Roger James Arnold

• Ph.D.
• Senior Research Scientist at Chinese Academy of Forestry

Context Processing young, small eucalypt logs into veneer is a burgeoning industry across southern China. However, plantations supplying these logs were mostly established for pulpwood; little information is available on variation and selection among commercial eucalypt clones/varieties in regards to suitability for veneer production. Methods Tree...

China’s plywood production grew rapidly over the past 15 years from around 9 M m3 yr−1 in the mid 1990s to over 55 M m3 yr−1 by 2011. Associated with this has been a proliferation of small-scale eucalypt veneer mills processing young (≤ 5 yrs) small diameter logs (mostly ≤ 12 cm small end diameter); by 2011 there were over 5000 such mills in China...

Eighty-four open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus dunnii representing 14 natural stand seed sources and one seed orchard source from Australia were established at two sites in central and southern Hunan province in 2004. These were assessed at ages 2.5–3.5 y (around half the average rotation length of eucalypt plantations in China) for tree growth...

In China a substantial plantation industry, including 5.4 M ha of eucalypts and up to 50,000 ha of acacias, has been built on a foundation of R&D and germplasm acquisition for exotic eucalypt and acacia species over the past 40 years. From the 1980s through to the early 2000s a suite of Chinese-Australian collaborative R&D projects made major contr...

Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. is one of the most morphologically and genetically variable Eucalyptus species. Growth, Leptocybe invasa Fisher & La Salle susceptibility, pilodyn penetration and other traits up to age 36 months were assessed in a seed source/family trial in China comprising 112 seedlots representing five natural stand and six exotic...

Cost-effective, non-destructive means of estimating wood properties of eucalypts grown in Guangxi, China, were evaluated using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and resistance drilling. For this evaluation, wood samples for NIR analysis and resistance drill measurements were collected from 581 trees, representing eight plantation Eucalyptus taxa acr...

Corymbia citriodora subsp. citriodora has a long history of cultivation as a multipurpose tree in China and many other countries in Southeast and South Asia. Despite this history and longstanding interest in the species, published studies examining genetic variation among and/or within provenances/seed sources are scarce. Recognising this and to in...

Corymbia citriodora subsp. citriodora has a long history of cultivation as a multipurpose tree in China and many other countries of southeast and south Asia. Despite its over 100-year history of introduction outside from Australia, the genetic differences on environmental adaption among and/or within provenances/seed sources when introduced to the...

Eucalypt is the vernacular name used to refer to trees of the three genera, Angophora Cav., Corymbia K. D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson and Eucalyptus L’Herit. These closely related genera are within the Myrtaceae family and include around 1000 taxa in total, nearly all of which are indigenous to Australia. In China, over 5 million ha of industrial planta...

Stora Enso Guangxi manages 76,500 ha of plantations in southern China to supply pulpwood and veneer logs. A tree improvement program commenced in 2003, in collaboration with local forest research institutes, to develop superior Eucalyptus hybrid clones. The program used discrete generation reciprocal recurrent selection among the genotypes from fiv...

Smallholder tree-growers make substantial contributions to commercial wood flows in many countries in Asia. Many of these growers choose eucalypt and/or acacia species, which offer profitable and sustainable land-use options. Smallholder acacia and eucalypt plantings in India, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Sri Lanka, China, Thailand and Viet Na...

Assessment of potentially suitable geographic areas in China and their response to climate change can provide a reference for sustainable development of Eucalyptus grandis plantations. Under current and future conditions, the potentially suitable areas for this species were predicted using MaxEnt modelling from known successful plantings of E. gran...

In China a substantial plantation industry, including over 5.4 M ha of exotic acacia and eucalypt plantations, has developed from an early foundation of R&D and germplasm acquisition for these species that was sponsored by both China and Australia over the past 40 years. From the early 1980s through to the early 2000s a suite of Chinese-Australian...

Influenced by increasing population and prosperity, global wood needs are expected to treble by 2050 and an increased dependence on plantations will see demand for planted wood grow from 500M to 1,500M m3 over the next 30 years. Expansion of planted wood resources using conventional commercial plantation models is challenged in the crowded landscap...

Understanding the rules of genetic recombination in controlled pollination directly related to the selection of parental genotypes and the utilization of heterosis, and genotype identification is a primary study of the genetic rules. The aims of this study were to investigate the ability of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to accurately and efficie...

Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden (Dunn’s white gum) is a fast-growing tall tree with a restricted natural distribution in south-east Australia and favorable wood properties for pulp production. In this study, selected and native forest family seedlots of E. dunnii were evaluated in 17 open-pollinated progeny trials located in Australia, Uruguay, China, Arg...

Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) is a shrub native to Amazon rainforests that’s of commercial interest as its seeds contain 35–60% edible oil (dry weight). This oil is one of the healthiest vegetable oils due to its high polyunsaturated fatty acid content and favourable ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids. De novo transcriptome assembly an...

Most of the genomic studies in plants and animals have used additive models for studying genetic parameters and prediction accuracies. In this study, we used genomic models with additive and nonadditive effects to analyse the genetic architecture of growth and wood traits in an open-pollinated (OP) population of Eucalyptus pellita. We used two prog...

In China a substantial plantation industry involving 5.4 M ha of exotic eucalypts and up to 50 000 ha of exotic acacias, has been built on a foundation of collaborative R&D sponsored by both China and Australia over the past 40 years. Germplasm derived from some of the early collaboration still provides the majority of trees deployed in current euc...

Khaya senagalensis is an important commercial plantation tree species in Sri Lanka. Genetic improvement of this species was initiated with the establishment of two large provenance trials in the country’s intermediate rainfall zone in 2008. These trials included 3 Sri Lankan land race and 21 natural stand sources from sub-Saharan Africa. Both trial...

China’s high production of plywood (50 million m3/yr) has created buoyant demand for domestically produced veneer logs. In recent years, China were intensively using fast-growing high-yielding eucalypt plantations to provide veneers for plywood. The eucalypt plantations supplying these logs were mostly established for pulpwood and harvested at age...

Toona ciliata is a tree species native to Oceania, Southeast Asia, China and to the Indian subcontinent that is favoured for production of very high value timber. In this study, the potential for exogenous application of polyamines (PAs) for improving the ability of young trees to tolerate drought stress was examined. Two-year-old seedling trees we...

Acacia mangium has become a major commercial plantation species in the humid lowland tropics, primarily for production of pulpwood; well-managed plantations in such environments can reach productivities exceeding 40 m3/ha/year at 2.5 years of age. However, the sustainability of such plantation resources is now being seriously challenged by pathogen...

Eucalyptus camaldulensis has the widest geographical range of any eucalypt in Australia; across its range, it encompasses substantial phenotypic and genetic variation with seven subspecies now recognised. It is one of the most widely cultivated eucalypts across a range of arid, temperate and tropical countries, with southern provenances generally b...

Notable features of Hoop Pine - Araucaria cunninghamii - are its very wide latitudinal range, from around 1°S to 31°S, and its wide altitudinal range, from sea level to 3,355 m asl. Its natural habitats encompass a range of contrasting edaphic and other environmental conditions, from soils of volcanic and granitic origins through metamorphics to de...

Characteristics of genetic sequences across 40 Eucalyptus and Corymbia species, and across individuals within species, were examined based on 20 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci. Variation of target sequences between species were mainly due to differences in the numbers of repetitions and base mutations on the associated flanking region sequences,...

Khaya senegalensis is an increasingly important commercial plantation species in Australia, Sri Lanka and elsewhere. To address a problem of limited information on seed source variation from across its natural and planted range for key economic traits, two seed source trials were established in Sri Lanka in 2008. These included 3 Sri Lankan landrac...

Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake is an important commercial tropical plantation species worldwide. In China, a breeding program for this species has progressed through three cycles but genetic diversity and structure in the breeding populations are uncertain. A sampling of field trials from these populations was carried out to evaluate their genetic...

Eucalypt plantations in China currently exceed 4.5 Mhm 2 , and this country has the third largest area of such plantations after India and Brazil. China's eucalypt industry now comprises a complex, multifaceted industry including seedling propagation, fertilizer production and supply, plantation silviculture, harvesting and transport, wood processi...

Eucalyptus grandis is one of the main commercial forest plantation species in the highlands of Sri Lanka. An E. grandis genetic improvement program was initiated in 1995 with the establishment of a first-generation provenance-family trial cum seedling seed orchard (SSO), and several seed production areas (SPAs) using seeds from natural stands in Au...

In 2006 a research project commenced to breed drought-hardy Eucalyptus globulus for the lower rainfall Secano area (mean annual rainfall below 1000 mm y–1) of Chile’s Bío-Bío Region. Three populations were included in this project: (a) open-pollinated families of selected clones from a seed orchard of INFOR’s tree breeding program; (b) open-pollina...

Influenced by increasing population and prosperity, global wood needs are expected to treble by 2050, and an increased dependence on plantations will see demand for planted wood grow from 500 Mm³ to 1500 Mm³ over the next 30 years. Expansion of planted wood resources using conventional commercial plantation models is challenged in the crowded lands...

Variation in 12 morphological and growth characteristics were assessed in 3.5-month-old Corymbia citriodora subsp. citriodora seedlings. The taxon is known as C. citriodora throughout this paper (synonymous with Eucalyptus citriodora). The seedlings originated from 147 families and one multiple-parent bulk seedlot representing six natural stand see...

A preliminary assessment of climate change impacts on planting domains is presented for Eucalyptus pellita and the E. urophylla x E. grandis hybrid in parts of China and south-east Asia. Simple descriptions of climatic requirements are verified and, where necessary, refined. Climate data for current conditions and projected temperature rises of 1.1...

A genetically diverse cohort of Eucalyptus camaldulensis seedlings were grown under a range of irrigation treatments to impose a range of states of water stress. Near infrared (NIR) spectra obtained from leaf surfaces of these seedlings were calibrated against physiological measurements commonly associated with plant water stress, i.e. relative wat...

There is a long history of eucalypt planting in inland regions of southern China where humid summers and frequent winter frosts and extreme cold events are features of the climate. Although early eucalypt plantings suffered widespread failures, some species managed to survive with individual trees in some plantings growing to impressive sizes with...

One hundred and forty-two Eucalyptus dunnii seedlots including 66 families and 1 bulk seedlot from natural stands, 52 families and 4 bulk seedlots from genetically-improved (first-generation) sources and 1 local plus-tree seedlot were established in trials in Yunnan, China, in 2007 and 2008. These were assessed for growth up at ages 6½ years and 5½...

Inland humid sub-tropical regions of China’s southern provinces have substantial areas of land potentially available for forest plantation development. Such development would help address a substantial deficit of domestic production over demand for timber and fibre raw materials. However, the tropical and sub-tropical eucalypt varieties that are th...

Sixty logs of 17-year-old thinned, unpruned plantation-grown Eucalyptus dunnii representing 10 trees from each of 2 provenances were obtained from a field-trial in central Guangxi Province, China, and processed in a nearby sawmill to produce dried appearance-grade sawn wood suitable for manufacture of short-length flooring. This study’s objectives...

Species of Lasiodiplodia are important pathogens of a wide variety of plants covering a wide geographical distribution. These fungi can be associated with different symptoms such as stem cankers, shoot blights, fruit rots, dieback and gummosis. Diseases caused by Lasiodiplodia were surveyed on Eucalyptus urophylla 9 grandis, Polyscias balfouriana a...

Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the most significant diseases of plantation Eucalyptus in southern China. In this study, 11 isolates were obtained from symptomatic individual trees from eucalypt plantations located in the key eucalypt growing regions in China: Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Cultures of these isolates were...

Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the most significant diseases of plantation Eucalyptus in southern China. In this study, 11 isolates were obtained from symptomatic individual trees from eucalypt plantations located in the key eucalypt-growing regions in China: Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Cultures of these isolates were...

The gall wasp Leptocybe invasa is a major insect pest on plantation Eucalyptus in many countries. Since appearing in China in 2007 it has had major impacts on commercial plantations—some commonly planted Eucalyptus varieties have proven particularly susceptible, including hybrids involving Eucalyptus camaldulensis and E. tereticornis parent species...

Processing young, small-diameter eucalypt logs into veneer is a burgeoning industry across southern China. However, plantations supplying these logs are mostly managed on silvicultural regimes which are appropriate for pulpwood and little information is available on alternative regimes for eucalypt plantations with respect to veneer yields and qual...

Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. provenance–family trials were assessed on two southern Australian saline discharge sites, each of which demonstrated spatial and temporal heterogeneity for salinity and groundwater-table depth. Ninety-six seedlots (from 29 Australian provenances) including 82 individual, open-pollinated families, 14 bulked provenance...

Trials of two groups of Eucalyptus saligna families, with 84 open-pollinated families representing nine natural stand provenances from Australia, were established at three sites in central and northern Fujian province in 2002. At age 3.5 y (about half the average rotation length for eucalypt plantations in south-eastern China) these were assessed f...

A field trial to examine growth and wound healing of pruned Corymbia torelliana was established in a 40-month-old plantation in western Guangdong, China. It included: (1) pruning all branches up to stem diameters of 5, 6, 7 or 8 cm, (2) wound protection with wax or paint and (3) a control with no pruning. Measurements of growth and wound occlusion...

The activity levels of five defensive enzymes, namely, peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and catalase (CAT) were assessed in shoots of four commercial Eucalyptus clones (DH201-2, DH32-29, U6, GL9) at ages of 13, 29 and 38 months. Levels were also assessed in healthy and damaged...

The activity levels of five defensive enzymes, namely, peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and catalase (CAT) were assessed in shoots of four commercial Eucalyptus clones (DH201-2, DH32-29, U6, GL9) at ages of 13, 29 and 38 months. Levels were also assessed in healthy and damaged...

Variation in pulp wood traits between eucalypt clones across sites and implications for deployment strategies. A total of 20 hybrid eucalypt clones at age 5½ years across four sites in coastal south-west China were assessed for volume and a subset of these for wood basic density and wood mass production. Six of these clones were also assessed for k...

Growth response and wound occlusion in pruned Corymbia torelliana. A field trial to examine growth and wound healing of pruned Corymbia torelliana was established in a 40-month-old plantation in western Guangdong, China. It included: (1) pruning all branches up to stem diameters of 5, 6, 7 or 8 cm, (2) wound protection with wax or paint and (3) a c...

A large initial stocking × fertilizer factorial field trial established in 1993 with a Eucalyptus urophylla × grandis hybrid clone in southern Guangxi province, China, included 6 initial stocking treatments ranging from 667 to 2,222 trees ha-1 and 6 fertilizer treatments. Growth data was collected at various intervals up to age 192 months and also...

Ash content, calorific value and content of selected organic and mineral constituents in leaves, branches, roots, stem­ wood and bark of four year old, plantation grown Eucalyptus urophylla x grandis were analyzed. Ash contents of the five component tree tissues ranged from 0.3% to 4.1 %, and the order by decreasing ash content was: leaves > bark>...

Seven eucalypt species and Acacia mangium from a species trial in southern China were assessed for growth, stem form and wood properties at age 6 years. Differences in growth were highly significant for mean tree volume with the order Eucalyptus urophylla > E. cloeziana > A. mangium > E. grandis > E. urophylla × grandis > E. saligna > E. pellita >...

Five seed source—family trials of Eucalyptus grandis were planted at Dongmen Forest Farm in southern Guangxi, China, between 1987 and 2001. Growth was assessed up to age 5 y on an annual basis for three trials and in 4 out of 5 y for two trials. In 2008 growth was assessed again, along with pilodyn penetration, at trial ages ranging from 7 to 21 y....

Eucalyptus grandis can grow rapidly under favourable conditions (to 2-3 m or more per year in height) and can tolerate short term flooding. It is reputedly one of the best native species available from Australia for establishment of fast growing timber plantations in subtropical and warm temperate climates overseas (Cromer et al., 1991). It is not...

Eucalyptus dunnii is a large hardwood which can show rapid growth and often excellent stem form on fertile soils with suitable climate. In plantations, stem straightness can be superior to that of the highly regarded species E. grandis (Johnson and Arnold, 2000), with a finer branching habit. It has a demonstrated adaptability to a wide range of so...

In a Eucalyptus pellita provenance-family trial established in coastal south-western Guangdong province in China, 244 open-pollinated families representing one provenance from Indonesia, two from Papua New Guinea and 11 from Australia were evaluated for typhoon resistance at age 3 y and for survival and growth up to age 5 y. Significant differences...

Genetically improved planting stock will be an essential component of low to medium rainfall (400-600 mm y-1) plantations in southern Australia. The requirement is for trees that are resistant to environmental stressors that will also produce commercially valuable products. This chapter describes a shift in the focus of selection and tree improvem...

Article from: Australian Forest Grower - Summer 2005 (p. 27, 40) Some of the earliest plantings of African mahogany (Khaya senegalensis) in Australia were as street trees around Darwin in the late 1950s. Since then it has shown good growth, excellent survival and reasonable stem form in plantings across a wide range of sites in northern Australia....

Results from more than 50 species, species-seed source, and seed source/family trials of eucalypts established across a wide range of sites in cooler inland regions (mean annual temperatures of 15-20 degrees Celsius with absolute minima down to -8 to -10 degrees Celsius) of southern China are summarized in this report. The sites were located in two...

An existing profile of the climatic requirements for Khaya senegalensis plantations was compared to the climatic conditions of 20 successful K. senegalensis trial and plantation sites in north Queensland, 21 in the Northern Territory and 4 in Sri Lanka. The climatic profile for the species was revised if there were more two or more successful trial...

Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss. (African mahogany or dry-zone mahogany) has long been an important multipurpose tree in its natural range in Africa. It is valued for a wide range of non-timber traditional use products. It also provides a high quality timber and over the past decade demand for this has increased significantly with the United Sta...

Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss. (African mahogany or dry-zone mahogany) has long been an important multipurpose tree in its natural range in Africa. It is valued for a wide range of non-timber traditional use products. It also provides a high quality timber and over the past decade demand for this has increased significantly with the United Sta...

Eucalyptus dunnii provenancefamily trials, planted at two contrasting sites and containing 219 seedlots collected from natural stands, were assessed for growth and stem straightness at approximately age 6½ years. Wood basic density and collapse of sample cores from a subset of the seedlots at one site were also assessed. Volume growth was more tha...

Within- and between-provenance variation in growth, to age 4.5 y, of Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden was investigated in three irrigated provenance-family trials at two localities (Shepparton and Koorlong) in northern Victoria. These trials contained 47 E. grandis seedlots representing both natural stand provenances and planted stands including s...

More than 900,000 hectares of eucalypt plantations have been established to date in China but these are concentrated in warmer coastal regions of southern provinces. Relatively small areas have been planted to date in cooler areas of south central China - areas where some eucalypt species can grow well. These cooler areas include much of China’s ‘r...

Patterns of variation in growth and foiar oil traits in Melaleuca cajaputi subsp. cajaputi were studied in a two-year-old provenance/progeny trial at Paliyan, Indonesia and genetic parameters were estimated. Growth (height and diameter) and oil characteristics (oil concentration and 1,8-cineole per cent) among the M. cajaputi subsp. cajaputi famili...

Eucalyptus dunnii has become one of the preferred species for hardwood plantation establishment in many areas of south-central China and, in Australia, in northern coastal New South Wales and southeastern Queensland. However, it is a particularly shy-flowering species and this has limitations on plantation establishment and genetic improvement prog...

Results are reported from three provenance-family trials, one of Acacia crassicarpa, one of A. mangium and one of Eucalyptus urophylla, established in Bukidnon province on the southern Philippine island of Mindanao. All trials contained seedlots representing the species natural geographic wide ranges and the A. mangium trial also included some seed...

Hunan province has a subtropical monsoonal climate. While it experiences long, very hot and humid summers, its winters can be relatively cold and, in occasional years, severe cold periods (days of continuous sub-zero temperatures) can be encountered when masses of cold air flow in from the northwest. The combination of hot moist summers and cool to...

In an Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. provenance–family trial established on a moderately saline–sodic site in Pakistan, 114 families (from 14 Australian provenances) and six Pakistani seedlots were evaluated for survival, growth and stem form, up to the age of 60 months. Significant differences were found among provenances and families-within-prov...

The economics of tree growing on salt-affected land or with saline water irrigation will be considerably improved if sources of more salt-tolerant seed of commercial tree species can be identified and deployed. This paper deals with three experiments to evaluate variation in salt and waterlogging tolerance among and within provenances and families...

Sri Lanka's plantation estates have a mixed history of enthusiastic efforts towards management of forest trees on their lands. Eucalypts were first introduced to estates over 100 years ago in the later part of the 19th Century by tea planters who had links to Australia. Since then, they have proved to be some of the country's fastest growing multi-...

Climatic conditions within the naturaldistribution of Eucalyptus dunnii were determinedusing interpolated relationships developed forAustralia. Climatic interpolation relationships forAfrica, Central and South America and China as well asAustralia were then used to examine locations where E.dunnii has been successfully grown in trials and todetermi...

Eucalyptus grandis is an important timber species in forest plantations, tea estates and home gardens in Sri Lanka’s tropical uplands. In 1995 a E. grandis provenance-family trial/seedling seed orchard was established in the intermediate zone of Sri Lanka’s up-country. It comprised 79 open-pollinated families representing 18 natural stand provenanc...

A 4250 hectare irrigated Eucalyptus camaldulensis plantation established in California's northern Sacramento Valley by Simpson Fiber Farms, Inc. for pulpwood is described. Intensive site preparation, fertilisation and irrigation in combination with tree improvement have enabled high yields to be obtained on 8-year rotations in an area of low natura...

Two series of Eucalyptus dunnii field trials were established at two locations in the north of Guangxi province in south central China between 1988 and 1991 to examine growth performance and genetic variation of trees from 10 natural seed sources. After four years, mean heights in the trials ranged up to 14.2 m and mean diameters at breast height u...

This study was undertaken to provide information on variation in first-harvest oil yields within and between provenances of Eucalyptus radiata subsp. radiata (1,8-cineole variant), as a guide to those wishing to evaluate the economic viability of using this species for commercial oil production. Yield of oil per ha was estimated from an assessment...

In the Philippines large areas of degraded uplands, now dominated by cogon grass (lmperata cylindrical, are in need of reforestation. On the island of Mindanao, Bukidnon Forests Incorporated (BFI) has become a model project in the domestication of exotic tropical acacias in the effort to restore productivity to these degraded uplands. BFI has been...

Since eucalypts were first introduced to China just over 100 years ago, their plantations have become an important source of forest products with more than 670,000 ha established to date. Development of this resource and the emergence of tree improvement programs is outlined and the current scale of breeding populations for the important eucalypt s...

Eucalyptus grandis is one of the favoured species for future farm forestry in the southern Murray-Darling Basin. To examine growth performance of and genetic variation in this species when growing in the region, a field trial of trees from 18 of its natural seed sources was established at Loxton South Australia in 1988. After 5 1/2 years growth wit...

Open-pollinated Fraser fir (Abies fraseri [Pursh] Poir.) progeny from several elevations on each of 5 mountain sources were assessed at 8 yr (rotation age) for growth and quality traits. Seed sources varied significantly in total height, crown diameter, branch diameter, straightness, crown density, USDA Christmas tree grade, and Christmas tree valu...

Wholesale values, retail values of five eastern United States lots, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture (USDA) Christmas-tree grades, and measurements of various growth and quality traits were obtained on ≥1400 Fraser fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.] (8 years old) Christmas trees. Retail lot values were similar, but average retail value correlated poorly wi...

Conservation of Australia's biodiversity requires six specific issues to be addressed: conservation of biodiversity across Australia; integrating biodiversity conservation and natural resource management; management of threatening processes; improvement of knowledge; engaging community involvement; international extension. Examination of the Austra...

Open-pollinated progeny trials of Fraser fir (Abiesfraseri (Pursh) Poir.) assessed at 8 years provided genetic parameter estimates for growth, Christmas tree quality traits, and wholesale value at harvest age. Significant variation was found between and within nine different seed sources. Estimated individual tree heritabilities of important traits...

Selection methods for Abiesfraseri (Pursh) Poir. for Christmas tree wholesale value were evaluated based on parameters from the species' first genetic field test. For single-trait individual selection, combined individual plus family selection at half rotation age (4 years) on total height (HT4) gave the greatest estimated full rotation (8-year) re...

This report, by scrutinizing past studies, aims to provide interesting and timely information on consumer fresh-cut Christmas tree preferences. Also, it aims to emphasize the diversity that has been found to exist in the fresh-cut Christmas tree market place.

Fraser fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.] is highly valued as a freshcut Christmas tree. Commercial cultivation is limited partly by seed scarcity. The purpose of this study was to develop foliar tissue nutrient norms for female cone yield to use in the Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS), for ultimately improving cone yields. Two...

Controlled pollination, CP, of radiata pine seed orchard clones is required to realise their full potential genetic gain. Vegetative multiplication of CP seedlots has been the usual practice till the present. However, this was found only to be economic for seed costs exceeding $1800 per kg or where seed quantities are limited. Recent developments i...

During the past decade, outplanting systems for bare-rooted radiata pine in New Zealand have been greatly improved to maintain seedlings in the best possible condition for planting. Concurrent genetic improvements, particularly affecting tree form and the proportion of trees acceptable for the crop element, have meant that considerable reductions h...

Papers are presented on: The role of cuttings in the genetic improvement of forest trees (Shelbourne, C.J.A.); Effects of parent age on growth and form of cuttings, and comparison with seedlings (Menzies, M.I.; Klomp, B.K.); Field performances of cuttings in Australia (Eldridge, K.G.; Spencer, D.J.); The establishment phase of cuttings: comparison...

750 000 Pinus radiata stem cuttings were set out in Tasman's Forest Nursery in 1984. Methods including selection, collection and production rates are described. Nursery production of these rooted stem cuttings is shown to be five times more costly than that of one-year-old seedlings. Subsequent establishment and silvicultural operations are tabulat...

Thesis (Ph. D.)--North Carolina State University. Includes bibliographical references. Includes vita. Microfiche. s