
Robert RosenheckYale University | YU · Department of Psychiatry
Robert Rosenheck
About
946
Publications
129,872
Reads
How we measure 'reads'
A 'read' is counted each time someone views a publication summary (such as the title, abstract, and list of authors), clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the full-text. Learn more
60,486
Citations
Introduction
Skills and Expertise
Publications
Publications (946)
Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) behavior is a common issue in youth with depression while lacks a prognostic prediction model. This study aims to develop a nomogram for NSSI in youth with depression. A total of 701 patients were included in the analysis based a youth depression cohort. They were further divided into a training set and a validation...
To fully understand the opioid epidemic, it is necessary to elucidate the role of depression in mutually reinforcing relationships with pain and prescription opioid use. By bringing together contributions from neuroscience, pain psychiatry, clinical epidemiology, pharmacoepidemiology, clinical trials, and research on social determinants of health,...
The rise in the U.S. prison population over the past 40 years has heightened scrutiny of the incarceration of children and adolescents. Correlates of later reincarceration in this group, especially correlates relating to psychiatric and substance use disorders, are understudied in the U.S. population. We aimed to establish the prevalence and correl...
Background
Suicidality is a major reason for psychiatric hospitalization but there have been no studies of the short-term changes in suicidality following psychiatric admission. To assess the short-term changes in suicidality during the first three days after psychiatric admission, when medications and other specific therapies are not likely to hav...
The association of subjective mental health-related quality of life (MHRQOL) and treatment use among people experiencing common substance use disorders (SUDs) is not known. Furthermore, the association of a given substance’s legal status with treatment use has not been studied. This work aims determine the association of MHRQOL with SUD treatment u...
A re‐examination of clinical principles of long‐term opioid therapy (LTOT) for chronic pain is long overdue amid the ongoing opioid crisis. Most patients on LTOT report ineffectiveness (poor pain control, function and health) but still find deprescribing challenging. Although prescribed as analgesics, opioids more likely provide pain relief primari...
Limited empirical data have been available on the adult sequelae of childhood homelessness. Using nationally representative data from the National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions-III, we compared a hierarchy of adults who were never homeless, those who were only homeless as children, and those who were homeless both as childr...
Background: Understanding health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among those who seek treatment for their alcohol use disorder (AUD) and those not seeking AUD treatment is critical to decreasing morbidity and mortality, yet HRQOL in these groups has been little characterized.Objectives: Characterize HRQOL among those who meet diagnostic criteria fo...
Purpose:
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), an effective treatment for bipolar and major depressive disorder, is underused. Little information is available on use of ECT in potentially less costly outpatient settings, possibly reducing cost barriers.
Methods:
Insurance claims from the 2008 to 2017 MarketScan Commercial Database for patients diagno...
Objective: To meta-analyze clinical efficacy and safety of ketamine compared with other anesthetic agents in the course of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in major depressive episode (MDE).
Methods: PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Embase, GoogleScholar, and US and European trial registries were searched from inception through May 23, 2023, with n...
Objective:
To examine recent 12-year trends in the incidence of suicidal ideation (SI) and suicide attempts (SAs) and receipt of mental health treatment among individuals experiencing a past-year major depressive episode (MDE).
Patients and methods:
Using data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health, we estimated the annual percentage of...
Background:
People with schizophrenia are frequently victims of violence. Previous attempts to examine the reasons for this have mostly used cross-sectional designs that limit the ability to distinguish, among the correlates they identify, potential causes of victimization from its consequences.
Method:
We studied patients with schizophrenia par...
Introduction:
Cannabis use for medical purposes is legalized across 39 states and the District of Columbia in the US. The objective of this study was to evaluate temporal trends and correlates of cannabis use for medical purposes in the US.
Methods:
Data from 2013-2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) were used. Since 2013, medical...
Background: Suicide prevention is a major public health priority. The effectiveness of suicide prevention initiatives is typically assessed by reductions in incidents of suicidal behavior. However, the association of suicide attempts with changes in measures of overall health-related quality of life (HRQOL) has been understudied. Methods: Nationall...
Background:
The goal of supported housing, aside from exiting homelessness, is to improve overall quality of life. The contribution of factors that enhance quality of life in supported housing programs, beyond housing itself, have not been empirically identified.
Methods:
Five-year follow-up data from two arms of a randomized trial comparing cas...
Objective:
Clinical street outreach programs serve people experiencing unsheltered homelessness, who have been shown to have greater medical and psychiatric comorbidities, and increased social and financial challenges. However, outreach programs may struggle in practice to engage the most vulnerable of these individuals.
Methods:
Data from the V...
Background
While suicide rates have recently declined for White individuals, rates among Black and Hispanic individuals have increased. Yet, little is known about racial/ethnic differences in precursors to suicide, including suicidal ideation (SI) and suicide attempts (SA).
Methods
Data from 2009–2020 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH)...
Background
China’s Mental Health Law (MHL) implemented in 2013 required increased consideration of the rights of people with mental illness and was expected to lead to a reduction in involuntary hospitalization (IH). This study aimed to examine the rates and correlates of IH in a large psychiatric hospital in Guangzhou from 2014 to 2017 after the i...
In spite of evidence of increasing prevalence of substance use disorders (SUDs) among women, there is little information on gender differences in SUD treatment use. Nationally representative survey data were used to compare specialized SUD treatment among women and men with past-year DSM-5 SUD diagnoses (N = 5,789, 42.8% women). An estimated 10.7%...
PurposeThe substantial and unexpected increase in “deaths of despair” in the US (e.g., deaths from drug overdose, suicide, and alcohol-related liver diseases) reported by economists Case and Deaton in 2015 raises questions about the number and characteristics of US adults potentially living “lives of despair” with these problems.Methods
We used dat...
Background and objectives:
A growing number of US states have legalized marijuana use in the past decade. We examined if marijuana legalization is associated with increased marijuana-related admissions to substance use treatment facilities between 2000 and 2017.
Methods:
Data from the Treatment Episode Data Set-Admissions were used to examine th...
Objective: Although substance use disorder (SUD) among older adults is increasing, little has been documented about recent increases in admissions to treatment facilities and associated patient and population characteristics.
Methods: We used nationwide data from the Treatment Episode Data Set: Admissions to examine annual admissions to SUD treatm...
Objective
While the psychological effects of military service on the children of active-duty personnel have been studied extensively, little is known about the potential effects of military service for children of veterans after service has ended.
Method
Using nationally-representative data from the 2018-2019 National Survey of Children’s Health (...
Objective:
Substance use disorders affect 30%-50% of single homeless adults, and specialized homelessness service programs enable homeless persons to exit homelessness at rates of about 80%. However, many such adults are treated in substance use disorder treatment programs. This study examined housing outcomes in these programs.
Methods:
Data fr...
Importance:
Although suicide attempts remain the strongest risk factor for future suicide, little is known about recent trends in the prevalence of and risk factors for suicide attempts and past-year use of services among adults who attempted suicide.
Objective:
To estimate annual rates of suicide attempts and use of mental health services among...
Although randomized trials have shown that electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective and underused treatment for mood disorders, its impact on inpatient length of stay (LOS) and hospital costs are not fully understood. We analyzed private insurance claims of patients hospitalized for mood disorders who had continuous insurance for three month...
To address the ongoing opioid epidemic, there has been an increased focus on the treatment and evaluation of opioid use disorder (OUD). OUD and chronic pain (CP) frequently co-occur; however, little is known about the additional comorbidities that present when they occur together as compared to when either condition presents alone. Using data from...
Background and Objectives
Parental substance use disorder (SUD) increases the risk for childhood adversities. Lifetime and current SUDs are associated with functional impairment and psychiatric comorbidity. Research shows that these abate with diagnostic remission. However, a hierarchically ordered heuristic profile of adult subpopulations affected...
Background
Racial disparities in access to psychiatric treatment are well documented, but less is known about disparities in use of substance use disorder (SUD) treatment.
Objectives
To compare Black and White individuals with SUDs on overall differences and correlates of SUD treatment receipt.
Methods
Using nationally representative survey data...
Introduction
Research has shown racial/ethnic minorities to have similar risk of developing substance use disorders (SUDs) as Whites. However, few studies have compared the likelihood of diagnostic remission (i.e., no longer meeting criteria for current SUDs).
Methods
Using nationally representative survey data from the National Epidemiologic Surv...
In the 1970s, following the Vietnam Conflict, the U.S. military transitioned to an All-Volunteer Force (AVF). In the 1980’s military benefits increased and a zero-tolerance policy for illicit drugs was instituted. Changes in characteristics of veterans deserve study. National survey data from 2012 to 2013 compare vetderan-non-veteran differences in...
To examine the prevalence of adverse family experiences (AFEs), their association with poor school engagement and performance, and whether behavioral health conditions mediate the association among US adolescents. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of data from adolescents aged 12–17 years from the 2016–2018 National Survey of Children’s Healt...
Objectives:
Studies report that women with opioid use disorder experience more comorbid psychiatric disorders and behavioral health burdens than men. We broadened the study of this phenomenon to alcohol use disorder (AUD) and other substance use disorders (SUDs) using national epidemiologic data.
Methods:
Data from the National Epidemiological S...
In 2013, China’s first Mental Health Law (MHL) took effect, with the goal of better protecting patients’ rights. Under the law the police, with appropriate training, rather than family members, employers or medical staff sent from a hospital, are the ones who bring persons in behavioral crises to medical facilities for psychiatric assessment for po...
Background
While there is increasing recognition of disparities in healthcare for Black Americans, there have been no comparisons in a nationally representative U.S. sample of Black and White adults with clinical diagnoses of schizophrenia.
Methods
Using nationally representative survey data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Re...
There has been increasing concern that rural Americans are at high risk for mental health problems but have limited access to mental health services. The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) is responsible for providing equitable care to all eligible veterans and thus offers a unique opportunity to identify systemic propensities for inequitable pro...
Background:
Substance use disorder (SUD) is a major risk factor for homelessness, but the specific association of opioid use disorder (OUD) and homelessness in the context of their shared risk factors has not been the focus of prior studies. We used national data from the United States Veterans Health Administration (VHA) to examine the associatio...
Social distancing due to COVID-19 may adversely impact treatment of adults with serious mental illness, especially those receiving intensive forms of community-based care, in part through weakening of the therapeutic alliance. Veterans and staff at a Veterans Affair (VA) medical center were surveyed 3 months after social distancing disrupted usual...
This paper demonstrates the utility of latent classes in evaluating the effect of an intervention on an outcome through multiple indicators of mediation. These indicators are observed intermediate variables that identify an underlying latent class mediator, with each class representing a different mediating pathway. The use of a latent class mediat...
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an often disabling mental disorder whose management typically focuses on reducing PTSD symptoms. Chronic pain and other comorbidities that commonly accompany PTSD symptoms may also be independently associated with disability. Using data from the 2012-2013 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related...
Epidemiologic data on first-episode psychosis is limited due to the infrequency of cases in the general population. This study uses the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III (N = 36,309) to examine population-based estimates of early psychosis based on adults who report a first-time diagnosis of schizophrenia from a do...
Background:
Multiple states have authorized cannabis as an opioid substitution agent and as a treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Objectives:
This study sought to investigate the relationship between cannabis use, non-medical opioid use, and PTSD symptoms among U.S. veterans.
Methods:
From 1992-2011, veterans admitted to specia...
Background
This study takes a lifetime perspective on suicide attempts and examines correlates of years since the last attempt as a potential proxy for recovery from suicidality.
Methods
Data from 36,309 adults in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III were used to identify 1,924 respondents (5.3%) who reported a l...
Background
Suicide kills over 30,000 people annually in the US. Schizophrenia increases the risk, even in psychiatric populations. Identifying high-risk groups within this patient population is central to suicide prevention. We tested the effects of known and putative risk factors for suicide in a clinically recognizable population with symptoms of...
Objective:
Homelessness is associated with increased risk of suicide attempts. This study examined whether suicide attempts typically precede or occur during episodes of homelessness in a representative national sample.
Methods:
Data from 36,127 adults in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III were used to identi...
Objective: To present a three stage-model of major depressive disorder (MDD) and evaluate differences in behavioral histories/experiences and multi-morbidities between stages.
Methods: We used data from the 2012–2013 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions–III, a nationally representative cross-sectional survey of US adults...
Objectives:
While use of opioids is a well-established risk factor for opioid use disorder (OUD), its association with lifetime use of other addictive substances and the emergence of other lifetime substance use disorders (SUDs) has not been studied.
Methods:
We used data from 36 309 US adults in the 2012-2013 National Epidemiologic Survey on Al...
Background:
Non-Hispanic black adults experience homelessness at higher rates than non-Hispanic white adults in many studies. We aim to identify factors that could account for this disparity.
Methods:
We used national survey data on non-Hispanic black and white men with complete data from the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Relate...
Depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide.¹ Yet, most US adults who screen positive for depressive symptoms do not receive treatment.² In the past decade, expansion of mental health care coverage through the Affordable Care Act (ACA)³ may have promoted an increase in the treatment of adults with depression. We examined trends in the p...
Background
During the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak, online consulting has been widely used to address mental health problems, including health care professionals (HCPs) caring for COVID-19 patients who experienced substantial psychological distress.
Aim
To explore the severity of perceived stress and potential correlates amon...
Introduction
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective treatment for patients with mood disorders and is most often used for treatment‐resistant cases. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of ECT in a real‐world treatment sample in a Chinese psychiatric hospital which included both treatment‐resistant and nontreatment‐resistant patie...
In 2009, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) set a goal of ending veteran homelessness by expanding health care and housing services. The process of expanding programs on a large scale can lead to erosion of focus on program goals, especially if it involves serving a target population that is challenging to assist and that may require delivery...
Objective:
This study examined the temporal relationship between early discontinuation of buprenorphine treatment and health care expenditures before and after treatment initiation.
Methods:
MarketScan commercial claims for patients who initiated buprenorphine for opioid use disorder in 2013 and had continuous insurance for the subsequent 12 mon...
Background and Objectives
Alcohol use is often overlooked and underestimated among patients recovered from substance dependence. The prevalence and correlates of alcohol use disorder (AUD) among adults recovered from substance use disorders (SUDs) are estimated in this study.
Methods
A nationally representative cross‐sectional analysis of the Nati...
Background: Involuntary hospitalization (IH) is a controversial issue in psychiatry as it risks violation of the human right to autonomy. This study aimed to examine the rates and correlates of IH in a large psychiatric hospital from 2014-2017 after China’s Mental Health Law (MHL) was implemented in 2013 specifying criteria for IH and a structured...
Objectives:
To examine trends in polysubstance detection associated with drug-related overdose deaths in Connecticut.
Methods:
We used 2012-2018 data provided by Connecticut's Office of the Chief Medical Examiner (OCME) on accidental overdose deaths. We estimated annual trends, standardizing the number of deaths per 100,000 Connecticut residents...
Objetivo
Avaliar o efeito do internato em saúde mental nas atitudes dos alunos de medicina quanto ao portador de transtorno mental (PTM).
Métodos
Atitudes foram avaliadas por questionário antes e depois do internato, por meio dos fatores: “aceitação social de PTM” (F1), “não acreditar em causas sobrenaturais para doença mental” (F2), “papéis socia...
Background
Despite substantial benefits associated with opioid agonist treatment (OAT) with buprenorphine and methadone for opioid use disorder (OUD), only a small proportion of patients with OUD initiate OAT. There is a lack of studies addressing the correlates of OAT initiation among patients with OUD.
Methods
Using Veterans Health Administratio...
Objectives:
The study examined rates, patterns, and correlates of drug treatment services use among adults with opioid use disorder compared with adults with other drug use disorders.
Methods:
Data were from the 2012-2013 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III, which surveyed a nationally representative sample of non...
Background:
Psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) may be important antecedents of psychosis and other mental disorders.
Objective:
To investigate distinct longitudinal trajectories of the frequency of PLEs and their relationship to subsequent development of mental disorders.
Methods:
A longitudinal study of self-reported PLEs and concurrent trauma...
Purpose
“Associative stigma” is the negative stereotyping of mental health service providers who treat people with serious mental illness. The Clinician Associative Stigma Scale (CASS) has been validated in a US sample but not in other nations, e.g., in China which has been found to have substantially higher levels of stigma towards people with men...
Over 30% of veterans treated for psychiatric disorders in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) are diagnosed with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), with most receiving treatment for war-zone stress they experienced decades previously. We examined psychiatric multimorbidity among these patients and consider its implications for treatment an...
Background: While there is growing interest in the possibility that cannabis may be a partial substitute for opioids, studies have yet to examine whether individuals with co-occurring opioid and cannabis use disorders (OUD and CUD) have less risk of negative outcomes than those with OUD only.
Objective: This study sought to compare the sociodemogra...
Behavioral intervention technologies (BITs) are online programs or mobile applications that deliver behavioral health interventions for self-care. The dissemination and implementation of such programs in U.S. healthcare systems has not been widely undertaken. To better understand these phenomena, we explored perspectives on BIT deployment in the Ve...
Objective:
Violent behavior is infrequent among individuals with schizophrenia but is clinically important. The purpose of this study was to provide data on the correlates of violence, which may allow better risk assessment and care.
Methods:
A total of 1,435 individuals with schizophrenia who participated in the National Institute of Mental Hea...
Background:
To examine the association of current and past Opiate Use Disorder (OUD) with measures of HRQOL and employment in a nationally representative sample of adults.
Methods:
The 2012-2013 National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions III (NESARC III) surveyed a nationally representative sample of non-institutionalized...
Objectives:
Both psychiatric polypharmacy and multimorbidity are common in depressed adults. We examine recent patterns of psychotropic polypharmacy with attention to concurrent multimorbidity in the treatment of depressive disorders in outpatient psychiatric care.
Methods:
Data from the 2006-2015 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey offer na...
Objective:
Recent studies have expressed concern about the infrequent and declining use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in the United States. However, it is not known whether the US experience reflects changing global practice or one that varies between countries. This observational study examined use of ECT in the largest psychiatric hospital...
This brief article examines the social determinants of mental health for a group of Vietnam veterans who recently received a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this study, interviews were conducted with Vietnam-era veterans presenting for mental healthcare at the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), about 40 years after the Viet...
Background and Objectives
Amidst a surging national crisis of opioid use, concern has been expressed about its impact on veterans, but no study has presented a population‐based comparison of opioid use disorder (OUD) among veterans and non‐veterans. We analyzed national epidemiologic data to compare rates, correlates and impacts of the opioid crisi...
Stigma towards people with mental illness remains a burden for patients and healthcare providers. This study at a large US university examined the attitudes of psychiatry residents and fellows towards mental illness and its causes, and whether their attitudes differed from the medical student attitudes previously studied utilizing the same survey m...
Stigma towards people with mental illness is a worldwide concern. A five-nation survey of medical student attitudes towards people with mental illness recently reported far lower levels of social acceptance among Chinese medical students compared to those from the US, Brazil, Ghana, and Nigeria. This qualitative study presented recent Chinese medic...
Lifetime co-occurring substance use disorders are common at the time of presentation for treatment of a first episode of primary psychosis and persistent substance use disorder (SUD) leads to poorer outcomes. We assessed whether the NAVIGATE program, a coordinated specialty care service that includes optional substance abuse content reduced substan...
Background: This study compared adaptive resilience among patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and healthy controls, and examined the relationship of resilience to cognitive function.
Methods: A sample of 81 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, 34 with bipolar disorder, and 52 healthy controls completed the Connor-Davidson Resilience Sc...
Objective: To investigate subgroup responses to long-acting injectable (LAI) haloperidol decanoate (HD) and paliperidone palmitate (PP) in a randomized controlled trial that found no difference between the treatments on the primary outcome of efficacy failure.
Method: A Comparison of Long-Acting Injectable Medications for Schizophrenia (ACLAIMS) en...
Objective:
The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence and sociodemographic and clinical correlates of opioid use disorder (OUD), a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States, among homeless veterans nationally in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA).
Design:
Administrative data on 256,404 veterans who were homeless...
Background
The Recovery After an Initial Schizophrenia Episode Early Treatment Program (RAISE-ETP) is a US NIMH-funded 34 site cluster randomized controlled trial evaluating the benefits of participation in a multicomponent intervention for first episode psychosis (FEP). Previously, participation in the RAISE-ETP comprehensive specialty care (CSC)...
This study sought to determine the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for two frequently used measures of symptom severity in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) and the PTSD Symptom Checklist (PCL). Data from a randomized clinical trial of antipsychotic medication in military-related treatment-r...
Supported housing, combining rent subsidies with intensive case management, is associated with improvements in quality of life of homeless adults, but factors mediating their impact on quality of life have not been studied. Twelve-month outcome data from a randomized trial of the Housing and Urban Development- Veterans Affairs Supported Housing pro...
Background: Although mental health advocates and providers have promoted both recovery-oriented care and the de-stigmatization of mental illness, no studies have examined the interrelation of these two specific constructs.
Aims: This study aimed to evaluate this association, with the hypothesis that stronger perception of programmatic recovery orie...
Objective:
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been linked to violent behavior, especially among military personnel returning from service in a war zone. Little is known, however, about whether the extent of violent behavior among persons with PTSD changes in response to intensive treatment or about the predictors and correlates of any such c...
Background:
Long acting intramuscular (IM) naltrexone is an effective treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), but rates and correlates of its use have not been studied.
Methods:
National administrative from the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) from Fiscal Year 2012 identified only 16 VHA facilities that prescribed IM naltrexone to 5 or more...
Medical-legal partnerships-collaborations between legal professionals and health care providers that help patients address civil legal problems that can affect health and well-being-have been implemented at several Veterans Affairs (VA) medical centers to serve homeless and low-income veterans with mental illness. We describe the outcomes of vetera...
Background:
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a rapid acting and effective treatment for both major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BP). Both propofol and ketamine are commonly used anesthetic agents but recent clinical studies suggest that ketamine has rapid-acting antidepressant properties, itself, at sub-anesthetic doses.
Meth...
Objective: Compared to the general U.S. population, smokers with comorbid psychiatric and/or substance use disorders (SUD) have lower quit rates after evidence-based treatments, and disproportionately high smoking-related deaths. Improved modalities for reducing tobacco-related harm in this subpopulation are needed. Because electronic cigarettes (e...
Objective:
There has been increasing interest within psychiatry in the concept of multimorbidity because psychiatric patients typically present with multiple concurrent disorders, these disorders mutually exacerbate one another, and their interaction shapes treatment options. Metrics have not been developed to document multimorbidity in psychiatri...
This study seeks to examine need, interest, and participation in recovery-oriented, voluntary money-management training groups among homeless Veterans. Veterans experiencing homelessness (N = 213) completed a 10-item questionnaire (Ask for Training in Money Management [ATMM]) concerning their experience of their financial status, problems with mone...
Objective:
While research on substance abuse has largely focused on people who have a single substance use disorder (SUD), many people abuse multiple substances. Studies have yet to examine the distinctive characteristics of patients diagnosed with more than 1 SUD and how those with polysubstance use disorder (PSUD) differ from those with a single...
Background:
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a chronic and often difficult-to-treat condition that is prevalent among military veterans. First-line pharmacotherapy for this population typically involves antidepressants; however, veterans who do not improve are sometimes prescribed antipsychotics such as risperidone. A 2011 randomized contro...