Roberto Martinez-Maldonado

Monash University (Australia) · Faculty of Information Technology

Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI), exemplified by ChatGPT, Midjourney, and other state-of-the-art large language models and diffusion models, holds significant potential for transforming education and enhancing human productivity. While the prevalence of GenAI in education has motivated numerous research initiatives, integrating these tech...

Wearable positioning sensors are enabling unprecedented opportunities to model students’ procedural and social behaviours during collaborative learning tasks in physical learning spaces. Emerging work in this area has mainly focused on modelling group-level interactions from low-level x-y positioning data. Yet, little work has utilised such data to...

Multimodal Learning Analytics (MMLA) innovations make use of rapidly evolving sensing and artificial intelligence algorithms to collect rich data about learning activities that unfold in physical spaces. The analysis of these data is opening exciting new avenues for both studying and supporting learning. Yet, practical and logistical challenges com...

Socio-spatial learning analytics (SSLA) is an emerging area within learning analytics research that seeks to un-cover valuable educational insights from individuals’ social and spatial data traces. These traces are capturedautomatically through sensing technologies in physical learning spaces, and the research is commonly based onthe theoretical fo...

There has been a proliferation of learning analytics (LA) interfaces designed to support teachers, such as LA dashboards. However, although teacher dashboards have been extensively studied, there is limited understanding of the relationship between single-page or multi-page dashboard designs and the cognitive demands placed on teachers to use them....

The notion of Human-Centred Learning Analytics (HCLA) is gaining traction as educators and learning analytics (LA) researchers recognise the need to align analytics and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies with specific educational contexts. This has led an increasing number of researchers to adopt approaches, such as co-design and participato...

Educational technology innovations leveraging large language models (LLMs) have shown the potential to automate the laborious process of generating and analysing textual content. While various innovations have been developed to automate a range of educational tasks (eg, question generation, feedback provision, and essay grading), there are concerns...

In embodied team learning activities, students are expected to learn to collaborate with others while freely moving in a physical learning space to complete a shared goal. Students can thus interact in various team configurations, resulting in increased complexity in their communication dynamics since unrelated dialogue segments can concurrently ha...

Advancements in sensing technologies, artificial intelligence (AI) and multimodal learning analytics (MMLA) are making it possible to model learners’ affective and physiological states. Physiological synchrony and arousal have been increasingly used to unpack students’ affective and cognitive states (e.g., stress), which can ultimately affect their...

Sensing technologies are rapidly dropping in price and improving the quality of data acquisition. It is therefore expected that sensing technologies, paired with artificial intelligence algorithms, will become a common part of the educational researcher’s toolkit to unobtrusively measure learning phenomena in years to come. In this section, we lear...

In embodied team learning activities, students are expected to learn to collaborate with others while freely moving in a physical learning space to complete a shared goal. Students can thus interact in various team configurations, resulting in increased complexity in their communication dynamics since unrelated dialogue segments can concurrently ha...

Educational technology innovations leveraging large language models (LLMs) have shown the potential to automate the laborious process of generating and analysing textual content. While various innovations have been developed to automate a range of educational tasks (e.g., question generation, feedback provision, and essay grading), there are concer...

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in creating multimodal learning analytics (LA) systems that automatically analyse students’ states that are hard to see with the "naked eye", such as cognitive load and stress levels, but that can considerably shape their learning experience. A rich body of research has focused on detecting such as...

Embodied team learning is a form of group learning that occurs in co-located settings where students need to interact with others while actively using resources in the physical learning space to achieve a common goal. In such situations, communication dynamics can be complex as team discourse segments can happen in parallel at different locations o...

Collocated teamwork remains a pervasive practice across all professional sectors. Even though live observations and video analysis have been utilized for understanding embodied interaction of team members, these approaches are impractical for scaling up the provision of feedback that can promote developing high-performance teamwork skills. Enrichin...

Feedback plays a crucial role in learning. Yet, higher education continues to face challenges regarding facilitating effective feedback processes. One of the challenges is the difficulty to track how students interact with feedback and the impact of feedback on learning outcomes. Learning analytics (LA) has opened up opportunities to enhance feedba...

Background Previous studies have demonstrated that students who are engaged in learning tasks and make errors before receiving instruction on how to complete them, achieve better learning outcomes than students who first receive instruction and then complete the learning activities with the aim of avoiding errors. Although simulation literature oft...

Research on learning spaces and their impact on teaching and learning has been a field of inquiry for decades. Yet, technological advances regarding data capture and analysis tools are opening both new opportunities and challenges in this area. This chapter illustrates the potential key role of multimodal learning analytics (MMLA) in advancing lear...

Background: Stringent public health measures have been shown to influence the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 within school environments. We investigated the potential transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in a primary school setting with and without public health measures, using fine-grained physical positioning traces captured before the COVID-19 pandemic. Met...

This research was triggered by the identified need in literature for large-scale studies about the kinds of designs that teachers create for mobile learning (m-learning). These studies require analyses of large datasets of learning designs. The common approach followed by researchers when analyzing designs has been to manually classify them followi...

Simulation‐based learning provides students with unique opportunities to develop key procedural and teamwork skills in close‐to‐authentic physical learning and training environments. Yet, assessing students' performance in such situations can be challenging and mentally exhausting for teachers. Multimodal learning analytics can support the assessme...

Background Productive failure simulations require students to participate in a simulation before receiving instruction. This approach contrasts with traditional simulations that typically begin with instruction followed by the simulation. Although previous studies have demonstrated that productive failure facilitates meaningful learning outcomes, s...

There are emerging concerns about the Fairness, Accountability, Transparency, and Ethics (FATE) of educational interventions supported by the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms. One of the emerging methods for increasing trust in AI systems is to use eXplainable AI (XAI), which promotes the use of methods that produce transparent explan...

One of the ultimate goals of several learning analytics (LA) initiatives is to close the loop and support students’ and teachers’ reflective practices. Although there has been a proliferation of end-user interfaces (often in the form of dashboards), various limitations have already been identified in the literature such as key stakeholders not bein...

Multimodal Learning Analytics (MMLA) innovations are commonly aimed at supporting learners in physical learning spaces through state-of-the-art sensing technologies and analysis techniques. Although a growing body of MMLA research has demonstrated the potential benefits of sensor-based technologies in education, whether their use can be scalable, s...

Teacher’s in-class positioning and interaction patterns (termed spatial pedagogy) are an essential part of their classroom management and orchestration strategies that can substantially impact students’ learning. Yet, effective management of teachers’ spatial pedagogy can become increasingly challenging as novel architectural designs, such as open...

Fast improvements in computing power and Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms enable us to automate important decisions that shape our everyday lives, and drive workplace transformations. It is predicted that many people will find themselves unprepared to deal with high degrees of change and uncertainty, increasingly posed by AI in some sectors....

Identifying students facing difficulties and providing them with timely support is one of the educator's key responsibilities. Yet, this task is becoming increasingly challenging as the complexity of physical learning spaces grows, along with the emergence of novel educational technologies and classroom designs. There has been substantial research...

The proliferation of AI in many aspects of human life—from personal leisure, to collaborative professional work, to global policy decisions—poses a sharp question about how to prepare people for an interconnected, fast-changing world which is increasingly becoming saturated with technological devices and agentic machines. What kinds of capabilities...

Rhythmic skills are fundamental in social partner dance. Yet, large class sizes and time constraints often make it challenging for teachers to assess learners’ rhythmic skills to provide constructive feedback. As motion sensors are becoming widely available and embedded in most smartphones, it is also becoming feasible to create models of anatomica...

Over the last ten years learning analytics (LA) has grown from a hypothetical future into a concrete field of inquiry and a global community of researchers and practitioners. Although the LA space may appear sprawling and complex, there are some clear through-lines that the new student or interested practitioner can use as entry points. Four of the...

To understand and support teachers' design practices, researchers in Learning Design manually analyse small sets of design artifacts produced by teachers. This demands substantial manual work and provides a narrow view of the community of teachers behind the designs. This paper compares the performance of different Supervised Machine Learning (SML)...

There is growing interest in creating learning analytics feedback interfaces that support students directly. While dashboards and other visualizations are proliferating, the evidence is that many fail to provide meaningful insights that help students reflect productively. The contribution of this paper is qualitative and quantitative evidence from...

Teachers’ spatial behaviours in the classroom can strongly influence students’ engagement, motivation and other behaviours that shape their learning. However, classroom teaching behaviour is ephemeral, and has largely remained opaque to computational analysis. Inspired by the notion of Spatial Pedagogy, this paper presents a system called ‘Moodoo’...

Teachers’ spatial behaviours in the classroom can strongly influence students’ engagement, motivation and other behaviours that shape their learning. However, classroom teaching behav-iour is ephemeral, and has largely remained opaque to computational analysis. This paper presents a library called ‘Moodoo’ that can serve to automatically model how...

Remote meetings have become the norm for most students learning synchronously at a distance during the ongoing coronavirus pandemic. This has motivated the use of artificial intelligence in education (AIED) solutions to support the teaching and learning practice in these settings. However, the use of such solutions requires new research particularl...

Workshop proposal for CrossMMLA focused on collecting and analysing multimodal data across the physical and the virtual. Under the current global pandemic, cross physical and virtual spaces play a substantial factor and challenge for MMLA, which is focused on collaborative learning in physical spaces. The workshop proposes an asynchronous format th...

Workshop proposal for CrossMMLA focused on collecting and analysing multimodal data across the physical and the virtual. Under the current global pandemic, cross physical and virtual spaces play a substantial factor and challenge for MMLA, which is focused on collaborative learning in physical spaces. The workshop proposes an asynchronous format th...

Effective teamwork is critical to improve patient outcomes in healthcare. However, achieving this capabilityrequires that pre-service nurses develop the spatial abilities they will require in their clinical placements, suchas: learning when to remain close to the patient and to other team members; positioning themselves correctlyat the right time;...

Using data to generate a deeper understanding of collaborative learning is not new, but automatically analyzing log data has enabled new means of identifying key indicators of effective collaboration and teamwork that can be used to predict outcomes and personalize feedback. Collaboration analytics is emerging as a new term to refer to computationa...

Lay Description What is already known about this topic Many MLA systems are designed without learners' involvement. Understanding of how multimodal data can support learners' authentic needs is needed. MLA have the potential to enable the automated generation of models to provide real‐time feedback. What this paper adds Understanding how learners...

Background Previous research suggests that making errors in a non-threatening simulated environment can facilitate learning. Productive failure, which combines problem-solving tasks followed by instruction, enables students to learn from making mistakes. This teaching approach has demonstrated improved learning outcomes such as explanatory knowledg...

Designing for effective and efficient pedagogical interventions and orchestration in complex technology-enhanced learning (TEL) ecosystems is an increasingly challenging issue. Learning analytics (LA) solutions are very promising for purposes of understanding and optimizing learning and the environments in which it occurs. Moreover, LA solutions ma...

Data about learning can support teachers in their decision-making processes as they design tasks aimed at improving student educational outcomes. However, to achieve systemic impact, a deeper understanding of teachers’ perspectives on, and expectations for, data as evidence is required. It is critical to understand how teachers’ actions align with...

The aim of this review was to identify the role of basic life support training interventions in international undergraduate nursing education, that support optimal acquisition and retention of knowledge, psychomotor skills and resuscitation self-efficacy. Twenty-four articles were identified and analysed using an integrative review approach. Studie...

Current writing support tools tend to focus on assessing final or intermediate products, rather than the writing process. However, sensing technologies, such as keystroke logging , can enable provision of automated feedback during, and on aspects of, the writing process. Despite this potential , little is known about the critical indicators that ca...

Learning outcomes are the result of interactions between intraindividual factors, such as prior knowledge, emotions and motivation; as well as the contextual factors in which the learning takes place (Dumas, McNeish, & Greene, 2020). If any, perhaps only a few Learning Analytics (LA) researchers and practitioners would disagree with this shared und...

This paper presents Moodoo, a system that models how teachers make use of classroom spaces by automatically analysing indoor positioning traces. We illustrate the potential of the system through an authentic study aimed at enabling the characterisation of teachers’ instructional behaviours in the classroom. Data were analysed from seven teachers de...

Lay Description What is already known about this topic The term “Classroom Proxemics” refers to how teachers and students use the classroom space, and its impact on learning. A large number of teachers, particularly in higher education, receive no pedagogical training or feedback on classroom proxemics. Little is known about how to create interfac...

Human-centred software design gives all stakeholders an active voice in the design of the systems that they are expected to use. However, this is not yet commonplace in Learning Analytics (LA). Co-design techniques from other domains therefore have much to offer to LA, in principle, but there are few detailed accounts of exactly how such sessions u...

Automatic tracking of activity and location in the classroom is becoming increasingly feasible and inexpensive. However, although there is a growing interest in creating classrooms embedded with tracking capabilities using computer vision and wearables, more work is still needed to understand teachers' perceived opportunities and concerns about usi...

Background Optimal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is reliant on a chain of well performed interventions and skills. To investigate whether CPR feedback devices improve performance for nursing students, the effects of three feedback modalities—visual: Laerdal SimPad®; visual-embodied metaphoric: Innosonian Brayden Pro®; and visual-audio: Physio...

Learning Analytics (LA) systems can offer new insights into learners’ behaviours through analysis of multiple data streams. There remains however a dearth of research about how LA interfaces can enable effective communication of educationally meaningful insights to teachers and learners. This highlights the need for a participatory, horizontal co-d...

The original version of this article unfortunately contained duplicate images for Figs. 4 and 6. The correct images are hereby published.

In Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) classrooms it may be challenging for teachers to keep awareness of certain aspects of the learning process of each small group or assess whether the enactment of the class script deviates from the original plan. Orchestration tools, aimed at supporting the management of the increasing uncertainty...

This paper seeks to contribute to the emerging field of Quantitative Ethnography (QE) by demonstrating its utility to solve a complex challenge in Learning Analytics: the provision of timely feedback to collocated teams and their coaches. We define two requirements that extend the QE concept in order to operationalise it such a design process, name...

The design of effective learning analytics extends beyond sound technical and pedagogical principles. If these analytics are to be adopted and used successfully to support learning and teaching, their design process needs to take into account a range of human factors, including why and how they will be used. In this editorial, we introduce principl...

Teachers are often encouraged to adopt different positioning strategies at various stages of a classroom lesson as each can influence learners in different ways. However, little work has been done to make evidence of the use of classrooms visible to teachers and students. As sensors drop in price, it is becoming more viable to capture traces of the...

The theory of Instrumental Genesis (IG) accounts for the mutual evolution of artefacts and their uses, for specific purposes in specific environments. IG has been used in Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) to explain how instruments are generated through the interactions of learners, teachers and artefacts in ‘downstream’ classroom ac...