionary institutionalism interprets industrial transitions through the lens of innovative behaviour that is shaped by reciprocal economic and non-economic processes and periodically restructures eco...

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It is argued that the controversies surrounding the impacts of foreign investment on Canadian economic development indicate a need for a better understanding of the dynamics of change at the level of the firm. Conceptualizes foreign investment in terms of the spatial entry barriers facing internationally (and interregionally) expanding firms vis-a-...

This article focuses on an important research gap in recent literature on the geography of labour market segmentation, namely internal skill formation within firms and how that skill formation is affected by inter-firm relationships within a production system and among production systems. We address this research gap by drawing on Japanese perspect...

In many established industries survival during the 1980s has required productivity improvements, massive job loss and the achievement of new, more ‘flexible’ working conditions. Yet, the search for smaller, more flexible work forces is necessarily an uncertain and contentious process, especially in situations characterized by IN SITU adjustments an...

In this paper, we articulate the relationships between strategies of flexible specialization, uncertainty, and the firm in order to emphasize the internal differentiation of flexibly specialized regions. Conceptually, the paper argues that this variability is an implication of uncertainty which has been neglected in the literature. In particular, i...

Economic Geography: An Institutional Approach provides a comprehensive study of the economic activities of markets in place and space. The distinctiveness of this book is in its institutional approach towards understanding how place and space shape economic processes. The text argues that the market is the central institution of modern economies, a...

In Japan, a well-established, widespread system of local timber market auctions, featuring the exchange of privately owned logs, is increasingly threatened by imports organized according to mass production principles. This article assesses the evolution, rationale, and functions of Japan's timber auctions that were primarily created in post-war Jap...

This paper examines the Tsubame cutlery industry as an example of one of Japan's community-based industries (CBI's). CBI's are localized, closely inter-linked concentrations of small businesses which manufacture and export a distinctive product on the basis of a social division of labor. To demonstrate the dynamic nature of the social division of l...

Business associations (BAs) represent a widely prevalent institution contingent upon a plethora of regional and industrial contexts around the world. Although their role in local development is rarely highlighted this paper argues that analysis of the structure and strategies of BAs reveals important insights into the problematic nature of external...

In trying to understand resource economies, the article develops the idea of local models. A local model, in contrast to a universal model, is sensitive to the peculiarities of geographical context. Those peculiarities, rather than being reduced to some higher order of logic as in universal models, are kept intact, forming the very basis of underst...

Based on interviews with corporate executives, this paper examines several decisions to locate pulp and paper mills in British Columbia during the 1960's and early 1970's. It emphasizes locational evaluations of regions, communities, and sites interpreted as parts of wider investment decision processes and longer-run corporate strategies. Relations...

Resource peripheries that are geographically remote from “core economies” are also peripheral to contemporary theorizing in economic geography, and requires higher profile within economic geography's research agenda. The restructuring qua remapping of resource peripheries is collectively shaped by institutional forces unleashed by post-Fordism and...

This paper endorses recent pleas for an ‘institutional turn’ within economic geography. In particular, it reveals and connects the coherence and distinctiveness of dissenting institutional economics as a way of thinking for economic geography. Economic geographers have recognized this tradition but its continuity and compass is not fully appreciate...

Pacific Asia has looked to direct foreign investment (DFI) to achieve economic growth and technological catch-up, and Japanese multinational corporations (MNCs) have responded massively. This paper evaluates Japanese MNCs as a source of industrial learning and technological transfer in the region, drawing from a large research literature and from t...

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This paper conceptualizes industrial location, specifically in the form of foreign investment, as a bargaining process to provide a framework within which to examine Iceland's deals with aluminium multinationals between 1961 and 1994. These deals involve one actual and one planned investment in aluminium smelters. Conceptually, it is argued that th...

Theorizing in economic geography has focused on core regions, industrial and non-industrial, old and new. Indeed, contemplation of the idea of globalization has reinforced this quest. This paper disputes this blinkered thinking that peripheralizes resource peripheries, and seeks to re-position and emphasize resource peripheries within economic geog...

BC Studies ; Vancouver Iss. 136, (Winter 2002/2003): 73-101. ProQuest document link FULL TEXT FOREST TOWNS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA are in the throes of a profound restructuring (Hayter 2000). The most recent turn of the screw, the US imposition of a 27% import tax on softwood lumber (May 2002), is only the latest twist in a twenty-year history scarred...

The pioneers of industrial geography and regional science were fully aware of the importance of the environment for industrial location and the importance of industrialization for the environment. Somehow, as these subjects evolved, this lesson was not fully appreciated. This paper has sought to contribute towards resolving this neglect. In particu...

This paper uses the work of the Canadian economic historian, Harold Innis, to reflect on the nature of resource economies and the single-industry towns that form their backbone. For Innis resource or staple economies are subject to extreme spatial and temporal disruptions that are both creative and destructive. Single-industry towns are on the fron...

This paper examines the extent to which the Asian currency crisis of 1997–1998 impacted upon the behaviour of Japanese foreign direct investment (FDI) in the manufacturing sector. Much literature has claimed that transnational corporations (TNCs) are unlikely to be firmly embedded in the host countries where they operate. If this is the case, then...

Forests have been considered like a raw material during many decades in British Columbia. This province is now trying to promote a sustainable development. What are the most important changes? Who are the agents of change? What are the possible scénarios? This paper is about these three questions.

Après avoir longtemps considéré les forêts comme une source quasi inépuisable de matière première, la Colombie Britannique se tourne vers le développement durable. Quels sont les principaux changements en cours ? Quels sont les acteurs de cette transition ? Quels sont les scénarii possibles ? Tels sont les points abordés par cet article.

This paper is a critical examination of the 'flying geese' and 'billiard ball' models of foreign direct investment (FDI) and their ability to explain the spatial expansion of Japanese electronics multinationals (MNCs) in Asia-Pacific countries from 1985 to 1996. Data on Japanese FDI are analyzed in this region at the aggregate, sectoral, and firm l...

1 Introduction: contours of economic development in the Asia-Pacific Part 1 Economic dynamism considered 2 Patterns of trade, investment and migration in the Asia-Pacific region 3 Growth: its sources and consequence 4 Financial systems and monetary Integration Engendering the Economic Miracle: the labour market in the Asia-Pacific 6 The role of the...

British Columbian coastal forest communities have suffered substantial job losses over the last twenty years as the forest products industry has been restructured. One of the most dramatic results has been severe community dislocation. Our paper examines both the economic restructuring and the associated community dislocation that occurred in one s...