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Rodney A. Rountree

Rodney A. Rountree
  • Ph.D. in Ecology and Evolution
  • Fish Ecologist at The Fish Listener

Freshwater and marine soundscapes, holo-soundscapes, fish sounds, passive acoustics

About

216
Publications
44,507
Reads
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Citations
Introduction
I am a marine biologist with over 30 years experience. I have contributed a significant body of research in the fields of estuarine ecology, artificial reef ecology (FADs), trophic ecology, and passive acoustic applications to fisheries. My work has been featured on NPR, in newspapers, Discover Magazine, Fox News, a Sci. Am. podcast, the NY Times, and hundreds of web pages and blogs. My highly ranked web page summarizes some of my research: http://www.fishecology.org
Current institution
The Fish Listener
Current position
  • Fish Ecologist

Publications

Publications (216)
Article
Full-text available
Passive acoustics is a rapidly emerging field of marine biology that until recently has received little attention from fisheries scientists and managers. In its simplest form, it is the act of listening to the sounds made by fishes and using that information as an aid in locating fish so that their habitat requirements and behaviors can be studied....
Article
Full-text available
We sought to describe sounds of some of the common fishes suspected of producing unidentified air movement sounds in soundscape surveys of freshwater habitats in the New England region of North America. Soniferous behavior of target fishes was monitored in real time in the field in both natural and semi-natural environments by coupling Passive Acou...
Article
The ecological importance of the freshwater soundscape is just beginning to be recognized by society. Scientists are beginning to apply Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM) methods that are well established in marine systems to freshwater systems to map spatial and temporal patterns of behaviors associated with fish sounds as well as noise impacts on...
Article
Full-text available
The soundscape composition of temperate freshwater habitats is poorly understood. Our goal was to document the occurrence of biological and anthropogenic sounds in freshwater habitats over a large (46,000 km²) area along the geographic corridors of five major river systems in North America (Connecticut, Kennebec, Merrimack, Presumpscot, and Saco)....
Chapter
Full-text available
Four operational factors, together with high development cost, currently limit the use of ocean observatories in ecological and fisheries applications: 1) limited spatial coverage, 2) limited integration of multiple types of technologies, 3) limitations in the experimental design for in situ studies, and 4) potential unpredicted bias in monitoring...
Article
Full-text available
The acoustic behavior of Amazonian aquatic fauna and the importance of its soundscape are poorly understood. Sounds produced by wild river dolphins (Amazon River dolphin, Inia geoffrensis, and tucuxi, Sotalia fluviatilis) and those of unidentified fishes were recorded from a drifting boat on six different days (8.5 h duration) in July 2012, in the...
Article
Full-text available
The Ocean Networks Canada (ONC) cabled video-observatory at the Barkley Canyon Node (British Columbia, Canada) was recently the site of a Fish Acoustics and Attraction Experiment (FAAE), from May 21, 2022 to July 16, 2023, combining observations from High-Definition (HD) video, acoustic imaging sonar, and underwater sounds at a depth of 645 m, to e...
Preprint
Full-text available
The need for remote, reliable, and scalable monitoring of plummeting biodiversity amidst mounting human pressures on ecosystems and changing climate has sparked enormous interest in Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM) over multiple disciplines and ecosystems. Even though PAM could support UN Sustainable Development Goals and the Global Biodiversity I...
Research
A working group from the Global Library of Underwater Biological Sounds effort collaborated with the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) to create a global inventory of species categorized by known underwater sonifery. The inventory is provided as an ecological trait on WoRMS (MarineSpecies.org), where it may be regularly updated. The purpose...
Chapter
Stream salmonids inhabit areas impacted by aerial, terrestrial, and underwater sounds which make up the holo-soundscape. Components of the holo-soundscape include sounds from biological sources (biophony), natural sources (geophony), and human activities (anthropophony). Here we review and synthesize the limited research on freshwater soundscapes a...
Article
Full-text available
A working group from the Global Library of Underwater Biological Sounds effort collaborated with the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) to create an inventory of species confirmed or expected to produce sound underwater. We used several existing inventories and additional literature searches to compile a dataset categorizing scientific knowle...
Article
Full-text available
Despite the importance of acoustic signaling in fishes, the prevalence of the behavioral contexts associated with their active (i.e., intentional) sound production remains unclear. A systematized review was conducted to explore documented acoustic behaviors in marine, subtropical fishes and potential influences affecting their relative pervasivenes...
Research Proposal
Full-text available
This is an outline of ideas I've developed over the last few decades on the relationship between buoyancy control, sound production, and air breathing in fishes and ultimately in tetrapods. It is an informal presentation that I hope will stimulate discussion. It is not a formal paper with citations (although I do include a partial bibliography of p...
Method
Full-text available
Rather than build detectors that process large amounts of data and then provide long lists of suspected sounds, detectors should be interactive with a user in such a way that the detector learns from the user and the user learns from the detector. The goal is to not only develop an accurate detector, but to obtain useful sound libraries and end-pro...
Article
A preliminary description of sounds produced by three species of Pacific salmon was conducted to address the lack of quantified call characteristics in previous studies. Wild Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), pink salmon (O. gorbuscha), and coho salmon (O. kisutch) were diverted from a natural spawning migration in the Big Qualicum River l...
Presentation
Haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) are important commercial resources in the western North Atlantic. Their distribution ranges from Newfoundland to North Carolina and are most abundant on Georges Bank and in the Gulf of Maine. Over the course of a decade, the Gulf of Maine warmed faster than 99% of the global ocean and these changes are likely to i...
Presentation
Active fish sound production is geographically and taxonomically widespread—though not homogenous—among fishes, including numerous commercially and recreationally important fisheries species. Despite the ecological importance of fish sounds, their passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) applications, and extensive endeavors to document them, the field of...
Article
Full-text available
Archived soundscape data from Lake Champlain, New York, were used to examine the effect of anthropogenic sounds produced by recreational boating on freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens) soniferous behavior. Drum progressed from sporadic calling during the day to calls that increasingly overlapped culminating in a chorus in the late afternoon and...
Chapter
Rapid changes in the global distribution of walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) due to climate change have raised concerns of potential negative interactions with other Arctic and North Pacific fishes, particularly with the Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida). Since both walleye pollock and Arctic cod are known to be soniferous, passive acoustic monito...
Conference Paper
Fish sound production is taxonomically and geographically widespread. Pro- duced actively or passively, acoustic contributions of fishes to aquatic soundscapes support a myriad of con- and hetero-specific interactions. Despite the ecological importance of fish sounds, the field of bioacoustics historically lacked a global inventory of fish species...
Conference Paper
Even with widespread evidence of the ecological importance of fish sounds for signaling and communication, and an increasing awareness of the negative impacts of anthropogenic sound, research into fish sound production still faces ongoing challenges limiting growth. To acquire quantitative data on research into fish sounds and assess topics related...
Preprint
Full-text available
Recent advancements in cabled ocean observatories have increased the quality and prevalence of underwater videos; this data enables the extraction of high-level biologically relevant information such as species' behaviours. Despite this increase in capability, most modern methods for the automatic interpretation of underwater videos focus only on t...
Article
Acoustic characteristics of bubble production by an odontocete were documented for the first time. Bubble sounds produced by the Amazon river dolphin (Inia geoffrensis) were recorded incidentally as part of a survey of fish sounds in the Pacaya–Samiria National Reserve of Peru on six dates between 4 and 24 July 2012. Dolphins were observed to perio...
Article
Full-text available
Sound production in fishes is vital to an array of behaviors including territorial defense, reproduction, and competitive feeding. Unfortunately, recent passive acoustic monitoring efforts are revealing the extent to which anthropogenic forces are altering aquatic soundscapes. Despite the importance of fish sounds, extensive endeavors to document t...
Preprint
Full-text available
Increasing interest in the acquisition of biotic and abiotic resources from within the deep sea (e.g. fisheries, oil-gas extraction, and mining) urgently imposes the development of novel monitoring technologies, beyond the traditional vessel-assisted, time-consuming, high-cost sampling surveys. The implementation of permanent networks of seabed and...
Research
This Dataverse dataset serves as a permanent repository for all versions of the FishSounds website and associated publications and products. FishSounds presents a compilation of acoustic recordings and published information on sound production across all extant fish species globally. We hope this information can be used to advance research into fis...
Article
Full-text available
Different studies suggest some social calls could be used in fish identification if their specificity is unambiguously assessed. Sounds of different populations of piranhas Serrasalmus maculatus Kner, 1858 were recorded to determine their homogeneity between rivers inside a single basin (Araguari and Grande River, upper Paraná River basin) and betw...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Global warming is predicted to profoundly impact ocean ecosystems. Fish behavior is an important indicator of changes in such marine environments. Thus, the automatic identification of key fish behavior in videos represents a much needed tool for marine researchers, enabling them to study climate change-related phenomena. We offer a dataset of sabl...
Data
Workshop presentation for "Movement Tracks for the Automatic Detection of Fish Behavior in Videos" NeurIPS 2020 Workshop Paper #36 Abstract: Global warming is predicted to profoundly impact ocean ecosystems. Fish behavior is an important indicator of changes in such marine environments. Thus, the automatic identification of key fish behavior in vi...
Preprint
Full-text available
Global warming is predicted to profoundly impact ocean ecosystems. Fish behavior is an important indicator of changes in such marine environments. Thus, the automatic identification of key fish behavior in videos represents a much needed tool for marine researchers, enabling them to study climate change-related phenomena. We offer a dataset of sabl...
Article
Seafloor multiparametric fibre-optic-cabled video observatories are emerging tools for standardized monitoring programmes, dedicated to the production of real-time fishery-independent stock assessment data. Here, we propose that a network of cabled cameras can be set up and optimized to ensure representative long-term monitoring of target commercia...
Data
Spreadsheet of summary information on fish sounds recorded by Marie Fish and others in the book as well as earlier related publications. This was part of the information used in "Rountree, R.A., P.J. Perkins, R.D. Kenney, and K.R. Hinga. 2002. Sounds of Western North Atlantic Fishes: Data rescue. Bioacoustics 12(2/3):242-244" Note there are multip...
Method
Full-text available
Rodney Rountree, The Fish Listener Current ROV and AUV instruments are poorly designed for behavioral ecology studies. They are designed for continued movement with the capability of hoovering for short periods, but only by using continuous propulsion. Operation without lights is also difficult for ROVs. Crawlers have the ability to maintain posi...
Article
A “Passive Acoustic Monitoring” (PAM) survey of haddock sounds was conducted in collaboration with commercial fishers in the inshore regions of the Gulf of Maine (GOM) during 2003-2004 and 2006-2007 using bottom mounted “Autonomous Underwater Listening Stations” (AULS). Haddock sounds were observed in 34 of 59 deployments, however call rates were h...
Article
Full-text available
Sablefish sounds, named rasps, were recorded at two captive facilities in British Columbia and Washington State. Rasps consisted of highly variable broadband trains of 2 to 336 ticks that lasted between 74 and 10 500 ms. The 260 rasps that were measured contained frequencies between 344 and 34 000 Hz with an average peak frequency of 3409 Hz. The f...
Preprint
Abstract: Four operational factors, together with high development cost, currently limit the use of ocean observatories in ecological and fisheries applications: 1) limited spatial coverage; 2) limited integration of multiple types of technologies; 3) limitations in the experimental design for in situ studies; and 4) potential unpredicted bias in m...
Data
Example of freshwater fish sounds recorded by the senior author
Data
Review of literature on freshwater fish sounds in North America and Europe.
Research
Full-text available
This bibliography constitutes my notes for several papers I have been working on for some time. Please take it as a very informal document that may be of some interest to those just getting interested in the literature of fish sounds. However, as these were my notes for specific papers, it is certainly not comprehensive, and many of the papers are...
Preprint
Full-text available
The soundscape composition of freshwater habitats is poorly understood. Our goal was to document the occurrence of biological sounds in a large variety of freshwater habitats over a large geographic area. The underwater soundscape was sampled in freshwater habitat categorized as brook/creek, pond/lake, or river, from five major river systems in Nor...
Article
Increasing interest in the acquisition of biotic and abiotic resources from within the deep sea (e.g. fisheries, oil-gas extraction, and mining) urgently imposes the development of novel monitoring technologies, beyond the traditional vessel-assisted, time-consuming, high-cost sampling surveys. The implementation of permanent networks of seabed and...
Preprint
Full-text available
The recovery of cormorant populations in Europe and North America caused controversial debates between resource users and nature conservationists; demands to control populations have been expressed in several occasions by the fishery sector. Yet, control strategies in most cases are rarely more than ad hoc efforts to appease fishermen and anglers;...
Article
We assess the impact of recreational boat traffic on sensitive habitats in the Western Mediterranean using passive acoustics. We compared underwater sounds in three regulated mooring locations vs a pristine location; and temporal differences in the pristine location vs the nearest mooring between high and low touristic seasons. We measured the numb...
Presentation
In order to identify fish sounds in British Columbia soundscapes, we need catalogues of validated fish sounds from Pacific species. These catalogues will help in comparing validated examples to unknown sounds found in long-term autonomous recordings. In addition, it is important that the sounds be described quantitatively for accurate identificatio...
Data
Brown trout sound production behavior. Movie of brown trout behavior during production of the sound series shown in Fig 7A. (MP4)
Data
Brown trout behavior in slow motion. Movie of brown trout behavior during production of the sound series shown in Fig 7A. Video slowed to half speed to clarify the relationship between bubble release and sound production. (AVI)
Data
Alewife bubble release. Movie of alewife behavior and bubble release in which only weak bubble sounds were acoustically detected (compare with S1 Video). (WMV)
Data
Attributed atlantic salmon sounds. Recording of unknown salmonid sound series shown in Fig 9A. Sounds from the unknown salmonid are provisionally attributed to Atlantic salmon. (WAV)
Data
Raw measurement data. Data file containing acoustic measurements for each sound and sound series. Data compiled from Raven Pro 1.5 acoustic software [11] selection tables and edited for clarity. (XLS)
Data
Alewife sounds. Recording of alewife sound series shown in Fig 2A. (WAV)
Data
Alewife sound production behavior. Movie of alewife behavior while producing the sound series shown in Fig 2A. (MP4)
Data
White sucker sounds. Recording of white sucker sound series shown in Fig 5A. (WAV)
Data
Brook trout sounds. Recording of brook trout sound series shown in Fig 6A. (WAV)
Data
Brown trout sounds. Recording of brown trout sound series shown in Fig 7A. (WAV)
Data
Detailed methodology. Detailed description of sampling locations and methods. (DOCX)
Data
Alewife behavior in slow motion. Movie of alewife behavior while producing the sound series shown in Fig 2A. The video is slowed to half speed to clarify behavior and the relationship between sounds and bubble release. (AVI)
Data
Alewife bubble release in slow motion. Movie of alewife behavior and bubble release in which only weak bubble sounds were acoustically detected. Video slowed to half speed to clarify behavior and sounds at the time of bubble release (compare with S3 Video). (AVI)
Data
Brook trout sound production behavior. Movie of brown trout behavior during bubble release when fish sounds were not detected. (WMV)
Data
Rainbow trout sounds. Recording of rainbow trout sound series shown in Fig 8A. (WAV)
Article
• Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) can be an effective tool in the identification of fishes and mapping of their temporal and spatial distribution patterns and thereby aids in ecosystem management in remote locations. However, to date measurements of the acoustic properties of piranha have been primarily made in aquaria on captive specimens obtain...
Presentation
The underwater soundscape of an upper tributary of the Amazon River was studied in a four-week survey from 3 to 26 July 2012 within the Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve, Peru. Over 550 individuals representing over 70 species of fishes were auditioned for sound production. In addition, over 641 minutes of natural sounds from the river were recorded...
Article
Full-text available
Sounds produced by Arctic cod were recorded for the first time and suggest passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) can be an effective additional tool for the study and management of the species. Each of the 38 calls detected in three different aquatic facilities consisted of a single grunt with 6 to 12 pulses and a mean duration of 289 ms. Call frequenc...
Article
Full-text available
Although many fish are soniferous, few of their sounds have been identified, making passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) ineffective. To start addressing this issue, a portable 6-hydrophone array combined with a video camera was assembled to catalog fish sounds in the wild. Sounds are detected automatically in the acoustic recordings and localized in...
Presentation
Haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) are present on both sides of the North Atlantic. Their distribution in the Northwest Atlantic ranges from Greenland to North Carolina. They are an important food resource that needs to be closely monitored to ensure a sustainable fishery. Research studies have reported that both male and female haddock produce sou...
Article
Full-text available
We conducted a preliminary passive acoustic survey of the occurrence of freshwater drum, Aplodinotus grunniens, in the New York State Canal System (NYSCS) to demonstrate the usefulness of underwater sound monitoring in invasive species studies. Data from known populations of freshwater drum in Dale Hollow Reservoir and J. Percy Priest Lake in Tenne...
Presentation
Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM) is increasingly used as a method to characterize underwatersoundscapes and the impacts of noise on marine ecosystems. The natural sounds produced by marine mammals have been widely studied, enabling the use of PAM as an effective conservation tool. However, much less is known about fish sound production, particular...
Presentation
Full-text available
We conducted a preliminary passive acoustic survey of the occurrence of freshwater drum in the New York State Canal System (NYSCS). Similar to more well studied marine members of the Sciaenidae, freshwater drum calls are composed of highly variable trains of 1 to 119 knocks/call (mean = 25 knocks/call), a mean knock period of 33 knocks/s, mean peak...
Presentation
We conducted a roving survey of five major river systems and adjacent, creek, lake, and pond habitats located within the northeastern United States. Fish sounds were recorded in 49% of 175 locations. Air movement sounds, including fast repetitive tick (FRT), occurred at 41% of the locations. Sluggish creeks had the highest occurrence of fish sounds...
Presentation
Passive acoustic monitoring of fish in their natural environment is a research field of growing interest and importance. Although many fish species are soniferous, the characterization and biological understanding of their sounds are largely unknown. Many underwater acoustic recordings contain sounds likely produced by fish, but little information...
Presentation
We have conducted several studies of haddock sounds in the Gulf of Maine (GOM) with mixed results. An analysis of an archival recording from captive haddock brood stock made in 1970 found that the “spawning rumble” sound occurred variously at the end of short thump trains, in the middle of thump trains, or in isolation. Interestingly, haddock were...
Working Paper
We investigated the potential to use passive acoustics to access the impact of recreational boat mooring areas on ecologically sensitive habitats in the Western Mediterranean. One important consequence of the tourist industry in the region is that it targets the most pristine and ecologically sensitive habitats. Underwater sounds were recorded in m...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Underwater noise from anthropogenic sources has been increasing dramatically for the past few decades and little is known about its effects on fishes. The objective of this study is to describe the occurrence and characteristics of fish sounds in the SGaan Kinghlas-Bowie Seamount Marine Protected Area (SK-B MPA, British Columbia, Canada) and to cor...
Article
Full-text available
Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus did not appear to invest in acoustic communication during courtship and agonistic interactions in captivity. Salvelinus alpinus did, however, produce four different types of sounds which were found to be associated with three different types of air exchange behaviours which probably have a swimbladder regulation func...
Article
NEPTUNE Canada is a cabled ocean observatory system containing five nodes located in the northeast Pacific Ocean. Using passive acoustic data recorded at two nodes (Folger Passage Deep and Barkley Canyon Axis) between June 2010 and May 2011, we sought to quantify the levels of vessel traffic and the occurrence of biological sounds to determine the...
Research
Full-text available
Eighteen fish aggregation devices (FADs) of three sizes were deployed in 14 m of water off South Carolina. Eighty-nine fish counts at FADs were made in eight SCUBA surveys from May through November 1985. FADs were used as a tool to attract schooling planktivorous fishes in order to make in situ observations of schooling behavior. The behavior, spat...
Method
Full-text available
Lots of people ask me about PAM sampling methods so I put together excerpts from various seminars to provide tips to anyone new to the field that is interested in recording fish sounds, and habitat soundscapes, in the field.
Data
This update includes a correction to one of the citations. Vsn4 is the latest data.
Article
Full-text available
We studied a population of Haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus in the Gulf of Maine to determine whether it exhibits diel spawning periodicity. Commercial fishing vessels were chartered for 25 dedicated long-lining trips to collect sexually mature Haddock in the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary at locations identified by commercial fishers as...
Data
Our understanding of the significance of sound production to the ecology of deep-sea fish communities has improved little since anatomical surveys in the 1950s first suggested that sound production is widespread among slope-water fishes. The recent implementation of cabled ocean observatory networks around the world that include passive acoustic re...
Article
Full-text available
We build on recent efforts to standardize maturation staging methods through the development of a field-proof macroscopic ovarian maturity index for Haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) for studies on diel spawning periodicity. A comparison of field and histological observations helped us to improve the field index and methods, and provided useful in...
Article
Full-text available
Our understanding of the significance of sound production to the ecology of deep-sea fish communities has improved little since anatomical surveys in the 1950’s first suggested that sound production is widespread among slope-water fishes. The recent implementation of cabled ocean observatory networks around the world that include passive acoustic r...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Direct observation of wild Amazonian manatees (Trichechus inunguis) is almost impossible due to low water visibility and the cryptic behavior of the animals. Alternative non-invasive methods are needed to monitor populations of this endangered species. Trichechus inunguis is known to emit sounds in captivity. Intraspecific call differences potentia...
Data
Full-text available
Direct observation of wild Amazonian manatees (Trichechus inunguis) is almost impossible due to low water visibility (<1m) and the cryptic behavior of the animals that became extremely shy after centuries of hunting (Best 1982, 1984). Alternative non-invasive methods are needed to monitor populations of this endangered species, which is both endemi...
Data
Knowledge of relationships between predator size and prey size are needed to describe interactions of species and size classes in foodwebs.Most estimates of predator and prey sizes have been based on dietary studies and apply to small numbers of species in a relatively narrowsize range. These estimatesmay ormay not be representative of values for o...
Article
The interaction between body size, habitat complexity and interstice width on habitat preference of age-0 and -1 year Pseudopleuronectes americanus was examined using continuous remote video observation. The habitat choices of juvenile P. americanus were recorded over a 6 h period in tanks with four treatments: bare sand, sand with low complexity c...
Chapter
Over 50 years ago N.B. Marshall of the British Museum of Natural History hypothesized that biological sound production by fishes is widespread in the deep sea based on anatomical studies (Marshall 1954; 1967). Since that time only a handful of studies have reported observations of possible sound production by deep-sea fishes based on acoustic recor...
Article
Full-text available
Written by: Rodney Rountree in Issue 5 January 2012 0 Comments Shore based passive acoustic survey uses a laptop to capture sounds received from a calibrated hydrophone A new field of passive acoustics is rapidly emerging in marine and aquatic ecology, in which scientists use underwater technology to listen in on the noisy aquatic realm. Listen to...

Questions

Questions (6)
Question
Do we need to develop a network of scientists and agencies interested in fish soundscape studies in the tropical Americas? Funding is difficult for everyone, but with the advent of cheaper tech more people are recording soundscapes but then don't have resources to focus on fish. I am often approached by scientists, particularly young scientists and students, interested in soniferous fish ecology in the tropics. Often they, or their colleagues, are working with marine mammals, but they know they are collecting lots of fish data, but can't do anything with it (o.k., I get this in many area of the world too). This is such an important new field for ecology, taxonomy, conservation, fisheries, etc., in a part of the world with a LOT of soniferous species. For that matter what about India, Africa, SE Asia, who is working, or wants to work in this field from these areas?
Question
I am not a medical professional, but have been confused by conflicting statements about the use of gloves and masks by the general public as an effective means to reduce the spread of the virus. It would be helpful if our leaders would actually discuss the logic behind the advice. I've tried to think about this logically and set down a straw man set of statements below. I'd be interested to learn where my logic may be flawed.
Logic of protective measure for virus
Assumptions:
1. virus cannot penetrate unbroken skin
2. virus is airborne
3. virus can live on surfaces
4. virus is killed by soap and water
Protective measure:
1. Hands
a. Bare – touching any contaminated surface results in contamination of hands
i. Virus spread by touching other surfaces
ii. Virus spread by touching other people’s faces
iii. Owner only gets virus if contaminated hand touches mouth/nose/eyes, or open skin wounds
iv. Preventative – washing hands
b. Gloves – touching any contaminated surface results in contamination of gloved hand
i. Virus spread to any surface touched by gloved hand
ii. Virus spread by touching other people’s faces
iii. Owner gets virus if touches mouth/nose/eyes while wearing contaminated glove
iv. Discarded glove still contaminated, touching it with bear hands transfers virus to hands
v. Preventative – disposable gloves discarded after each use; non-disposable gloves washed after each use; hands washed immediately after taking gloves off
2. Mask
a. Sealed
i. Prevents user from shedding virus into air
ii. Prevents user from inhaling virus in air
iii. Prevents user from touching face with contaminated gloved or bare hands
b. Unsealed (e.g. standard hardware or homemade mask, bandana, etc.)
i. Reduces amount of virus shed by user into the air, likely to a large degree
ii. Reduces likelihood of inhaling virus
iii. Prevents user from touching face with contaminated gloved or bare hands
3. Conclusions
a. Glove use by general public provides minimal protection and can increase spread of virus if not used properly, which is very likely. Professionals use disposable gloves which are discarded immediately after each use, hence do not transfer virus from person to person or room to room. If used properly by general public, gloves can provide minimal protection to the USER when hands can’t be washed immediately, but do not reduce spread of virus on surfaces. For example, a cashier wearing gloves who touches a contaminated object is just as likely to spread the virus to other objects that are touched as a cashier without gloves. Caveat – virus may have shorter survival times on different types of gloves compared to bare hands.
b. Masks can reduce spread of virus by a carrier by limiting or reducing shedding by breathing, coughing or sneezing. However, homemade masks use by the general public likely helps most by preventing the user from touching their face with contaminated bare of gloved hands.
Question
If you are particularly interested in estuarine gradients, check out some of my papers and dissertation.
Question
On a recent hiking trip in Utah I was recording the holo-soundscape in a tributary of the Virgin River in Orderville Canyon when a small boulder fell into the river.  It produced a strong hissing sound for at least ten minutes. Is the sound the result of out gassing?  No obvious bubble trail was produced.  A short clip of the sound can be viewed on my soundcloud site at:https://soundcloud.com/rodney-rountree/sets/natural-soundscapes-utah
Select the "drowning rock" clip. Rustles sounds at the beginning are from my shifting feet in the gravel.  The left track is a hydrophone recording underwater and the right track is microphone recording of aerial sounds. Then you can hear the boulder falling down the canyon wall and splashing into the water better underwater than above, followed by an intense hissing sound of up to 5 kHz.

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