Rogelio Palomo

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• PhD
• Professor at University of Seville

The latest HV-CMOS pixel sensor developed by the former CERN-RD50-CMOS group, known as the \mpw, demonstrates competitive radiation tolerance, spatial granularity, and timing resolution -- key requirements for future high-energy physics experiments such as the HL-LHC and FCC. Fabricated using a \SI{150}{nm} CMOS process by \emph{LFoundry}, it intro...

The RD50-MPW prototypes are High Voltage-CMOS (HV-CMOS) pixel chips in the 150 nm technology from LFoundry S.r.l. aimed at developing monolithic silicon sensors with excellent radiation tolerance, fast timing resolution and high granularity for tracking applications in future challenging experiments in physics. RD50-MPW4, the latest prototype withi...

The RD53 collaboration has since 2013 developed new hybrid pixel detector chips with 50 × 50 μm ² pixels for the HL-LHC upgrades of the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN. A common architecture, design and verification framework has been developed to enable final pixel chips of different sizes to be designed, verified and tested to handle extreme hi...

The RD50-MPW4 is the latest HV-CMOS pixel sensor from the CERN-RD50-CMOS working group, designed to evaluate the HV-CMOS technology in terms of spatial resolution, radiation hardness and timing performance. Fabricated by LFoundry using a 150nm process, it features an improved architecture to mitigate crosstalk, which has been an issue with the pred...

Particle detector systems require data acquisition systems (DAQs) as their back-end. This paper presents a new edge-computing DAQ that is capable of handling multiple pixel detectors simultaneously and was designed for particle-tracking experiments. The system was designed for the ROC4SENS readout chip, but its control logic can be adapted for othe...

Dual-Interlocked-Cell (DICE) latches are tolerant to Single Event Effects (SEE) by design owing to intrinsic redundancy. In nanometric technologies, as in the 65 nm scale, there are new SEE vulnerabilities associated with charge sharing between nodes. Herein we present a systematic analysis of the robustness against radiation using a simulation sof...

Depleted Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (DMAPSs) are foreseen as an interesting choice for future high-energy physics experiments, mainly because of the reduced fabrication costs. However, they generally offer limited time resolution due to the stringent requirements of area and power consumption imposed by the targeted spatial resolution. This wo...

Low power and low voltage are key in modern design. The quasi-floating gate (QFG) has proven to be an adequate choice in numerous applications. However, so far, its use has not spread in high-radiation environments because of the lack of studies on the performance of this technique under radiation. This work addresses the effect of ionizing radiati...

A fiber laser system emitting ultrashort femtosecond pulses at 1550 nm with configurable properties has been developed as an excitation source for the two-photon absorption transient current technique (TPA-TCT). The modules of the system are designed to provide the optical specifications required at the output for localized characterization of semi...

Gallium nitride commercial transistors (GaN FET) are great candidates as power devices tolerant to the effects of Total ionizing dose (TID). Therefore, we have evaluated its robustness by analysing parameters in its characteristic parameters. Devices were exposed to a 10 keV X-ray source accumulating a total of 350 krad(Si). However, results indica...

A tabletop Two Photon Absorption-Transient Current Technique (TPA-TCT) set-up built at CERN was used to investigate a non-irradiated PIN diode, an irradiated PIN diode, and a non-irradiated 5 × 5-multipad HPK LGAD. The intrinsic three dimensional spatial resolution of this method is demonstrated under normal incidence of the laser probe. A charge c...

The Low Gain Avalanche Detector (LGAD) technology is very promising for silicon timing detectors and currently heavily researched. Recent studies show that the gain of LGADs highly depends on the charge carrier density inside the gain layer. To study the charge carrier density related gain reduction, the Two Photon Absorption – Transient Current Te...

Silicon radiation detectors are an integral component of current and planned collider experiments in high energy physics. Simulations of these detectors are essential for deciding operational configurations, for performing precise data analysis, and for developing future detectors. In this white paper, we briefly review the existing tools and discu...

The COTS power transistors based in GaN were exposed to TID effects by 10-keV X-rays. These HEMTs were tested in the On-and Off-state bias conditions. Switching tests were performed before and after irradiation steps. The devices were characterized at temperatures ranging from − 50 • C to +75 • C. The results indicate that the GaN-technology is a g...

We studied the radiation response of 3 different 65 CMOS planar technologies at the ultra-high doses expected to be reached in the HL-LHC, the upgraded large hadron collider of CERN. All the processes studied are sensitive to radiation and show similar degradation mechanisms and, albeit with different intensities, similar dependencies on device geo...

The Transient Current Technique (TCT) is widely used in the field of silicon particle detector development. So far, only laser wavelengths with a photon energy larger than or similar to the silicon band-gap (single photon absorption) were used. Recently, measurements using two photon absorption for silicon detector testing have been carried out for...

The Two Photon Absorption Transient Current Technique (TPA-TCT) is a tool to characterize semiconductor detectors using a spatially confined laser probe. Excess charge carriers are produced by the simultaneous absorption of two sub-bandgap photons in the material. The current induced by the motion of carriers is studied using well known TCT systems...

In this paper, the design of a power-ON-reset intellectual property (IP) block for the RD53 collaboration, a radiation hardening by design circuit to withstand the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider tracker radiation environment, is presented. In this environment, the performance of the IP block under radiation must be ensured for a total ionizi...

The neutron capture cross sections of several unstable key isotopes acting as branching points in the s -process are crucial for stellar nucleosynthesis studies, but they are very challenging to measure directly due to the difficult production of sufficient sample material, the high activity of the resulting samples, and the actual (n , γ) measurem...

We introduce a new method based on the transient-current technique (TCT) for the radiation tolerance assessment of an n-in-p junction with a deep n-well on a relatively low-resistivity p-type substrate commonly used for HV-CMOS pixel sensors. The transient-current method here employed uses a femtosecond laser to generate excess carriers via a two-p...

The first Inverse Low Gain Avalanche Detector (iLGAD) have been fabricated at IMB-CNM (CSIC). The iLGAD structure includes the multiplication diffusions at the ohmic contact side while the segmentation is implemented at the front side with multiple p⁺ diffusions. Therefore, iLGAD is p on p position-sensitive detector with a uniform electric field a...

We give a short compendium of the main ongoing detectors and concepts capable of performing accurate sub-100 ps timing at high particle fluxes and on large areas, through technologies based on gaseous media. We briefly discuss the state-of-the-art, technological limitations and prospects, and a new bizarre idea.

We give a short compendium of the main ongoing detectors and concepts capable of performing accurate sub-100 ps timing at high particle fluxes and on large areas, through technologies based on gaseous media. We briefly discuss the state-of-the-art, technological limitations and prospects, and a new bizarre idea.

For the first time, the deep n-well (DNW) depletion space of a High Voltage CMOS sensor has been characterized using a Transient Current Technique based on the simultaneous absorption of two photons. This novel approach has allowed to resolve the DNW implant boundaries and therefore to accurately determine the real depleted volume and the effective...

Presentation of my talk in SERESSA 2015

Applications of nuclear data like neutron-induced reaction cross sections are related to research fields as stellar nucleosynthesis, the study of nuclear level densities and strength functions, and also play a key role in the safety and criticality assessment of existing and future nuclear reactors, in areas concerning radiation dosimetry, medical...

At the neutron time-of-flight facility n_TOF at CERN a new vertical beam line was constructed in 2014, in order to extend the experimental possibilities at this facility to an even wider range of challenging cross-section measurements of interest in astrophysics, nuclear technology and medical physics. The design of the beam line and the experiment...

In order to address the problems caused by the harsh radiation environment during the high luminosity phase of the LHC (HL-LHC), all silicon tracking detectors (pixels and strips) in the CMS experiment will undergo an upgrade. And so to develop radiation hard pixel sensors, simulations have been performed using the 2D TCAD device simulator, SILVACO...

This paper presents Analog Fault Tolerant University of Seville Debugging System (AFTU), a tool to evaluate the Single-Event Effect (SEE) sensitivity of analog/mixed signal microelectronic circuits at transistor level. As analog cells can behave in an unpredictable way when critical areas interact with the particle hitting, there is a need for desi...

The development of new experiments such as CLIC and the the foreseen Phase 2 pixel upgrades of ATLAS and CMS have very challenging requirements for the design of hybrid pixel readout chips, both in terms of performances and reliability. To face these challenges, the use of a more downscaled CMOS technology compared to previous projects is necessary...

Flight missions were made in Brazilian territory in 2009 and 2011 with the aim of measuring the cosmic radiation dose rate incident on aircraft in the South Atlantic Magnetic Anomaly and to compare it with Monte Carlo simulations. During one of these flights, small fluctuations were observed in the vicinity of the aircraft with formation of Cumulon...

Displacement damage effect on MOS capacitors is analyzed in this work with the aid of TCAD simulations. A noticeable capacitance reduction in the accumulation mode is observed in the High Frequency C-V characteristic curve after a 24 GeV proton irradiation. This effect is clearly distinguishable from ionizing damage effects, otherwise negligible un...

The protection of processor-based systems to mitigate the harmful effects of transient faults (hardening) is gaining im-portance as technology shrinks. Hybrid hardware/software hardening approaches are promising alternatives in the de-sign of such fault tolerant systems. This paper presents a compiler-based infrastructure for facilitating the explo...

The technology based on Fiber optical Bragg Grating Sensors (FBGS) is very attractive for the structural and environmental monitoring of particle colliders, which require a very precise alignment of their structural components and their sensor elements. Sensors for this purpose need to be unaffected by the extreme radiation cocktail of particles fr...

In this paper, a software simulation tool for automation of electrical sensitivity analysis of Single Event Effects (SEE) is presented. In particular, the proposed tool can be used to check the error sensitivity of analog designs with large number of transistors. The proposed methodology allows a rapid location of critical nodes in order to ensure...

We report on the effect of the fiber coating on the radiation sensitivity of Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBG). For the first time this type of study has been carried out using a 13.5 MeV proton beam up to a fluence of $3.3 times 10^{15}$ protons/cm$^{2}$ (total absorbed dose of 15 MGy). We observed a clear dependence of the radiation sensitivity on the c...

The protection of processor-based systems to mitigate the harmful effect of transient faults (soft errors) is gaining importance as technology shrinks. At the same time, for large segments of embedded markets, parameters like cost and performance continue to be as important as reliability. This paper presents a compiler-based methodology for facili...

The Centro Nacional de Aceleradores (CNA) in Sevilla-Spain currently contains three accelerators: two tandems and a compact 18/9 cyclotron. Next year, a 60Co irradiation system will also be installed. This equipment will expand the range of irradiation experiments in the Centre using both charged particles as well as gamma-ray photons. Originally,...

Due to the increasing interest on laterally diffused MOS (LDMOS) transistors as a part of power electronics in the high energy physics (HEP) experiments, the effect of total ionising dose (TID) on their electrical performances has been experimentally measured. The analysis of the experimental results requires the aid of physics-based simulations to...

There is an increasing interest in the aerospace industry to reduce the cost of the systems by means of using Commercial Off The Shelf (COTS) devices. The engineering of novel microsatellites and nanosatellites are clear examples of this new trend. However, the use of sub-micron technologies has led to greater sensitivity of these devices to radiat...

Particle radiation effects are a fundamental problem in the use of numerous electronic devices for space applications, which is aggravated with the technology shrinking towards smaller and smaller scales. The suitability of low-energy accelerators for irradiation testing is being considered nowadays. Moreover, the possibility to use a nuclear micro...

Ionization tracks on CMOS circuits produce so called Single Event Effects. Measuring the absorbed energy per event in the micro-structures of an integrated circuit is difficult, therefore a simulation can be useful. In this work, we present Geant4 applications to simulate the incidence of charged particles on a CMOS flip-flop designed according to...

This paper remarks the importance of defining real conditions for the radiation effects evaluation on embedded systems using a fault injection system. The influence of fault latency on the experiment results is illustrated by means of a case study.

We report on the effect of the fiber coating on the radiation sensitivity of Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBG). For the first time this type of study has been carried out using a 13.5 MeV proton beam up to a fluence of 3.3 × 1015 protons/cm2 (total absorbed dose of 15 MGy). We observed a clear dependence of the radiation sensitivity on the coating, in par...

The investigation of the Total Ionising Dose (TID) impact on the electrical characteristics of Lateral Diffused MOS transistors (LDMOS) requires the performance of a large number of complex and costly irradiation experiments. The development of a suitable simulation procedure would be of major interest in order to reduce the effort in time and cost...

This work presents a simplified procedure to obtain the ionization profile from SRIM2010 and the Katz radial dose model applied to oxygen ions with kinetic energy from 12 to 18 MeV. Device simulation of Single Event Upsets needs LET(z) and w(z) (linear energy transfer and lateral radius) as inputs. TCAD simulations with the calculated ionization pr...

There is an increasing concern about the mitigation of radiation effects in embedded systems. This fact is demanding new flexible design methodologies and tools that allow dealing with design constraints and dependability requirements at the same time. This paper presents a novel proposal to design radiation-tolerant embedded systems combining hard...

Total Ionising Dose (TID) effects are the most important effects of ionising radiation in MOS devices. Among others, TID cause charge trapping in the oxide and in the oxide-semiconductor interface. In this work we develop physical simulation models of charge trapping TID effects in MOS capacitors, in order to have a calculation model for postirradi...

Propagation induced pulse broadening (PIPB) effect is becoming a major concern for electronic designers since new technologies are fast enough to propagate and capture Single Event Transients (SET). In this paper, we explore the influence of the MOSFET threshold voltage (V_T) on PIPB effect by TCAD simulating the propagation of an SET aft...

This paper shows an adaptation of the Sentaurus TCAD suite to pulsed laser SEE simulation. After the literature review, we present the model of the target transistor, calibrated against the HSPICE model of the foundry. The target model is used to evaluate the Linear Energy Transfer threshold for bit-flip in a simulated flip-flop circuit using the h...

This paper presents a novel methodology for the HW/SW co-design of fault tolerant embedded systems that pursues the mitigation of radiation-induced upset events (which are a class of Single Event Effects - SEEs) on critical industrial applications. The proposal combines the flexibility and low cost of Software Implemented Hardware Fault Tolerance (...

Pulsed laser illumination constitutes an excellent tool to emulate the effects produced by the impact of highly energetic particles on electronic circuits. Numerical simulation techniques could be used to study these effects and to establish accurate relationships between the laser parameters and the particle characteristics. Unfortunately, althoug...

The objective of this paper is twofold: a simple formal test to verify that an emulator hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) technology is well suited for specific purposes (the HIL test) and the implementation of an HIL system using very common commercial-off-the-shelf technology (Peripheral component interconnect eXtensions for instrumentation modular inst...

This paper presents a novel low cost development environment for automatic hardening against Single Event Effects (SEE) of embedded systems through software redundancy. The environment is based on a generic architecture to handle multiple targets and is comprised of an automatic hardening compiler and an instruction set simulator. As a case study,...

Technological advances of Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) are making that this technology becomes the most preferred platform for the rapid prototyping of highly integrated digital systems. In addition, protection of processor-based systems to mitigate the harmful effects of radiation-induced upset events is gaining importance while technology...

Pulsed laser testing is a useful technique for an accurate inspection of potential weak zones in a layout of an integrated circuit. A laser pulse can provoke a similar effect as a particle hitting with the advantage of a perfect location of the hitting point. The present work describes a general method to determine a Pulsed Laser Single Event Upset...

Propagation Induced Pulse Broadening (PIPB) effect is becoming a major concern for electronic designers since new technologies are fast enough to propagate and capture Single Event Transients(SET). In this paper we explore the influence of the threshold voltage VT on PIPB effect by simulating the propagation of a SET through a self-feedback chain o...

Simulation of pulsed laser single event effects (SEE) is not considered in most of the well known software packages for mixed-mode simulation of SEE. This paper shows an adaptation of the Sentaurus TCAD suite to pulsed laser SEE simulation. After the literature review, we present the virtual model of the target transistor, calibrated against a real...

Single Event Effects (SEE) produced by highly energetic particle hits on sensitive circuit regions constitutes a main topic in reliability and device performance in space applications. Due to their high cost and limited availability, alternative methods to particle accelerator tests have been developed. In this sense, numerical simulations represen...

We present an analogy between FM modulation and stochastic resonance and a stochastic resonance (SR) condition from that analysis. The SR is possible when there is no signal harmonic distortion at the FM demodulator output. The non-THD condition is experimentally demonstrated with an ad-hoc test bench and an algorithm, implemented as a virtual inst...

Trends show that next coming technologies will produce new generations of very large circuits, running at high clock rates. Some critical applications will have to be protected against the remaining radiation at sea level. This is especially important in aerospace applications because ionizing radiation produces corruption of the internal state. Ne...

Space application integrated circuits have large and complex validation process. One of the most expensive stage is the radiation test. There are few facilities qualified to satisfy the requirements of standards. Low power accelerators are used to simplify the validation process, because they usually have beam time, lower costs, and flexibility to...

The current evolution in the design of fuel cell systems, together with the considerable development of integrated control techniques in microprocessor systems allows the development of portable fuel cell applications in which optimized control of the fuel cells performance is possible. Control, in the strict sense, implies a thorough knowledge of...

Use of advanced communication technologies, highly integrated control, and programming platforms drastically increases the performance of industrial control systems. That is the case of Motronic, where the synergistic collaboration between industry and academia has led to an advanced distributed network control system. To be commercially successful...

We present experimental measures of the intermodulation distortion in a static stochastic resonator. The dispositive is basically a Heaviside nonlinearity with adjustable threshold fed with a white noise plus a harmonic test signal. In the stochastic resonance regime, we present experimental results demonstrating a linearization effect. These resul...

This work continues a previous project devoted to the supervision and control of electric motors in large industrial plants. This project consists in a set of microcontroller boards that communicate with a Global Control Card (GCC), The transmission of messages in the system is done using a optic fiber network. The GCC can be linked to a supervisor...

The objective of this work is to generate random numbers with smooth distribution functions. It is used a two dimensional chaotic Hamiltonian map which produce smooth distribution functions. A mathematical analysis provides sufficient conditions to guarantee randomness. In this article we present its electronic implementation and include details of...

Femtosecond Pulsed laser testing is a well known methodology to inject predictable Single Event Effects into silicon devices. Using laser testing it is possible to discover areas that can be potential targets for ionizing particles that could produce logical upsets or undesired malfunction of the circuit. The present paper presents the arrangement...

In this paper, a simulation methodology is presented with a case study on a Full-Custom AMIS C5 process Integrated Circuit. The methodology described is a good approach in order to study the viability of low energy particle accelerators commonly used in IBA (Ion Beam Analysis) techniques, as fault injection tools. The most important results are obt...

Contenido: 1) Teoría de medidas; 2) Ruido; 3) EMI.; 4) Sensores; 5) Acondicionamiento; 6) Multímetros; 7) Analizadores de espectro; 8) Medidas de potencia RF; 9) Generadores de señal.