Robin D Rogers

• Doctor of Philosophy
• CEO at 525 Solutions, Inc.

Chitin, an abundant and versatile biopolymer, is widely used across industries such as biomedicine, agriculture, and materials science. Traditionally sourced from crustacean waste, its extraction poses environmental and allergenic challenges,...

In article number 2200279, Anja‐Verena Mudring and coworkers identified 8‐hydroxyquinolinium cation as a lead structure for luminescent ionic small molecules with good potential for expansion. All obtained compounds showed comparable, and in some cases even superior, photoluminescence relative to Alq3 and related materials, both as solids and thin...

In order to effectively harness varieties of mechanical waves or vibrations for the purpose of monitoring and/or powering, developments in responsive materials and conversion technologies are taking place driven by the world's current and future demands. One of the most popular novelties of the last two decades is represented by hydrogel‐ or ionoge...

Albeit tris(8‐hydroxyquinolinato) aluminum (Alq3) and its derivatives are prominent emitter materials for organic lighting devices, and the optical transitions occur among ligand‐centered states, the use of metal‐free 8‐hydroxyquinoline is impractical as it suffers from strong nonradiative quenching, mainly through fast proton transfer. Herein, it...

There will be common challenges to scaling‐up any ionic liquids separations technologies which require very large volumes of ionic liquid. Some of these challenges are illustrated in this personal account which chronicles the extraction of chitin from shrimp shell from discovery to current commercialization efforts. The road being taken from discov...

Our attempts to use an ionic liquid strategy to force f-element coordination of soft donor adenine and 4,5-dicyanoimidazole using 1-pot reactions in water using hydrated lanthanide salts failed, instead resulting in the isolation of anhydrous lanthanide nitrate salts. Reactions of previously ground mixtures of 40% aq. [P4444][OH] and adenine with N...

Aqueous solutions of a series of short carbon chain tetra(n-alkyl)ammonium hydroxides, [Nnnnn][OH] with n = 2: n-ethyl, 3: n-propyl, 4: n-butyl, have been serendipitously found to be potential candidates for direct air carbon capture (DAC) when being used as reagents in more complicated reactions. Aqueous solutions of [N3333][OH], [N2222][OH], or [...

Ionic liquid or not: hydrogen bonds such as the relatively rare N–H⋯S hydrogen bond lead in ionic liquid forming ion combinations to higher melting temperatures and lower decomposition points.

Hybrid rocket propulsion can contribute to reduce launch costs by simplifying engine design and operation. Hypergolic propellants, i.e. igniting spontaneously and immediately upon contact between fuel and oxidizer, further simplify system integration by removing the need for an ignition system. Such hybrid engines could also replace currently popul...

Many crystalline materials form polymorphs and undergo solid–solid transitions between different forms as a function of temperature or pressure. However, there is still a poor understanding of the mechanism of transformation. Conclusions about the transformation process are typically drawn by comparing the crystal structures before and after the co...

Exploitation of mineable oil sands in Canada has thus far produced over 50 km² of tailings in ponds where the fine solids remain suspended for years, even decades. These ponds represent a major liability and environmental burden for operating companies, with their dewatering critical to their remediation. In this work, we used the chemistry of the...

Hybrid rocket propulsion can contribute to reduce launch costs by simplifying engine design and operation. Hypergolic propellants, i.e. igniting spontaneously and immediately upon contact between fuel and oxidizer, further simplify system integration by removing the need for an ignition system. Such hybrid engines could also replace currently popul...

Hybrid rocket propulsion can contribute to reduce launch costs by simplifying engine design and operation. Hypergolic propellants, i.e. igniting spontaneously and immediately upon contact between fuel and oxidizer, further simplify system integration by removing the need for an ignition system. Such hybrid engines could also replace currently popul...

This study demonstrates the use of ionic liquids to successfully extract chitin from different biomass sources and the utilization of the resulting chitins to prepare monofilament fibers. Chitin was extracted from five different biomass sources (processed and raw shrimp shell, crab and lobster shell, and fly larvae) using the ionic liquid (IL) 1-et...

We demonstrate the unprecedented ability to induce hypergolic behavior, i.e. rapid and spontaneous ignition upon contact with an oxidizer, in non-hypergolic metal fuels by blending them with hypergolic metal-organic frameworks (HMOFs). Using magnesium, aluminum or zinc metal as the fuel, we demonstrate materials with ignition delays (IDs) below 50...

We demonstrate the unprecedented ability to induce hypergolic behavior, i.e. rapid and spontaneous ignition upon contact with an oxidizer, in non-hypergolic metal fuels by blending them with hypergolic metal-organic frameworks (HMOFs). Using magnesium, aluminum or zinc metal as the fuel, we demonstrate materials with ignition delays (IDs) below 50...

Access to lanthanide acetate coordination compounds is challenged by the tendency of lanthanides to coordinate water and the plethora of acetate coordination modes. A straightforward, reproducible synthetic procedure by treating lanthanide chloride hydrates with defined ratios of the ionic liquid (IL) 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate ([C2mim][OA...

The largest group of chemicals that are currently used for the manufacturing of 3D-printed structures are synthetic polymers. Among those, the use of thermoplastics is very common, nearly exclusive, mainly because of the ease of their handling through melt processing. While in recent years, there has been a growing shift toward the use of biopolyme...

A reversible amine-carbamate approach has been developed to reduce the use of antisolvents such as water in the coagulation of biopolymers from ionic liquid (IL) solution and thus improve the economy of IL recycle. Cellulose and chitin were recovered from 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([C2mim][OAc]) solution by introducing the miscible amines...

Aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) composed of the choline alkanoate ionic liquids (ILs) choline acetate [Cho][OAc], choline propanoate [Cho][Pro], choline butyrate [Cho][But], and choline hexanoate [Cho][Hex], mixed with K3PO4 solutions at pH 7.2 and 14.5, were prepared and their phase diagrams were compared. The ability to form ABS with alkaline K3PO...

Continuing our investigations of ionic liquid (IL) based routes to a library of f-element/soft donor complexes which could be studied crystallographically, we have explored the dissolution of f-element salts in protic imidazole-based ILs containing only soft donors at high temperatures to drive off volatiles, including water and carboxylic or miner...

Four mono-substituted N-butylpyridinium salts, 1-butyl-4-dimethylaminopyridinium chloride [b4dmapy]Cl, 1-butyl-4-methylpyridinium bromide [b4mpy]Br, 1-butyl-4-methylpyridinium hexafluorophosphate [b4mpy][PF6], and 1-butyl-3-methylpyridinium hexafluorophosphate [b3mpy][PF6] were synthesized and characterized using single crystal X-ray diffraction. T...

Three chloroaluminate ionic liquids (ILs), triethylammonium tetrachloroaluminate ([HN222][AlCl4]), triethylammonium heptachlorodialuminate ([HN222][Al2Cl7]), and tetraethylammonium heptachlorodialuminate ([N2222][Al2Cl7]), were employed to investigate liquid clathrate (LC) formation and the relative role of the cation or anion in aromatic solubilit...

In pursuit of bioplastics which require a controlled biopolymer molecular weight, consistency, and supply, we have examined the chitin in the molts of farm raised Hybrid (H1) Pacific whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) by collecting the molts during the shrimp growth cycle, sorting by shrimp average body weight (ABW), and extracting the chitin f...

At the moment, there are no U.S. Food and Drug Administration (U.S. FDA)-approved drugs for the treatment of COVID-19, although several antiviral drugs are available for repurposing. Many of these drugs suffer from polymorphic transformations with changes in the drug’s safety and efficacy; many are poorly soluble, poorly bioavailable drugs. Current...

The transformation of agrochemicals into herbicidal ionic liquids (HILs) has been suggested as a solution to problems associated with commercial forms of herbicides. The aim of this review was to summarise the latest progress in the field of HILs, including their synthesis as well as physicochemical and biological properties, and to address the are...

Significance All genetic information on Earth is encrypted in DNA and RNA with the nucleobases and their pairs being the main information units. There are strict established rules how nucleobases can interact between each other in the DNA. These rules can though be affected by external factors such as radiation causing formation of the deprotonated...

The two most common commercial catalysts for the acylation of isobutylbenzene to produce the major ibuprofen intermediate 4-isobutylacetophenone are HF and AlCl3, however, both of these catalysts suffer from significant drawbacks including the stringent safety issues associated with using volatile/toxic HF and the requirement for additional process...

In this study, we demonstrate that quinine with confirmed antiviral and antifeedant activity can be derivatized and formulated as multifunctional ionic liquids which allows to tune their biological, chemical, and physical properties. Following the optimization of quinine alkylation, pure 1-alkylquinine bromides with the alkyl chain length ranging f...

A robust general route to lanthanide dicyanamide (DCA-) complexes has been developed where f-element salts are dissolved in DCA--based ionic liquids (ILs) directly or formed in situ, forcing coordination of these normally weakly coordinating soft N-donor anions, even in an ambient, non-moisture-excluding environment. A series of lanthanide complexe...

Lewis acid/base catalysts of AlCl3/N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (O-NMP) and AlCl3/1-methylimidazole (N-Mim) were prepared and found to have higher catalytic activity in the Friedel–Crafts alkylation of benzene than the known super acidic ionic...

By dehydrating actinide salts with an ionic liquid containing a common anion and subsequent reaction with N-heterocyclic ligands, we challenge the concept that actinides prefer O- over N-donors; rather the acidic hydrogen atoms of protic solvents hinder the formation of more elusive f-element N-donor coordination complexes.

Commercialization of new sustainable technology from academia to industry is based on the technology-enabling innovation, the manufacturability, the implementation cost, and the technology’s competitive advantage, such as functionality improvement(s) over the routine process or existing products. Future-minded thinking outside the accepted margins...

A non-stoichiometric approach to control the solid-state behavior of protic ionic liquids (PILs) was demonstrated by direct mixing of 4,5-dicyanoimidazole (HDCNim) with either 1-ethylimidazole (C2im) or 1-butylimidazole (C4im) in different mole fractions. Isolation and characterization of three crystalline materials (all having melting points < 100...

We investigated whether the relatively Lewis basic imidazole-2-thiones could be used to substitute water ligands bound to f-element cations and generate f-element soft donor complexes. Reactions of 1,3-diethylimidazole-2-thione (C2C2ImT) with Nd(NO3)3·6H2O and UO2Cl2·3H2O led to the isolation of the anhydrous thione complexes Nd(NO3)3(C2C2ImT)3 and...

Characterization of the biodegradability of herbicidal ionic liquids (HILs) using the industry standard activated sludge methodology is thought to be insufficient to fully understand the biodegradation of HILs in the environment because cations and anions of the HILs may have different potential for biodegradation in aquatic and terrestrial systems...

Aperiodic formations continue to focus interest in areas ranging from advanced scientific theories to practical everyday applications. Starting from diverse and tightly bonded intermetallic compounds, this world showed an important breakthrough toward the so-called soft systems of meso/macroscale: liquid crystals, thin films, polymers, proteins, et...

A series of anhydrous acetate salts with uranium {[C2C1im][UO2(OAc)3] (1), [C2C2im][UO2(OAc)3] (2), and [C4C1im][UO2(OAc)3] (3)}, lanthanides {[C2C2im]2[La(OAc)5] (4) and [C2C1im]2[Nd(OAc)5] (5)}, and strontium {[C2C1im] n [Sr(OAc)3] n (6)} (where C2C1im = 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium, C2C2im = 1,3-diethylimidazolium, C4C1im = 1-butyl-3-methylimidaz...

The reaction of 1,3-dimethylimidazolium-2-carboxylate with elemental iodine in acetonitrile rapidly affords crystalline iodide salts of the 1,3-dimethyl-2-iodoimidazolium cation ([C1mim-2-I]+), [C1mim-2-I]I∙0.5I2 and [C1mim-2-I]I∙0.5CH3CN, depending on the temperature. Analysis of the two structures shows the significant role of halogen bonding int...

Thermal and flotation processes are widely used to produce bitumen from oil sand in Alberta. However, bitumen contains many surface-active components that tend to form water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion stabilized by fines and/or asphaltenes. Although several demulsifiers have been proposed in the literature to treat such emulsions, these chemicals are so...

We demonstrate a co‐crystal‐based strategy to create new solid hypergols, that is, materials exhibiting spontaneous ignition when in contact with an oxidant, from typically non‐hypergolic fuel molecules. In these materials, the energy content and density can be changed without affecting the ignition delay. The use of an imidazole‐substituted decabo...

A non-aqueous process was developed using ionic liquids (ILs) to extract bitumen from Alberta oil sands at room temperature. Based on an IL design platform of balancing lipophilic/hydrophilic properties with possible interfacial interactions, trialkylamine/fatty acid-based ILs were studied and down selected considering performance, cost, compositio...

Cellulose, chitin, and composite 3D hydrogels and membranes were fabricated without any chemical modification from high molecular weight chitin and cellulose rich material (CRM) extracted from shrimp shell or pine wood, respectively, using the ionic liquid (IL) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([C2mim][OAc]). The hydrogels were prepared by re-di...

We demonstrate a cocrystal‐based strategy to create new solid hypergols, i.e. materials exhibiting spontaneous ignition in contact with an oxidant, from typically non‐hypergolic fuel molecules, in which the energy content and density of the material can be changed without affecting the ignition delay. Using an imidazole‐substituted decaborane as a...

To explore if the catalytic activity of single metal species in halometallate catalysts can be enhanced with mixed metal species, aluminum and gallium were simultaneously introduced to prepare a mixed metal ionic liquids (IL) through a one-pot reaction of [HN222]Cl, AlCl3, and GaCl3 in various amounts. The Lewis acidity in Friedel-Crafts acylation...

Steam injection is widely used for bitumen recovery. However, steam is not efficient for shallow or thin reservoirs because of heat loss in the wellbore or to surrounding formations. Numerous alternatives have been proposed, including the addition of solvents and replacement of steam with volatile solvents. Here, we describe a new technology that c...

Due to strict legislation which governs the use of pesticides, fertilizers and plant growth regulators, there is a demand for organic alternatives. Potential risks for people, possible long-term health effects, and pesticide environmental fate resulted in a widespread societal issue. Because sustainable agriculture interconnects the economically an...

We report a unique uranium-based metal organic framework afforded from the spontaneous reaction of 1,4-(diamidoximyl)benzene (1,4-(DAO)Bz) with uranyl chloride. The structure is the first reported example to show either hydrolysis alongside amidoxime coordination or the presence of multiple amidoxime protonation states in a single complex. The abil...

Aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) have attracted considerable attention for their unique applications in extraction and purification processes. Choline-based ionic liquids (IL), deep eutectic solvents (DES), or buffers have been studied as replacements to traditional organic solvents because they can be designed to be non-flammable, non-volatile, of l...

Polymers constitute the largest group of chemicals that are currently used for manufacturing of nanofibers via electrospinning. Among those, use of synthetic polymers is nearly exclusive, mainly because of ease of their handling either through solution or melt processing. In recent years, there has been a growing shift toward the use of biopolymers...

We demonstrate a cocrystal-based strategy to create new solid hypergols, i.e. materials exhibiting spontaneous ignition in contact with an oxidant, in which the energy content and density of the material can be changed without affecting the ignition delay. Using an imidazole-substituted decaborane as a hypergolic "trigger" component, in combination...

As sustainable agriculture becomes more urgent, biocontrol using natural compounds such as chitin, a carbohydrate chain polymer, and its derivatives, is a promising strategy. Chitin and its derivatives induce or enhance natural defensive mechanisms in plants. They are recognized as plant growth regulators, growth stimulants, and elicitors for the p...

Systematic investigation of combustion energies for popular metal-organic framework (MOF) materials reveals energy content comparable to conventional energetic materials, that can be further modified and fine-tuned through control of framework topology or isostructural ligand replacement to yield energy densities comparable to conventional energeti...

Six ionic liquids (ILs) were selected based on their chemical and physical properties to study the solubility of cyclosporine A. Of these, cyclosporine exhibited higher room temperature solubility in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([C2mim][OAc]) than in acetone, an effective molecular solvent used to solubilize and purify cyclosporine. The sol...

In memory of a pioneer in crystal engineering, Prof. Israel Goldberg, we report a series of new framework solids, based on the ligand tetrakis(4–pyridyl)porphyrin (TPyP). Spontaneous reactions of TPyP with seven different metal salts under liquid-liquid diffusion at ambient temperature show that the formation of ionic compounds is preferred to coor...

Thermal and flotation processes are widely used to produce bitumen from oil sand in Alberta. However, bitumen contains many surface-active components that tend to form water-in-oil emulsion stabilized by fines and/or asphaltenes. Although several demulsifiers have been proposed in the literature to treat such emulsions, these chemicals are sometime...

A simple method to incorporate magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) into cotton fiber for arsenic sorption is demonstrated. Choline acetate is utilized to simultaneously suspend Fe3O4 NPs while swelling the cotton fiber surface, allowing the incorporation of the Fe3O4 NPs in the fiber by dipping at 80 °C and washing with water. A 1:5 mass ratio Fe3O...

Systematic investigation of combustion energies for popular metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) reveals energy content comparable to conventional energetic materials and can be further modified and dine-tuned by polymorphism and isostructural ligand replacement to yield materials with energy densities comparable to Diesel or kerosene.<br

Cellulose beads possess some adsorption capacities for heavy metal ions, but the effect of lignin remaining in the beads on the adsorption behavior is not clear yet. In this study, lignocellulosic and cellulosic hydrogel beads were prepared by ionic liquid (IL) dissolution and reconstitution in water and further functionalization through magnetizat...

Chitin is a promising natural polymer to produce functional materials due to the attractive combination of abundance, price, favorable biological properties, and biodegradability. However, multiple literature examples often confuse processing of chitosan, the deacetylated version of chitin, due to chitosan’s much higher solubility in traditional so...

Highly charged metal ions are difficult to investigate in weakly coordinating ionic liquids (ILs) because of the insolubility of their solid forms, but the molecular liquid TiCl4 offers a way to react tetravalent metal ions in an IL. Reactions of TiCl4 with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ([C4mim]⁺)-based ILs containing chloride or bromide lead to mixt...

We synthesized a series of ionic liquids (IL) initially for dewatering of mature fine tailings (MFT). Cationic and anionic counterparts of IL were modified to impart desired degrees of hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity. The tailored ionic liquid (IL1) is able to destabilize suspended clays and hence cause dewatering quite rapidly after mixing with...

Owing to their ease of synthesis, diffuse positive charge, and chemical stability, 1‐alkyl‐3‐methylimidazolium cations (i.e., [Cnmim]⁺) are one of the most routinely utilized and historically important components in ionic liquid (IL) chemistry. However, while this is a routinely encountered member of the IL family as cations, relatively few workers...

We present the first strategy to induce hypergolic behavior, i.e. spontaneous ignition and combustion in contact with an external oxidizer, into metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). The strategy uses trigger acetylene or vinyl substituents to unlock the latent hypergolic properties of linkers in zeolitic imidazolate frameworks, illustrated here by six...

The use of polyoxometalate catalysts for selective delignification of biomass presents a possible route toward using ionic liquids (ILs) to efficiently obtain high-molecular weight biopolymers from biomass. Rapid progress in this area will depend on recognizing and using the link with already well-developed inorganic chemistry in ILs pursued outsid...

Aqueous biphasic systems comprising ethylene/propylene oxide copolymer (EOPO-2500) and choline acetate ([Cho][OAc]) were used for extraction of three herbicides (simazine, cyanazine, and atrazine) from aqueous samples. The influence of phase composition and temperature on phase separation as measured by tie-line lengths (TLLs) and thus, on the part...

The ability of the ionic liquid (IL) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([C2mim][OAc]) to solubilize natural biopolymers (e.g., chitin and cellulose) without any chemical modification has been used to develop a one-pot process to prepare a spinning dope by extracting chitin from shrimp shell, co-dissolving microcrystalline cellulose (MCC, DP = 270...

The access to free, unsolvated ions at high concentrations and ambient temperatures enabled by ionic liquids results in previously unobserved reactivity for even well-studied ions, demonstrated here by acetate ([OAc]⁻) acting as a reducing agent for B10H14 but only when used as a neat liquid in [C2mim][OAc] at ambient temperature. More typical reac...

Four porphyrinic ionic liquids and four higher melting salts (>100 °C) were synthesized as potential photosensitizers from highly symmetric porphyrins by introducing alkyl chains and exchanging anions to tune their solubility and singlet oxygen generation capability. Among the synthesized compounds was 5,10,15,20‐tetra(4‐dodecylpyridinum)porphyrin...

The low volatility of many ionic liquids (ILs) can be used to design a specific delivery system with a triggered release mechanism for volatile fragrances. We present two different strategies for IL-supported pro-fragrance compounds based on common fragrance alcohols. When the fragrance was attached to the cation, its release was triggered by heat;...

The speciation of protic ionic liquids (ILs) has attracted high attention in the recent years, due to its effect in the properties of the resulting liquids. In this work we analyze the behavior of mixtures between triethylamine (N222) and acetic acid (HOAc), a system that generates controversy about its speciation. Using different synthetic strateg...

Chitin, one of Nature's most abundant biopolymers, can be obtained by either traditional chemical pulping or by extraction using the ionic liquid (IL) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate. The IL extraction and coagulation process provides access to a unique chitin, with an open hydrated gel-like structure. Here, enzymatic hydrolysis of this chitin...

Liquid assisted grinding using imidazolium-based ionic liquids (IL-AG) was found to be effective in isolation of cocrystals and cocrystal polymorphs.

The increasing need for biocompatible materials as supports to immobilize photosensitizer molecules for photodynamic therapy (PDT), led us to investigate the use of chitin as a support for 4,4′,4′′,4′′′-(porphine-5,10,15,20-tetrayl)tetrakis(benzoic acid) (mTCPP) for singlet oxygen production. Chitin was first extracted from shrimp shells using the...

Steam is widely used for bitumen extraction from deeply buried oilsands reservoirs. Numerous variations to steam injection have been proposed, including the addition of solvents and replacing steam with solvents. These processes demand high energy input and pose environmental costs from CO2 emissions during steam generation or from emissions associ...

Oil Sand tailings are a mixture of water (~65 wt%), residual bitumen (~3-5 wt%), sand, and clay minerals (~30 wt%) produced during the bitumen hot water extraction process. Coarse particles such as sand settle in tailing ponds due to gravity and remaining fine particles stay suspended in a stable form to generate mature fine tailings (MFT). MFT is...

Incorporating high energy nanoparticulate additives is considered as a means to enhance the performance of hypergolic ionic liquid (IL) propellants. In this manuscript, we demonstrate the energy content of borane-aluminum nanoparticles produced by ball milling, and examine the ignition and combustion behavior of hypergolic ILs loaded with up to 30...

In the design of stronger chitin fibers reinforced with poly(lactic acid) (PLA), an ionic liquid (IL)-based approach was developed in which both polymers were co-dissolved in an 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([C2mim][OAc]) and wet-jet spun into composite fibers. Chitin, directly extracted from shrimp shell had a solubility in the IL of 2.75 w...

The use of polyoxometalate catalysts for selective delignification of biomass presents a possible route toward using ionic liquids (ILs) to efficiently obtain high-molecular weight biopolymers from biomass. Rapid progress in this area will depend on recognizing and using the link with already well-developed inorganic chemistry in ILs pursued outsid...

This work provides a comprehensive evaluation of the effect of the cation alkyl side chain length of the 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride series ([C n C1im]Cl, n = 2-14) of ionic liquids (ILs) on their capability to form aqueous biphasic systems (ABSs) with salts and self-aggregation derived properties. The liquid-liquid phase behavior of tern...

Two solids of differing Lewis acidities, triethylammonium tetrachlorozincate ([HN222]2[ZnCl4]) and AlCl3, have been combined across 0.1 to 0.9 mole fractions (with respect to [HN222]2[ZnCl4]), and homogeneous solid double salts or mixed metal [HN222]2x[(1-x)AlCl3+xZnCl4] double salt ionic liquids (DSIL) were obtained at x = 0.33, 0.4, and 0.5 with...

Chitin isolated through microwave-assisted dissolution using ionic liquids is a high molecular weight (MW) polymer that can be manufactured into materials of different architectures (e.g., fibers, films, microspheres, nanostructured materials) to be used as wound care dressings, drug delivery devices, scaffolds, etc. However, because of differences...

This review succinctly describes the recent progress in the design and development of metal-containing ionic liquids or liquid metal catalysts. This review only includes ionic liquid-containing metals in their ionic forms (cationic/anionic, dissolved coordination complex or salt) and not ionic liquids containing metal or metal oxide nanoparticles.

This chapter reviews the roles of ionic liquids (ILs) in pharmaceutical manufacturing processes, including the use of ILs as solvents in the synthesis of drugs or isolation of drug intermediates, the use of ILs in pharmaceutical crystallization, in pharmaceutical separation, for the extraction of drugs from natural products, to deliver drugs, to de...