Robert J. Krawczyk

Robert J. Krawczyk
Illinois Institute of Technology | IIT · College of Architecture

About

79
Publications
53,514
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431
Citations
Additional affiliations
August 1983 - present
Illinois Institute of Technology
Position
  • Professor (Full)

Publications

Publications (79)
Chapter
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This book offers in-depth insights and first-hand working experiences in the production of art works, using simple computational models with rich morphological behaviour, at the edge of mathematics, computer science, physics and biology. It organically combines ground breaking scientific discoveries in the theory of computation and complex systems...
Experiment Findings
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Method
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Sol LeWitt's AnyWall This piece speculates on a possible replacement for Sol LeWitt's draftsperson with a web application for his wall drawings, a simple experiment in viewer directed art. This is a parody of the original concept of the wall drawing. This is not a wall drawing. This is not art by Sol LeWitt. You are not Sol LeWitt if you choose t...
Research
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In order to reduce undesirable wind effects and structural responses in tall buildings, there are two main solutions: architectural and structural. Architects can mitigate the wind effect on tall buildings by designing the form aerody- namically, or at least by using tapering and setbacks. Structural engineers can reduce wind effects by choosing an...
Chapter
As in our own lives, outcomes are not predictable. We start in a simple unknown state and through multiple growth and death cycles of individual cells, we become something that could never have been predicted. Can design be explored using a similar process? Can design and art be driven by forces that are unrelated, unattached to preconceptions, unp...
Article
Full-text available
In the realm of tall buildings, to reduce wind effect and structural response, there are two main solutions: Architectural and Structural. Architects can mitigate wind effect on tall buildings by designing the form aerodynamically or at least by utilizing aerodynamic modifications such as tapering and setback. Structural engineers can reduce wind e...
Research
Full-text available
Series of Mobius based bangles, 3D printed.
Research
Full-text available
Forms and their structural enclosures can be explored in a number of ways. This series investigates a simple form based on approximately one-half of a Lemniscate of Bernoulli curve, developed about 1694. A lemniscus is Latin for "a pendant ribbon", it is very similar to a common eight curve, except the loops are more elliptical. What is interestin...
Conference Paper
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An emerging way to promote sustainability in the built environment is through the incorporation of wind power within buildings resulting in minimum transmission / distribution losses. Yet, the effectiveness of the proposed solutions are highly dependent on early integration of wind power systems with the architectural design process. Existing metho...
Article
Full-text available
This project started out when Nat Friedman asked Robert Krawczyk to design a computer generated version of the aluminum triple twist Mobius band in Figure 1(a). The first version is shown in Figure 1(b). The digital version has all of the same geometric aspects of the aluminum sculpture; the corner connections and the variable change in speed of th...
Article
Full-text available
A basic tetrahedron is shown in Figure 1(a) consisting of four equilateral triangles. The number of vertices V = 4, the number of edges E = 6, and the number of faces F = 4. Thus Euler’s formula yields V – E + F = 4 – 6 +4 = 2 corresponding to a sphere.
Conference Paper
Full-text available
One of the most influential parameters in architectural and structural design of tall buildings, in addition to gravity loads, is the lateral load resulting from wind and earthquakes. Tall buildings have to be designed for a larger base shear resulting from wind forces rather than seismic forces; however, ductile detailing is used to account for se...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Attempts to integrate performance analysis with architectural design process have been commonly restricted to final design stage assessments when it is too late for major modifications in buildings' form. Similarly, enhancement of wind power production in high-rise architecture via optimization of buildings' aerodynamic behaviour has been problemat...
Article
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Transformations
Conference Paper
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Data can be used to generate artistic, sculptural and architectural forms. Each data type such as, numeric, text, sound, temperature, or wind is unique and can suggest a form or a method to visualize which is beyond the actual meaning and purpose of the data itself. The data can be viewed two dimensionally or three dimensionally. At times the relat...
Article
Full-text available
Conceived as a primer for architects, artists and designers, The Codewriting Workbook introduces students and practitioners to basic programming concepts for computeraided design (CAD). Through a series of guided exercises using algorithmic functions, readers learn how to develop and write procedures for two-dimensional drawings and three-dimension...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
The paper describes the relationship of client's requirements and available design options of the proposed system by examples of its current prototype. By integrating the nature of modularity in prefabricated housing design, a proposed web-based design system will provide information filtering questionnaires to assist customers in selecting appropr...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
The paper describes the relationship of client's requirements and available design options of the proposed system by examples of its current prototype. By integrating the nature of modularity in prefabricated housing design, a proposed web-based design system will provide information filtering questionnaires to assist customers in selecting appropr...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
The paper demonstrates a web-based system for use in the area of prefabricated housing to assist the customer and architect in selecting appropriate building components. By collecting and evaluating client's requirements with web technology, a methodology can be developed that can generate design options based on the client's needs and available mo...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
The paper will give an overview of mass customization concepts and how they can be applied to prefabricated modular housing. By collecting and evaluating client's requirements with web technology, a methodology can be developed that can generate design options based on the client's needs and available modular components in the market, and simulate...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
By collecting and evaluating client's requirements with web technology, a methodology can be developed that can generate design options based on the client's needs and available modular components in the market, and simulate the final design before beginning manufacturing. In this proposed model, a process of providing mass-customized prefabricated...
Article
Full-text available
Expanding on the previous investigation of strange attractors, a new series of image are produced by generating and reviewing a wider range of potential parameters. The concept of the ghostly imagery is pursued further with additional methods being developed to review a greater variety of parameters to determine which images lay within this chaotic...
Article
Full-text available
The ultimate goal of the BIM concept is to create a complete digital model of the building to insure the generation of an accurate bill of material and cost estimate along with coordinated drawings and details. This goal might need the contribution of various disciplines to provide the needed level of information. The development of capable special...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
"Pseudo-3D Photo Collage", one of new wed3D techniques, is based on multiple photographs and Spatial-Hyperlinks. A user can design various patterns of HyperPhoto-Networks, for example, linear, loop, tree, grid, rhizome and so on. ...
Article
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Mathematical constructions and concepts can be utilized in a number of methods to investigate the process of generating architectural forms. One is to technically layout architectural elements along such constructions, another is to explicitly develop forms corresponding exactly to the underlying concept, and another is to use such concepts as insp...
Article
Full-text available
The structures in nature are great lessons for human study. Having been in development for several billion years, only the most successful structural forms have survived. The resourcefulness of material use, the underlying structural systems and the profound capacity to respond to a variety of climatic and environmental forces make natural form tre...
Article
Full-text available
In the investigation of cellular automata as an architectural massing generator, as a cell survives generations after generation, a question occurred if the survival property could be integrated into the final form so its history is not lost. One method that could be considered is color, single generation cells having a different color than ones su...
Article
Full-text available
The structures in nature are great lessons for human study. Having been in development for several billion years, only the most successful structural forms have survived. The resourcefulness of material use, the underlying structural systems and the profound capacity to respond to a variety of climatic and environmental forces make natural form tre...
Article
Full-text available
During the past thirty years, the progress of ComputerAided Design (CAD) has played an important role both in the professional and the academic fields of architectural design. The evolution of this powerful tool has also changed its direction with time as well. When we look back in the evolution history of CAD, spaceplanning allocation methods, whi...
Article
Full-text available
The structures in nature are great lessons for human study. Having been in development for several billion years, only the most successful structural forms have survived. The resourcefulness of material use, the underlying structural systems and the profound capacity to respond to a variety of climatic and environmental forces make natural form tre...
Article
Full-text available
Information technology has become so powerful that what is conventionally called CAD might evolve to iAD (Internet Aided Design) (Zhou 2000). For Internet applications in the AEC industry, most of the efforts and success have been concentrated on project management and collaboration, while in the design and engineering consulting area, limited prog...
Article
Full-text available
These experiments are based on previous work in developing cellular automata in three dimensions and to suggest architectural forms. Current research is extended by including explicit architectural considerations, such as, individual space units, supporting structure, floor plates, and the development of an envelope. A basic spatial shape is demons...
Article
Full-text available
This paper investigates an approach to begin the study of fractals in architectural design. Vector-based fractals are studied to determine if the modification of vector direction in either the generator or the initiator will develop alternate fractal forms. The Koch Snowflake is used as the demonstrating fractal.
Article
Full-text available
A number of sculptures have been created based on three-dimensional mathematical forms and surfaces. In most cases, the sculpture is an exact copy of the mathematics that it is based on. This paper explores another method to mathematically create sculptural forms by starting with a two-dimensional figure. The goal is to develop methods and insights...
Article
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In the development of a digital sculpture for a competition entry, a mathematical approach was investigated as a method to develop a variety of forms.
Article
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This case study describes the process undertaken to a create digital mode of a seashell that includes its interior structure. The ultimate purpose of creating these models was to study their structural properties. This was part of a larger architectural study of natural forms. The resulting model was used to visually display the internal structure...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
In the development of a digital sculpture for a competition entry, a mathematical approach was investigated as a method to develop a variety of forms. This paper covers the initial inspiration for the sculpture, Georg Nees's Gravel Stones, and then the series of approaches that were developed expanding the starting concept. Each step in the process...
Article
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: Spirolaterals are based on the concept of a square spiral constructed of straight lines of increasing length. This paper introduces methods that can be used to transform their straight-line turns into curves. From the tens of thousands of possible spirolaterals which have been found, that are all closed, with and without reversed turns, a series...
Article
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Spirolaterals are square spirals constructed of straight lines of increasing length. This paper investigates methods that can be used to transform their straight line turns into curves. From the tens of thousands of possible spirolaterals which have been found, that are all closed, with and without reversed turns, a series of artworks is developed...
Article
Full-text available
The Internet is becoming more and more useful in the field of architectural design that what we conventionally called CAD might soon be changed to iAD (internet aided design) (Zhou and Krawczyk 2000). In order to have a clear vision of what iAD will be or should be, we should examine what is the current situation. This research focuses on an invest...
Article
Full-text available
This paper investigates an approach to the use of fractals in architectural design. Two major aspects are discussed. First, the effect of the direction of the line segments on the generated fractal, as well as, the proportions between the generator and the initiator. Secondly, the meanings attached to the lines segments that constitute the fractal...
Article
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With the increase use of algorithms to develop images, as well as, three-dimensional sculptural and architectural forms, additional focus should be placed on methods to teach students how to approach such a design technique. This paper reviews one such method. Architectural students are looking for inspiration for new forms to better realize their...
Article
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This paper continues an investigation into spirolaterals as geometry to generate artistic forms of unexpected complexity and beauty. This particular phase will concern the two dimensional representations of spirolaterals and its forms based on both same and reversals of turns. Using mathematical and computer-based methods, issues of closure, variat...
Article
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This paper continues an investigation into spirolaterals as geometry to generate artistic forms of unexpected
Article
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This paper reports on an ongoing research project on an "nonpencil" approach in generating architectural forms using nontraditional geometries. Space curves are investigated to determine nodal points in 3D space, which are then interpreted into common architectural elements. The nodal points are used in a variety of ways to generate walls, columns,...
Article
Full-text available
This paper investigates spirolaterals for their beauty of form and the unexpected complexity arising from them. From a very simple generative procedure, spirolaterals can be created having great complexity and variation. Using mathematical and computer-based methods, issues of closure, variation, enumeration, and predictictability are discussed. A...
Article
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This paper reviews two projects undertaken in a CAD programming course that demonstrate to the students how programs could be developed to investigate possible architectural forms. The projects highlight a very sequential approach to form investigation in using both common geometries and the introduction of randomness to control design rules. This...
Article
Full-text available
This paper reports on an ongoing research project on an "nonpencil" approach in generating architectural forms using nontraditional geometries. Space curves are investigated to determine nodal points in 3D space, which are then interpreted into common architectural elements. The nodal points are used in a variety of ways to generate walls, columns,...
Article
Full-text available
The development and the subsequent exposure of automated space planning methodologies has grown to the point where they are now acceptable and readily available preliminary architectural design tools. This paper describes a system of computer programs which were developed in an attempt to pull together current design methodologies. In summary, the...
Article
Full-text available
The familiar one-sided Möbius Band has inherent properties that can be expressed in terms of architectural form, surface, and space. This paper first investigates the basic mathematical form of the Möbius Band and its extension to a Prism and then translates these properties into a series of architectural entities differentiated on the basis of hum...
Article
Information technology has become so powerful that what is conventionally called CAD might evolve to iAD (Internet Aided Design) (Zhou 2000). For Internet applications in the AEC industry, most of the efforts and success have been concentrated on project management and collaboration, while in the design and engineering consulting area, limited prog...
Article
Full-text available
This paper explores Fermat's Spiral as a method to create circular point figures. It traces previous research into the variety of patterns created by the Fermat's Spiral based on a variety different angle intervals and number of points that control the scale of the figure and the packing of the spiral. Finally, a procedure of combining a series of...
Article
Full-text available
The paper demonstrates a web-based system for use in the area of prefabricated housing to assist the customer and architect in selecting appropriate building components. By collecting and evaluating client?s requirements with web technology, a methodology can be developed that can generate design options based on the client?s needs and available mo...
Article
Full-text available
The paper describes the relationship of client?s requirements and available design options of the proposed system by examples of its current prototype. By integrating the nature of modularity in prefabricated housing design, a proposed web-based design system will provide information filtering questionnaires to assist customers in selecting appropr...
Article
The paper describes the relationship of client?s requirements and available design options of the proposed system by examples of its current prototype. By integrating the nature of modularity in prefabricated housing design, a proposed web-based design system will provide information filtering questionnaires to assist customers in selecting appropr...
Article
Full-text available
The paper will give an overview of mass customization concepts and how they can be applied to prefabricated modular housing. By collecting and evaluating client?s requirements with web technology, a methodology can be developed that can generate design options based on the client?s needs and available modular components in the market, and simulate...
Article
Full-text available
For many years, CAD software depended on entity objects that were manipulated and interpreted by the user as meaningful symbols. These entities only represented the geometrical aspect of the design, but never had knowledge of what they are, or how to behave. With the new CAD systems, this concept has changed into the smart CAD objects. The smart ob...
Article
Full-text available
The first generation of CAD software depended on entity objects that were manipulated and interpreted by the user as meaningful graphics symbols. These entities only represented the geometrical properties of the architectural elements. With the present emerging generation of CAD systems, a new concept shifts a drawing-based model into a Building In...
Article
Full-text available
The structures in nature are great lessons for human study. Having been in development for several billion years, only the most successful structural forms have survived. The resourcefulness of material use, the underlying structural systems and the profound capacity to respond to a variety of climatic and environmental forces make natural form tre...
Article
Using mathematics and digital methods as a tool of investigation in both the natural and architectural form gives us a flexibility of exploring mu ltiple forms and allows us to implement new parameters into the mathematical framework to generate rather more complex architectural geometry. The method of generating architectural forms in this researc...
Article
Full-text available
By collecting and evaluating client?s requirements with web technology, a methodology can be developed that can generate design options based on the client?s needs and available modular components in the market, and simulate the final design before beginning manufacturing. In this proposed model, a process of providing mass-customized prefabricated...
Article
Full-text available
A few years ago I began to investigate the concepts of art-to-part and single part custom manufacturing. The original designs had to created on a CAD system either manually or by algorithm and then machine produced without any manual intervention. Rapid prototyping and laser cutting technology were both reviewed and the later selected for possible...
Article
Full-text available
In this age of information revolution, design professionals are looking forward to exploring new methods and tools that could help them in delivering better designs and particularly understanding and incorporating of code-compliant design provisions in their projects. Automation of building code analysis is a vital factor in leveraging building cod...
Article
Full-text available
Digitally supported space-planning techniques have been researched and developed for decades. By processing space adjacency data with existing space-planning techniques, an objective space relationship diagram or schematic layout can be produced. These results represent the functional aspect of each project, which can be used as a reference for fur...
Article
Full-text available
Information technology has become so powerful that what is conventionally called CAD might evolve to iAD (Internet Aided Design) (Zhou 2000). For Internet applications in the AEC industry, most of the efforts and success have been concentrated on project management and collaboration, while in the design and engineering consulting area, limited prog...
Article
Full-text available
Information technology has become so powerful that what is conventionally called CAD might evolve into iAD (Internet Aided Design) in the near future (Zhou 2000). For Internet applications in the AEC industry, most of the efforts and success have been concentrated on project management and collaboration, while in the design and engineering consulti...

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