Robin Candau

Université de Montpellier | UM1

Background: Objective training load indexes (TL) used in resistance training lack of physiological significance. This study aimed to provide a muscle physiology-based approach for quantifying TL in resistance exercises (RE). Methods: Following individual torque-velocity profiling, fifteen participants performed isokinetic leg extension exercise ses...

Introduction: The pupil light reflex (photomotor reflex) has a duration of 3.5 s and is a highly reproducible measurement. Conventionally, the autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity evaluated by this reflex does not consider the viscoelasticity of the iris muscles. This study aims to detect differences in reflex autonomic activity in a supine posi...

Bouzigues, T, Maurelli, O, Imbach, F, Prioux, J, and Candau, R. A new training load quantification method at supramaximal intensity and its application in injuries among members of an international volleyball team. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000–000, 2024—The quantification of training loads (TLs) is essential for optimizing jump performance and re...

Background: External and internal training load are used to monitor training effects in volleyball. Occurrence of injuries in volleyball is dependent of training loads and state of fitness but also playing positions and gender. This study aims to investigate the impact of gender and playing positions on injury occurrence among young volleyball pla...

Le volleyball est caractérisé par ses efforts intenses, brefs et répétés. Les différences physique et technique entre les postes impliquent une individualisation du travail effectué et imposent aux entraîneurs un monitoring précis de l’entraînement. De plus, les contraintes mécaniques induites par la répétition des sauts sont source de blessure et...

This study compared the acute effects of three recovery methods: active recovery (AR), hot- and cold-water immersion (HWI and CWI, respectively), used between two training sessions in elite athletes. Twelve national-team skaters (7 males, 5 females) completed three trials according to a randomized cross-over study. Fifteen minutes after an exhausti...

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate feasibility and early effects of moderate intensity bed-cycling eccentric training on healthy individuals, and establish whether this training modality could be implemented into bedridden patients' routine care. Methods: Longitudinal study with pre-post exercise intervention measurements. The development of...

This study aims to predict individual Acceleration-Velocity profiles (A-V) from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) measurements in real-world situations. Data were collected from professional players in the Superleague division during a 1.5 season period (2019–2021). A baseline modeling performance was provided by time-series forecasting met...

This study investigates the influence of different race phases on the performance during the 4 x 10 km relay biathlon of the Olympic Games of Albertville in 1992.

This study aims to predict individual Acceleration-Velocity profiles (A-V) from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) measurements in real-world situations. Data were collected from professional players in the Superleague division during a 1.5 season period (2019-2021). A baseline modeling performance was provided by time-series forecasting met...

The emergence of the first Fitness-Fatigue impulse responses models (FFMs) have allowed the sport science community to investigate relationships between the effects of training and performance. In the models, athletic performance is described by first order transfer functions which represent Fitness and Fatigue antagonistic responses to training. O...

This study aims to provide a transferable methodology in the context of sport performance modelling, with a special focus to the generalisation of models. Data were collected from seven elite Short track speed skaters over a three months training period. In order to account for training load accumulation over sessions, cumulative responses to train...

Introduction This study aimed to assess if an interference effect could blunt the neuromuscular gains induced by a same-session combined rehabilitation in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Methods Patients exercised twice a week, for 16 weeks, over their HD sessions. They were either always trained with resistance and endurance exercises (continuous tra...

Mathematical models are used to describe and predict the effects of training on performance. The initial models are structured by impulse-type transfer functions, however, cellular adaptations induced by exercise may exhibit exponential kinetics for their growth and subsequent dissipation. Accumulation of exercise bouts counteracts dissipation and...

This study aimed to investigate the effects of regular hot water bathing (HWB), undertaken 10 min after the last training session of the day, on chronic adaptations to training in elite athletes. Six short-track (ST) speed skaters completed four weeks of post-training HWB and four weeks of post-training passive recovery (PR) according to a randomiz...

This study aims to provide a transferable methodology in the context of sport performance modelling, with a special focus to the generalisation of models. Data were collected from seven elite Short track speed skaters over a three months training period. In order to account for training load accumulation over sessions, cumulative responses to train...

This study assessed the Stryd running power meter validity at sub-maximal speeds (8 to 19 km/h). Six recreational runners performed an incremental indoor running test. Power output (PO), ground contact time (GCT) and leg spring stiffness (LSS) were compared to reference measures recorded by portable metabolic analyser, force platforms and motion ca...

New findings: What is the central question of this study? The aim of this study was to examine the effects of resistance training on gains in the external mechanical power output developed during climbing and myofibrillar ATPase activity in rats. What is the main finding and its importance? Using rapid flow quench experiments, we show that resista...

Significant progress has expanded our knowledge of the signaling pathways coordinating muscle protein turnover during various conditions including exercise. In this manuscript, the multiple mechanisms that govern the turnover of cellular components are reviewed, and their overall roles in adaptations to exercise training are discussed. Recent studi...

Skeletal muscle shows a remarkable plasticity that permits functional adaptations in response to different stimulations. To date, modifications of the proportions of myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms and increases in fibre size are considered to be the main factors providing sarcomeric plasticity in response to exercise training. In this study, we...

Key points In muscular cells, eukaryotic initiation factor subunit f (eIF3f) activates protein synthesis by allowing physical interaction between mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (MTORC1) and ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1), although its physiological role in animals is unknown. A knockout approach suggests that homozygous mice carryi...

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of simulated training strategies on performance potential in elite short-track speed skaters. Training load and field-based criterion performances from fifteen athletes (10 males, 5 females) were collected over a 3-month training period and the relationship between training loads and performance was computed...

System theory is classically applied to describe and to predict the effects of training load on performance. The classic models are structured by impulse-type transfer functions, nevertheless, most biological adaptations display exponential growth kinetics. The aim of this study was to propose an extension of the model structure taking into account...

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a critical enzyme in conditions of cellular energy deficit such as exercise, hypoxia or nutritional stress. AMPK is well known to regulate protein degradation pathway notably through FOXO-related axis. In this study, we investigated the implication of AMPK activation in FOXO3 expression and stability in skelet...

Objective: A V˙O2 slow component V˙O2SC typically occurs during continuous, constant work rate exercises conducted at both intense and maximal intensities. The extent to which V˙O2SC also develops during intermittent exercises in field condition warrants investigations. This study aimed to test the occurrence of a V˙O2SC during a field-based interm...

Comment on: "How Biomechanical Improvements in Running Economy Could Break the 2-Hour Marathon Barrier''

Key points: Our study contributes to the characterization of muscle loss and weakness processes induced by a sedentary life style, chronic hypoactivity, clinical bed rest, immobilization and microgravity. This study, by bringing together integrated and cellular evaluation of muscle structure and function, identifies the early functional markers an...

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring au...

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monit...

ARRIVE Checklist. (PDF)

Sports trauma are able to induce muscle injury with fibrosis and accumulation of intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT), which affect muscle function. This study was designed to investigate whether hypoactivity would influence IMAT accumulation in regenerating mouse skeletal muscle using the glycerol model of muscle regeneration. The animals were imme...

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved intracellular system that selectively eliminates protein aggregates, damaged organelles, and other cellular debris. It is a self-cleaning process critical for cell homeostasis in conditions of energy stress. Autophagy has been until now relatively overlooked in skeletal muscle, but recent data highlight its...

Objective: Judo is a combat sport characterized by high-intensity intermittent efforts. To suit high competitive demand, the training periodization should be adopted to improve judo athletes performance. Thus, the objective of the present study was to monitor the changes in different variables during judo training periodization. Method: Ten male ad...

Clenbuterol is a β2 -adrenergic-receptor agonist known to induce skeletal muscle hypertrophy and a slow-to-fast phenotypic shift. The aim of the present study was to test the effects of chronic clenbuterol treatment on contractile efficiency and explore the underlying mechanisms, i.e., the muscle contractile machinery and calcium-handling ability....

The aim of the present study was to test whether systems models of training effects on performance in athletes can be used to explore the responses to resistance training in rats. 11 Wistar han rats (277 ± 15g) underwent 4 weeks of resistance training consisting in climbing a ladder with progressive loads. Training amount and performance were compu...

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved intracellular system that selectively eliminates protein aggregates, damaged organelles, and other cellular debris. It is a self-cleaning process critical for cell homeostasis in conditions of energy stress. Autophagy has been until now relatively overlooked in skeletal muscle, but recentdata highlight its v...

The objective of the present study was to determine the methods of quantification for training and performance which would be the most appropriate for modelling the responses to long-term training in Cadet and Junior judo athletes. For this, 10 young male judo athletes (15.9 ± 1.3 years, 64.9 ± 10.3 kg and 170.8 ± 5.4 cm) competing at a regional/st...

Sur le lactate, on a dit tout et son contraire. A présent, voici qu'on le rend responsable du sentiment de bien-être qui nous envahit après l'effort...

Physical exercise is a stress that can substantially modulate cellular signaling mechanisms to promote morphological and metabolic adaptations. Skeletal muscle protein and organelle turnover is dependent on two major cellular pathways: FOXO transcription factors that regulate two main proteolytic systems, the ubiquitin-proteasome and the autophagy-...

The aim of this study was to characterize skeletal muscle protein breakdown and mitochondrial dynamics markers at different points of endurance exercise. Mice run at 10 m.min during 1h and running speed was increased by 0.5 m.min every minute during 40 min and then by 1 m.min until exhaustion. Animals were killed by cervical dislocation at 30, 60,...

Clenbuterol, a β2-agonist, induces skeletal muscle hypertrophy and a shift from slow-oxidative to fast-glycolytic muscle fiber type profile. However, the cellular mechanisms of the effects of chronic clenbuterol administration on skeletal muscle are not completely understood. As the intracellular Ca2+ concentration must be finely regulated in many...

Introduction. La dysfonction cérébrale est une répercussion systémique majeure de la BPCO et est impliquée dans la faiblesse musculaire des patients via une diminution de la commande motrice (1). Si la réactivité cérébrovasculaire au manque d'O2 (i.e. augmentation du débit sanguin cérébral, DSC) empêche l'hypoxie cérébrale la journée (1), au cours...

This study investigated maximal and submaximal performance (power output) and physiological responses (oxygen uptake, heart rate and blood lactate concentration) of eight male rowers to two different incremental tests to exhaustion performed either in a rowing ergometer without (regular) or with the slide, as well as to a 2000 m race simulation, co...

To determine the most effective strength periodization model is important to improve judo athletes' performance. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of linear and daily undulating periodized resistance training on anthropometrical, strength and judo-specific performance. For this, 13 adult male judo athletes (LP = 6 and DUP = 7)...

Forkhead box class O family member proteins (FoxOs) are highly conserved transcription factors with important roles in cellular homeostasis. The four FoxO members in humans, FoxO1, FoxO3, FoxO4, and FoxO6, are all expressed in skeletal muscle, but the first three members are the most studied in muscle. In this review, we detail the multiple modes o...

Abstract The aim of the study is the modelling of training responses with a variable dose-response model in a sport discipline that requires highly complex coordination. We propose a method to optimise the training programme plan using the potential maximal performance gain associated with overload and tapering periods. Data from five female elite...

Cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an essential regulator of satellite cell-mediated hypertrophic muscle growth through the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). The importance of this pathway linked to the modulation of myogenic regulatory factors expression in rat skeletal muscle undergoing hypertrophy fol...

This study aimed to investigate the effects on a possible improvement in aerobic and anaerobic performance of oral terbutaline (TER) at a supra-therapeutic dose in 7 healthy competitive male athletes. On day 1, ventilatory threshold, maximum oxygen uptake [Formula: see text] and corresponding power output were measured and used to determine the exe...

The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that acts as a sensor of cellular energy status switch regulating several systems including glucose and lipid metabolism. Recently, AMPK has been implicated in the control of skeletal muscle mass by decreasing mTORC1 activity and increasing protein degradation through regu...

Accumulating evidence suggests that the calpain/calpastatin system is involved in skeletal muscle remodelling induced by β 2 ‐adrenoceptor agonist treatment. In addition to other pathways, the A kt/mammalian target of rapamycin ( mTOR ) pathway, controlling protein synthesis, and the calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase 2 ( CamK 2) and AMP ‐...

The aim of this case study was to determine whether a sailor's deliberate choice of a conservative strategy to manage sleep deprivation would allow him to cross the Pacific Ocean and to minimize his state of anxiety and perceived fatigue. The participant, who had more than 10 years' sailing experience in severe conditions, was tested on a small cat...

In skeletal muscle, protein levels are determined by relative rates of protein synthesis and breakdown. The balance between synthesis and degradation of intracellular components determines the overall muscle fiber size. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a sensor of cellular energy status, was recently shown to increase myofibrillar protein degra...

This study aimed to clarify the controversial effects of acute and short-term salbutamol (SAL) intake on sprint performance in healthy athletes. Based on the results of previous studies, an anabolic effect for the short-term treatment and increased glycolysis in both treatments were hypothesized. Eight male recreational athletes completed force-vel...

Reçu le 23 Novembre 2011 – Accepté le 23 Janvier 2012 Résumé. Les β2 agonistes constituent une classe de molécules pharmacologiques utilisées classiquement dans le traitement de l'asthme et d'autres maladies respiratoires. Depuis 1991, l'AMA (agence mondiale anti-dopage) oriente notamment sa lutte vis à vis de l'usage illicite des β2 agonistes. En...

β2 adrenergic agonists are a class of drugs usually used in the treatment of asthma and other pulmonary diseases. Since 1991, increasing concern has been expressed over the widespread use of β2 agonists among elite athletes. Indeed, it would seem that these molecules are usually used in elite competitive athletes fearing potential ergogenic doping...

Our goal is to correlate kinetic constants obtained from fluorescence studies of myofibril suspension with those from mechanical studies of skinned muscle fibers from rabbit psoas. In myofibril studies, the stopped-flow technique with tryptophan fluorescence was used; in muscle fiber studies, tension transients with small amplitude sinusoidal lengt...

Calpains are Ca²⁺ cysteine proteases that have been proposed to be involved in the cytoskeletal remodeling and wasting of skeletal muscle. Cumulative evidence also suggests that 2-agonists can lead to skeletal muscle hypertrophy through a mechanism probably related to calcium-dependent proteolytic enzyme. The aim of our study was to monitor calpain...

La vitesse qui peut être maintenue dans la locomotion dépend du rapport de la puissance métabolique sur le coût énergétique. Si les aptitudes énergétiques qui contrôlent la puissance métabolique sont maintenant bien caractérisées, les facteurs qui régissent le coût énergétique de la locomotion aquatique sont quant à eux moins bien connus. Dans ce p...

Dans cet article nous centrons ici notre attention sur la troisième origine des résistances hydrodynamiques, la traînée de vague. L'importance majeure ainsi que les mécanismes de ce type de résistance sont mis en exergue. Enfin, les principales stratégies d'optimisation des résistances hydrodynamiques sont passées en revue. In this article, we focu...

Objectifs En raison des possibles effets dopants, l’Agence mondiale antidopage a instauré certaines restrictions concernant l’utilisation des substances appartenant à la classe pharmacologique des bêta-2 agonistes. En 2010, tous les bêta-2 agonistes sont interdits, à l’exception du salbutamol et du salmétérol par inhalation, ces administrations loc...

Myostatin and hypoxia signalling pathways are able to induce skeletal muscle atrophy, but whether a relationship between these two pathways exists is currently unknown. Here, we tested the hypothesis that a potential mechanism for hypoxia effect on skeletal muscle may be through regulation of myostatin. We reported an induction of myostatin express...