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Medically important pathogenic fungi invade vertebrate tissue and are considered primary when part of their nature life cycle is associated with an animal host and are usually able to infect immunocompetent hosts. Opportunistic fungal pathogens complete their life cycle in environmental habitats or occur as commensals within or on the vertebrate bo...
Chromoblastomycosis, an implantation mycosis, is a neglected tropical disease that causes decreased quality of life, stigma, and disability. The global burden of disease is unknown and data on disease epidemiology and outcomes are severely limited by a lack of access to needed diagnostic tools and therapeutics. The World Health Organization outline...
Recurrent vulvovaginal candidosis (RVVC) is a chronic infection affecting 8-10% of women worldwide. Biofilm production of the infecting species and reduced sensitivity to antimycotics could contribute to the recurrence of this infection. This study aimed to examine the biofilm production ability and antifungal susceptibility of genital yeast isolat...
Mycetoma is a debilitating neglected tropical disease that affects individuals worldwide, particularly in regions where there is poverty and limited health care access. The Mycetoma Research Center (MRC), based in Khartoum, Sudan, provides a sustainable, holistic approach to patient care as the only World Health Organization collaborating center fo...
The World Health Organization, in response to the growing burden of fungal disease, established a process to develop a fungal priority pathogens list. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the epidemiology and impact of eumycetoma. PubMed and Web of Science were searched to identify studies published between 1 January 2011 and 19 February 2021....
Mycetoma is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) with devastating morbidity and stigma. Despite increased awareness and international collaboration, the burden of mycetoma is largely unknown and diagnosis and treatment are difficult. Addressing mycetoma globally aligns with several United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Little progress...
On 8 June 2022, the World Health Organization (WHO) released pivotal guidance, “Ending the neglect to attain the Sustainable Development Goals: A strategic framework for integrated control and management of skin-related neglected tropical diseases.” Skin-related neglected tropical diseases, or skin NTDs, comprise a group of NTDs that produce signs...
Malassezia is a lipophilic yeast that is a part of the human mycobiome. Malassezia folliculitis appears when the benign colonization of the hair follicles, by the Malassezia yeasts, becomes symptomatic with pruritic papules and pustules. Although Malassezia folliculitis is common in hospital departments, diagnosing and treating it varies among derm...
Skin-related neglected tropical diseases, or skin NTDs, comprise a group of NTDs that produce signs and symptoms on the skin, and includes at least nine diseases and disease groups. The World Health Organization launched the ‘Ending the neglect to attain the Sustainable Development Goals: a strategic framework for integrated control and management...
Scabies is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) of the skin that is caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. It is considered to be an important public health problem in many regions. The disease is at its most prevalent in low-resource countries where there are overcrowded living conditions coupled with poor hygiene. In some regions, mass drug administ...
Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterised by eczematous skin lesions and intense pruritus. It is often associated with other atopic diseases such as allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis, bronchial asthma and eosinophilic oesophagitis. Dupilumab is the first biologic approved for the treatment of moderate-to-severe atopi...
Tinea capitis is a fungal infection mostly affecting children. Epidemiology is changing over time due to migration and it has been estimated that up to 40 % of children from certain developing countries are affected. The mechanism of transmission is still unclear although asymptomatic carriage seems to have an influence in establishing persistent r...
Background
Dermatophytosis is a world‐wide distributed common infection. Antifungal drug resistance in dermatophytosis used to be rare, but unfortunately the current Indian epidemic of atypical widespread recalcitrant and terbinafine‐resistant dermatophytosis is spreading and has sporadically been reported in Europe.
Objectives
To explore the occu...
Global health is a multidisciplinary field with a focus on improving health for all people worldwide. Interest in global health continues to grow, with 24% of U.S. medical students completing global health experiences during medical school.
The concept of skin neglected tropical diseases has been widely adopted into the policy and strategy of various organizations, governments, nongovernmental organizations, and health agencies. By pooling information and resources across different diseases, whose primary manifestations affect the skin, it is possible to deliver integrated surveillanc...
Mycetoma is an important disease that affects the poorest of
communities, and which has, for a long time, received little scientific or clinical attention. In part, this has been due to the fact
that it is only prevalent in certain countries or in specific regions of
countries; also, its progression is slow, it is not painful and managing the disea...
Tracking the history of the discovery of mycetoma is not simple because identifying the roots of medical knowledge depends on utilising sources that employ imprecise and sometimes confusing descriptions when compared with those based on modern medical terminology. Ancient sources of information include writings, such as poetry, archaeology and pale...
Dermatophyte infections are the most common fungal infections in humans; among them, tinea capitis (TC)-the most contagious fungal infection-is caused by anthropophilic, zoophilic, and geophilic dermatophytes.. The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the different aetiological variants involved in TC and the overall epidemiology of t...
Background
Skin-related neglected tropical diseases (skin NTDs) occur against a background of a very high prevalence of common skin diseases in sub-Saharan Africa. In this study, we examined the knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) and the impact of common skin diseases in children living in a leprosy and Buruli ulcer (BU) co-endemic district in...
Scabies is one of the most common disorders identified in any estimate of global skin disease prevalence. Furthermore, quantifying its impact on individuals and societies has been problematic. There has been a lack of clear case definitions and laboratory tests. There have been few epidemiological studies, particularly those focusing on low‐income...
The European Commission on Public Health defines rare diseases as “life-threatening or chronically debilitating diseases which are of such low prevalence that special combined efforts are needed to address them” (<1:2000 people). Diseases that are statistically rare, but not also life-threatening, chronically debilitating, or inadequately treated,...
This chapter is not intended to be a comprehensive review of all helminth infections of importance in man. Instead it will focus on the recognition and management of those likely to be of importance in refugees and migrants, equipping the general physician to address dermatoses caused by helminths relevant to this particular group of patients. Helm...
Fungal infections, or mycoses, affecting the skin can present in migrant populations, and as the organisms and their clinical features may be different and unfamiliar, it is useful to consider this group of infections separately. The presentation and distribution of mycoses can also be affected by a number of other factors including the presence of...
The social and civic needs of migrants are discussed against the background of their experiences. Their medical needs are seen in concert.
Skin disease is a common illness in most tropical regions where the pattern of clinical, presentations is dominated by infections. Along with common diseases such as pyodermas and fungal infections, a group of conditions known collectively as the neglected tropical diseases of the skin or Skin NTDs, which are the targets for worldwide control or el...
Yeasts of the genus, Malassezia, formerly known as Pityrosporum, are lipophilic yeasts, which are a part of the normal skin flora (microbiome). Malassezia colonize the human skin after birth and must therefore, as commensals, be normally tolerated by the human immune system. The Malassezia yeasts also have a pathogenic potential where they can, und...
Background:
Scabies is a common parasitic skin condition that causes considerable morbidity globally. Clinical and epidemiological research for scabies have been limited by a lack of standardisation of diagnostic methods.
Objectives:
We aimed to develop consensus criteria for the diagnosis of common scabies that could be implemented in a variety...
This richly illustrated book is a comprehensive guide to the dermatologic disorders that may be encountered in refugees and other migrants. It will equip readers to diagnose and treat a diverse range of skin diseases and conditions, including, but not limited to, infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, dermatologic manifestati...
Histoplasmosis is a common endemic mycosis due to the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. It is most common in the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys of the United States but has been found throughout the world. Infection is typically asymptomatic. Clinical syndromes include acute pulmonary infection after heavy fungal exposure, chronic cavita...
The diagnosis of fungal Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD) is primarily based on initial visual recognition of a suspected case followed by confirmatory laboratory testing, which is often limited to specialized facilities. Although molecular and serodiagnostic tools have advanced, a substantial gap remains between the desirable and the practical in...
SummaryBackground The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017) includes a comprehensive assessment of incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 354 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017. Previous GBD studies have shown how the decline of mortality rates from 1990 to 2016...
Cutaneous candidiasis is a common skin disease, and several treatments have been investigated within the last fifty years. Yet, systematic reviews are lacking, and evidence-based topical and systemic treatment strategies remain unclear. Thus, the aim of this review was to summarize efficacy and adverse effects of topical and oral therapies for cuta...
Scabies is a parasitic disease of the skin that disproportionately affects disadvantaged populations. The disease causes considerable morbidity and leads to severe bacterial infection and immune-mediated disease. Scientific advances from the past 5 years suggest that scabies is amenable to population-level control, particularly through mass drug ad...
Linked editorial: Lui et al. Br J Dermatol 2019; 180:1281–1283.
Dr. Narang and colleagues’ online survey¹ with answers from an impressive number of 1,041 Indian dermatologists is a very important contribution that focuses on two major issues; diagnosis of superficial fungal infections and the rising numbers of cases of recalcitrant dermatophytosis especially in India.
This article is protected by copyright. All...
Background
Superficial fungal infections (SFI), one of the most prevalent diseases in the world, are infections of keratin‐rich structures of human body mostly caused by dermatophytes and yeasts.
Objectives
The goal of this study was to determine the possible changes in the epidemiology of SFI on the territory of Southeastern Serbia and to investi...
Medical teaching has emphasised over many years the uniqueness of disease states, valuing the rare skills on which the art of diagnosis is based and the intricacies of individual patient-centred management. [...]
Infections of the nail caused by fungi are discussed in this chapter. This includes their classification, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management. New developments include the use of dermoscopy and molecular tools for diagnosis, the assessment of new topical and systemic antifungal drugs in treatment, and the combined use of pharmaceutical...
eAppendix.
eTables 1 through 16.
eFigures 1 through 72.
IMPORTANCE: The increasing burden due to cancer and other noncommunicable diseases poses a threat to human development, which has resulted in global political commitments reflected in the Sustainable Development Goals as well as the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Action Plan on Non-Communicable Diseases. To determine if these commitments ha...
Orf is a highly contagious skin disease commonly seen in goats and sheep that can be transmitted to people who have direct contact with infected animals. Here, we report the clinical manifestation, dermoscopy, and scanning electron microscopy in two women who developed skin lesions on their hands after handling goats with wounds in the udders. Huma...
Mycetoma is a chronic infection, newly designated by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a neglected tropical disease, which is endemic in tropical and subtropical regions. It follows implantation of infectious organisms, either fungi (eumycetomas) or filamentous bacteria (actinomycetomas) into subcutaneous tissue, from where infection spreads t...
Treatment of superficial fungal infections has come a long way. This has, in part, been through the development and evaluation of new drugs. However, utilising new strategies, such as identifying variation between different species in responsiveness, e.g., in tinea capitis, as well as seeking better ways of ensuring adequate concentrations of drug...
Importance
The increasing burden due to cancer and other noncommunicable diseases poses a threat to human development, which has resulted in global political commitments reflected in the Sustainable Development Goals as well as the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Action Plan on Non-Communicable Diseases. To determine if these commitments hav...
OBJECTIVES:
The 22 countries of the East Mediterranean Region (EMR) have large populations of adolescents aged 10-24 years. These adolescents are central to assuring the health, development, and peace of this region. We described their health needs.
METHODS:
Using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we report the leading...
Background
Early detection of several skin-related neglected tropical diseases (skin NTDs)–including leprosy, Buruli ulcer, yaws, and scabies- may be achieved through school surveys, but such an approach has seldom been tested systematically on a large scale in endemic countries. Additionally, a better understanding of the spectrum of skin diseases...
Registered primary schools in Adzopé, Côte d’Ivoire 2015–2016.
(PDF)
The onychomycosis is classified as: distal and lateral subungual onychomycosis (DLSO), superficial onychomycosis (SO), endonyx onychomycosis (EO), proximal subungual onychomycosis (PSO), mixed onychomycosis, totally dystrophic onychomycosis, and paronychia. The key clinical diagnostic features of onychomycosis are: site of nail invasion, color chan...
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is the most widespread endemic mycosis in LatinAmerica. If PCM is not diagnosed and treated early and adequately, the endemic fungal infection could result in serious sequelae. We report a case of PCM with duodenal and cutaneous involvement simulating cholangitis that was initially misdiagnosed as a lymphoproliferative...
During an epidemiological survey on 388 fishermen in six fishing communities in Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, inadequate prevention and treatment of aquatic accidents were observed. Based on these findings, it became clear that educational measures were needed to promote the health of fishermen. Educational and cartoon booklets were prepared, aler...
Superficial fungal infections or mycoses are common treatable conditions seen in everyday clinical practice, although they can present differently in immunosuppressed patients. Dermatophyte or ringworm infections, superficial candidiasis of the mouth, skin or genital tract and infections caused by Malassezia, such as pityriasis versicolor, are the...
Linked Article: Ng et al. Br J Dermatol 2017; 177:967–977.
Background:
Numerous population-based studies have documented high prevalence of scabies in overcrowded settings, particularly among children and in tropical regions. We provide an estimate of the global burden of scabies using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2015.
Methods:
We identified scabies epidemiological data sources fr...
Objectives To estimate incidence, mortality, and disability-
adjusted life years (DALYs) caused by cancer in the
Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) between 2005 and
2015.
Methods Vital registration system and cancer registry data
from the EMR region were analyzed for 29 cancer groups
in 22 EMR countries using the Global Burden of Disease
Study 2015...
Abstract
OBJECTIVES:
To estimate incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) caused by cancer in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) between 2005 and 2015.
METHODS:
Vital registration system and cancer registry data from the EMR region were analyzed for 29 cancer groups in 22 EMR countries using the Global Burden of Disease...
OBJECTIVES: To estimate incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) caused by cancer in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) between 2005 and 2015. METHODS:Vital registration system and cancer registry data from the EMR region were analyzed for 29 cancer groups in 22 EMR countries using the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015...
OBJECTIVES: The 22 countries of the East Mediterranean Region (EMR) have large populations of adolescents aged 10-24 years. These adolescents are central to assuring the health, development, and peace of this region. We described their health needs. METHODS: Using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we report the leading c...
Linked Article: Saunte et al. Br J Dermatol 2017; 177:47–62.
Importance:
Disability secondary to skin conditions is substantial worldwide. The Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 includes estimates of global morbidity and mortality due to skin diseases.
Objective:
To measure the burden of skin diseases worldwide.
Data sources:
For nonfatal estimates, data were found by literature search using PubMed and...
Tinea capitis remains a common childhood infection in many parts of the world. Yet knowledge of the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms and the development of effective immunity have shown striking advances, and new methods of diagnosis ranging from dermoscopy to molecular laboratory tests have been developed even though they have not been assimilat...
Tinea capitis or scalp ringworm is an infection of the scalp hair caused by dermatophyte fungi. Only certain species appear to have the physiological capacity to invade hair shafts, and one, Trichophyton schoenleinii, invades to cause the disease known as favus but does not survive for long within the hair shaft keratin. Conversely, dermatophytes c...
Fungal infections of the skin are the fourth most common of all conditions that cause human ill health, and as expected they include some of the most common of all human disease s such as ringworm or dermatophytosis, superficial Candida infections, and pityriasis versicolor. These are infections seen in all climates. Some such as tinea corporis are...
The medical treatment of fungal infections affecting the skin has changed considerably over the past 200 years from the application of crude astringent or emollient dressings to the current use of active and specific antifungal agents. Indeed in the early part of the nineteenth century, there was still a debate over the need to treat fungal infecti...
This chapter includes descriptions of a number of non-infective disorders involving the pilosebaceous unit that are not covered in other chapters.
This chapter starts by considering the resident bacterial population of the skin and how this has altered with our growing understanding of the skin microbiome. It then reviews the whole range of bacterial skin infections from primary Gram-positive infections due to staphylococci and streptococci to the less common infections caused by Gram-negativ...
Many neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) affect the skin, causing considerable disability, stigma, and exacerbation of poverty. However, there has been relatively little investment into laboratory research, epidemiology, diagnostic tools or management strategies to control tropical skin disease. Integration may advance the control of skin disease ac...
Linked Article: Shimizu and Shimuzu. Br J Dermatol 2016; 175:62–68.
The International League of Dermatological Societies (ILDS), a global, not-for-profit organization representing 157 dermatological societies worldwide, has identified the consequences of skin aging as one of the most important grand challenges in global skin health. Reduced functional capacity and increased susceptibility of the skin with developme...
Importance: The literature focuses on mortality among children younger than 5 years. Comparable information on nonfatal health outcomes among these children and the fatal and nonfatal burden of diseases and injuries among older children and adolescents is scarce.
Objective: To determine levels and trends in the fatal and nonfatal burden of diseases...
Background:
In order to facilitate effective communication, a clearly defined glossary with precise descriptions is essential. The International League of Dermatological Societies' (ILDS) "Glossary of basic dermatology lesions" was first published in 1987. A quarter century later, the ILDS made the decision to revise and expand this nomenclature....
Injuries to humans caused by porcupines are rare. However, they may occur due to the proximity of urban areas and the animal’s habitat in areas such as the Floresta da Tijuca in Rio de Janeiro. Outdoor sports and leisure activities in areas close to forests or in the rain forest are also relevant for incidents of this kind and a better knowledge of...
Dermatophytes are keratinophilic fungi responsible for benign and common forms of infection worldwide. However, they can lead to rare and severe diseases in immunocompromised patients. Severe forms include extensive and/or invasive dermatophytosis, i.e., deep dermatophytosis and Majocchi’s granuloma. They are reported in immunocompromised hosts wit...
Despite the increasing of onychomycosis caused by Candida spp., in referent literature, there is still data insufficiency about this nail infection. The objectives of this retrospective study were to determine epidemiological characteristics of Candida onychomycosis, the antifungal susceptibility of isolated species in vitro, and to compare the res...
Background:
In the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013), knowledge about health and its determinants has been integrated into a comparable framework to inform health policy. Outputs of this analysis are relevant to current policy questions in England and elsewhere, particularly on health inequalities. We use GBD 2013 data on mortality an...
This appendix provides three supplementary figures and nine supplementary tables.
Figure appendix 2: Change in life expectancy at birth for men (A) and women (B) from 1990 to 2013 in deprivation areas of English regions by broad cause group
