Robert Allen Young

I start with a mathematical space that contains only null points that have no size and hence there are no macroscopic objects which are composed of finite sized points. It contains no meter sticks to measure distance, s, or clocks to measure time, t, so special relativity cannot exist in this space: there are no reference frames. Measurements are i...

A geometrical theory that is isomorphic to the theory of motion of point particles in space time is presented. This requires that the geometrical equivalent of time and mass and space-time be defined and an isomorphism devised that maps this geometrical theory on to the equations invented in physics and verified by measurement. This overcomes the i...

Recent conclusions of Phillips on the excitation of I2 by N2(A3Σu+) formed as a product of iodine-catalyzed atomic nitrogen recombination are criticized. Spectroscopic experiments are performed which indicate that [N2(A3Σu+)] < 109 molecules/cm3 which is ≈ 10−5 of that implied by Phillips.

Attempts to measure the actual lifetime of N2(A3∑u+) in active nitrogen resulted only in a very small upper limit of ≈5 × 10−4 s. This result is consistent with quenching of the A3∑u+ state by atomic nitrogen in an atom–atom interchange process,having a rate coefficient of It is suggested that similar processes are involved in determining the distr...

Laboratory experiments on chemiluminescent reactions involving atomic oxygen of pertinence to the earth's nightglow are reviewed. From simple consideration it is shown that the atomic oxygen concentration in the earth's upper atmosphere must be larger than the presently accepted value of 2 × 1011 atoms/cm3 at the peak in the atomic oxygen altitude...

ABSTRACT We argue that in societies like our own the prevailing view that parents have both special responsibilities for and special rights over their children fails to give a proper understanding of the autonomy both of parents and of children. It is our claim that there is a logical priority of the separable interests of a child over the autonomy...

Australia has throughout 1988 been celebrating what has been officially referred to as the nation's ‘Bicentenary’, marking two hundred years of settlement by the British. There is indeed much to celebrate in the achievements of these two hundred years, but the very description of the occasion pointedly ignores the forty thousand years of settlement...

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It is shown that CN is formed from CO in active nitrogen by reaction with an excited state of N2, probably the ν′ = 0 level of the W 3Δ u state, and excited by energy transfer from an excited state of N2, probably the 5Σ state. The A 3 Σ u + state of N2 is not involved in either the formation or excitation of CN. The three‐body association of C and...

The four possible H- and D-substituted reactions in the title have been studied at room temperature using an optically thin flow system. An experimental cross section for total collisional deactivation in each reaction has been measured by analyzing the quenching of Lyman-α fluorescence; the results cover a range of 84–91 Å2, with an individual unc...

Radiative recombination of N+O has been investigated by using this radiation as a highly specific light source for dissociation of NO. This direct proof of predissociation of NO(C 2&Pgr;) supports previous indirect evidence. Measurements of the rate of N2 production in the photodissociation lead to a rate coefficient for the process N+O &rlarr2; NO...

A weak, pulsed Tesla-type discharge was used to excite CO to its a3Π ν′ = 0,1 states. Rate coefficients for deactivation of these levels by O(3P) (generated upstream in an O2 discharge) were obtained from measurements of the dependence of the decay rates of the 0,0 (2061 Å) and 1,0 (1989 Å) Cameron bands on atomic oxygen concentration. The rate coe...

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The rate constant for the quenching of O(1S) by O(3P) has been measured in a flow system using a pulsed source of O(1S) (1470 Å photolysis of N2O) and NO titration of flowing N atoms as a source of O(3P). The time dependence of the emission intensity of 5577 Å from O(1S) was measured as a function of O(3P) concentration. The rate constant derived f...

Using a weak, pulsed, Tesla-type discharge, the (a 3&Pgr;) v′= 0, 1 states of CO were generated and their rate coefficients for deactivation by CO and NO were measured by observing the time decay of the (0, 0) and (1, 0) CO Cameron bands. The rate constants for quenching of the v′= 0, 1 levels of CO (a 3&Pgr;) were found to be k0=1.2×10−10 and k1=2...

The rate of evolution of CO from the 1470‐Å photolysis of CO 2 – O 2 mixtures was compared with the rate of evolution of CO from the 1470‐Å photolysis of pure CO 2 using the fluorescence of the CO 4+ to follow CO. It had been suggested that the translationally “hot” O ( 1 D) formed in the mixture (from the 1470‐Å photolysis of O2) could react with...

Collision cross sections for deactivation of H*(n = 2) at 300°K have been measured by observations of the quenching of Lyman-α fluorescence in a discharge flow system. The quenchers (with cross section in Å2) are H2(84 ± 8), D2(84 ± 8), N2(62 ± 6), He(< 3). For H*+H2, less than 1&percnt; of the total quenching produces ions. Care has been taken to...

The relative quantum yield of CO, qco, from the 1470-A photolysis of CO2 has been determined at low pressures by using the resonance fluorescence of CO 4 + as the CO monitor. qco is found to be invariant with pressure, and it is con.cluded that decomposition is the predominant fate of UV irradiated CO2 in planetary atmospheres (1-10 m torr). There...

The Robert Young Papers (1964-1991) contain pamphlets, posters, competition badges, and news clippings highlighting Young's life as a freestyle skier. The posters show different events he competed in and the pamphlets are from several ski camps he worked at.; Biographical Sketch; Pamphlets, Badges, and News Clippings; Posters

The NO(β) emission (B2II→X2II) observed during photolysis of N2O at 1470 Å is due to a chemiluminescent reaction between N(2D) and N2O. Transient measurements of this emission are analyzed to give the rate coefficients for removal of N(2D) by several simple molecules. Photolysis at 1236 Å also produces NO(B2Π), and the decay curves can be analyzed...

Various photometric techniques have been used to obtain information about the reactions and quantum yields of the metastable species formed in N2O photolysis at 1470 Å. The total quantum yield of atoms is 1.0; O(1S) is produced with a quantum yield of 0.5; O(1D) has a measured quantum yield of 0.55, although this value may include electronically qu...

Photolyses of N2O at 1470 Å (Xe resonance lamp) and CO2 at 1048 + 1067 Å (argon resonance lamp) have been used as sources of O(1S) atoms. Quenching rate coefficients for this species, relative to those for N2O or CO2, were determined for a wide variety of gases.

Quenching of N2(A3Σu+), produced during the photodissociation of N2O with 1470‐Å radiation, was studied using the NO γ‐band emission excited by the process N2(A3Σu+) + NO → N2 + NO(A2Σ+) as a monitor of N2(A3Σu+). The relative quenching efficiencies of NH3, C2H2, C2H4, NO, C2N2, N2O, O2, CO, CO2, H2 CH4, N2, Ar, and He are 2.6, 2.3, 2.2, 1, 0.8, 0....

Relative rates for quenching of O(1D) to O(3P), and for removal of O(1D) by reaction, have been measured for various gases. O(1D) was produced by photolysis of O2 at 1470 Å. The rates were determined by measuring the variation of the production rate of O(3P) atoms as a function of the amounts of quenching and reactive gases added to the system. Fro...

It has been established that the production of nitrogen atoms from molecular nitrogen by a weak rf discharge is due predominantly to dissociation of a metastable state of N2 by electron impact.

The rate coefficients of the reaction N2(A 3Σu+) + Hg↠N2(X 1Σ) + Hg(3P10) have been measured for &ugr;′ = 0 and 1 as k(0) = 8 × 10−12cm3 ∕ sec and k(1) = 9 × 10−12cm3 ∕ sec. The total rate coefficient for de-excitation of N2(A 3Σu+) by Hg is 1.4 × 10−11 cm3/sec.

Luminescence has been observed in the 4000-8000-Å region during the uv photolysis of a number of simple gases with Ar, Kr, and Xe resonance lamps. CO and NO photolyzed at 1470 Å give fluorescence spectra, emission being produced from the d3Δ&ugr; = 7 state of CO and from a number of little-known upper states of NO. CO2 photolysis gives the 5577-Å l...

The Vegard–Kaplan bands from N 2 (A 3 Σ u + )υ′ = 0,1 were detected when highly purified, flowing N2 was subjected to a weak Tesla‐type discharge. This excited state of N2 was destroyed when nitrogen atoms were added from an upstream microwavedischarge. Measurements of the decay time of N 2 (A 3 Σ u + ) , when the Tesla discharge was rapidly exting...

The rate coefficient for the process

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The rate of chemionization in mixtures of atomic oxygen and nitrogen is measured, and chemical processes leading to ionization are discussed.

The dissociative recombination coefficient of N${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$ with $e$ has been measured as (5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{$-${}7}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$/sec. The ions were produced uniformly in space and time in a mixture of N, O, and ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ by chemi-ionization processes. Ion densities were m...

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NO+ ions are produced between parallel electrodes by photoionization, using the Kr resonance line at 1236 Å. Rectangular voltage pulses, separated by a variable time interval, are applied to the electrodes. The transient current, as charges are swept out of the collection region, is displayed on an oscilloscope and recorded photographically; from t...

Reinvestigation of the nitrogen afterglow using specially purified nitrogen indicates that an intermediary or precursor in the reaction path leading from free nitrogen atoms to the emission state is quenched by N2 but not by He. The O2 atmospheric bands and the O I 5577‐Å line were not detected at the NO null titration point. The O2 Herzberg bands...

The feasibility of efficient conversion of chemical energy to radiation in chemically pumped lasers is discussed. Suitable specific systems are suggested and analyzed.

Atomic nitrogen, produced from very pure nitrogen in a microwave discharge and detected by means of electron paramagnetic resonance, was increased from 2.0×1013 atoms/cm3 to 1.2×1015 atoms/cm3 by the addition of ≈5×1012 molecules/cm3 of SF6 to the gas before the discharge; the pink glow intensity also is increased several orders of magnitude and it...

The total energy content of the pink glow may be comparable with the total energy content of ~2% dissociated nitrogen at the pressures at which the pink glow is most intense.l-4 This has been qualitatively evident, but Fig. l(a) represents a quantitative measure of the energy leaving a microwave discharge which is not in the form of ground-state at...

Saturation current methods have been used to measure ion‐production rates with and without the addition of a nonreactive quenching compound (N2O). These measurements strongly indicate that metastable molecules play a decisive role in chemi‐ionization processes occurring in atomic O and N systems. Mobility measurements, derived from an analysis of t...

The emission excited in the association of atomic oxygen and nitrogen has been studied in a fast-flow low-pressure system by photoelectric and spectroscopic methods. The absolute rates of excitation of the products of these associative processes have been measured, and the effects of added quenching gases have been investigated. Specific excitation...

Recent laboratory results on the excitation of the Herzberg and atmospheric bands of molecular oxygen are summarized and used to show that simple recombination of atomic oxygen is incapable of producing the observed airglow intensities of these band systems. It is suggested that the energy stored as dissociated oxygen is abstracted through reaction...

New spectrographic observations in the vacuum‐ultraviolet region of the pink nitrogen afterglow are reported. Nitrogen bands representing 13 ev of energy, N I lines of 10.6 ev energy, and, upon the addition of Hg, Hg I lines of 10.1 ev and Hg II lines of 7.5 ev were observed with the 1st positive and 2nd positive N2 bands and 1st negative N2+ bands...

In the recombination of atomic nitrogen and oxygen the excitation of the NO, β, γ, δ, and Ogawa bands have been studied as a function of (a) pressure, (b) the addition of He, A, CO2 and N2O, and (c) atomic oxygen concentration. Atomic nitrogen was generated by flowing molecular nitrogen through a microwave discharge. Subsequent addition of NO react...

An improved Wrede gauge having the following characteristics is described: (a) a response time of ∼1 sec, (b) sensitivity sufficient to detect ∼10^-5 mm Hg partial pressure of atoms. This has been accomplished by (a) reducing the trapped volume bounded by the catalytic surface and the effusion diaphragm, and using 130 effusion holes of 0....

By utilizing the nitrogen afterglow to monitor the exponentially decaying nitrogen atom concentration within a closed observation bulb, the low catalytic efficiency of four wall coatings is measured over a large pressure range. The catalytic efficiency of all surfaces is essentially independent of pressure.

By utilizing the first positive bands of nitrogen to monitor the decay of atomic nitrogen caused by diffusion to a catalytic surface, the diffusion coefficient of atomic nitrogen in molecular nitrogen has been investigated, leading to a probable value of 280/p cm2 sec—1. The catalytic efficiency Γ of silver and copper oxide surfaces is found to be...

A method is proposed for investigating the order of chemiluminescent reactions, the diffusion coefficient, and the catalytic efficiencies of surfaces for gas phase labile species. This method utilized the change in the decay rate of the labile reactants and of the light intensity. The decay rate of the labile species is controlled through adjustmen...

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.5.320

By comparing the infrared (7000 to 11 000 A) and vacuum ultraviolet (1050 to 1350 A) nitrogen afterglow emission to the visible (5300 to 6500 A) afterglow it has been determined that: (1) all these portions of the afterglow spectrum decay identically with time; (2) the predominant emission in the vacuum ultraviolet between 1050 and 1350 A may be at...

The late portion of long afterglows in nitrogen at a pressure of 1 mm Hg has been investigated spectroscopically, revealing that during 140 sec of decay no change occurs in the characteristic relative vibrational distribution of the N2 (B3&Pgr;↠A3Σ) 1st positive bands. A common excitation mechanism for all levels is required; it cannot depend upon...

Production of the auroral green line of OI (1D—1S, 5577 A) is observed during long (30-sec) afterglows in a static system containing nitrogen and small amounts of oxygen. Relative to the intensities of the N2 1st positive bands, the measured intensities of 5577-A and the NOβ bands increase with time. The long period of observation definitely elimin...