Robert M. Hayden

Robert M. Hayden
University of Pittsburgh | Pitt · Department of Anthropology

Doctor of Philosophy

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84
Publications
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2,013
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Publications

Publications (84)
Article
This article develops Reinhart Koselleck's concept of 'sediments of time' processually, as sedimentation and erosion of the social and physical indicators of the presence of Self- and Other-identifying communities through time. We expand the concept of the 'fluidity' of ethnic or national identities to include viscosity, the resistance of a liquid...
Preprint
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This was a keynote for a workshop on “The religious sites of the Eastern Roman Empire: competitive sharing in Late Antiquity?”, University of Fribourg (Switzerland), under SFNS research project “Religious Competition in Late Antiquity”, and delivered via Zoom on March 8, 2021. The chapter demonstrates the applicability to late Antiquity of the Anta...
Chapter
Religious spaces attended by members of different religious communities are presented by some scholars as models of tolerance and understanding, but by others as inherently conflictual. This chapter argues that such sites should be analyzed as places of mixing rather than sharing because multiple case studies show that worshipers see each other as...
Chapter
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The war in Bosnia and Herzegovina can be labelled as in part a war for memories. The different national-religious groups destroyed religious buildings, since such structures both represent the national presence of the Others and act as places of memory. Many churches and mosques were completely destroyed and sometimes even replaced by parking lots...
Book
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How do we understand religious spaces? What is their role or function within specific religious traditions or with respect to religious experience? This handbook brings together thirty-seven authors who address these questions using a range of methods to analyze specific spaces or types of spaces around the world and across time. Their methods are...
Article
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The 2013 census in Bosnia and Herzegovina produced two competing official results, each exclusively valid in half the country, which is constitutionally an ethno-political consociation. An International Monitoring Operation inadvertently contributed to a breakdown of agreements among the three government statistical agencies conducting the census....
Book
Antagonistic Tolerance examines patterns of coexistence and conflict amongst members of different religious communities, using multidisciplinary research to analyze groups who have peacefully intermingled for generations, and who may have developed aspects of syncretism in their religious practices, and yet have turned violently on each other. Such...
Chapter
This chapter presents a comparative study of the Turkish shrine complexes of Hacı Bektaş Veli in Hacıbektaş and Mevlana Jalal ad-Din Rumi in Konya. Both sites were major focal points of so-called heterodox or Sufi practices during the Ottoman period, both were closed by the early Republican government in 1925, and both were later reopened as museum...
Article
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In this paper we focus on the Republican Mosque in Derinkuyu, Turkey, a Greek Orthodox church built in 1859 and transformed into a mosque in 1949 that still exhibits many obviously Christian structural features not found in most such converted churches. We utilize the concept of religioscape, defined as the distribution in spaces through time of th...
Article
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Article
This article analyses patterns of competition between religious groups in urban settings, and empirical indicators of the dominance of one religious community over another, utilising the theoretical model of ‘Antagonistic Tolerance’, or competitive sharing of space. The key analytical concept used is ‘religioscapes’: the distribution in spaces thro...
Article
The “Balkan Tale” project includes an exhibit of photographs of Ottoman-era buildings, texts by historians from the region, and a documentary film on the Balkan wars of 1912–13. Installations include a “soundwalk” and an experience of Ottoman perfumes. Materials are available in English, Albanian, Greek, German, Serbian, Macedonian, and Turkish. Th...
Article
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In this article, we consider elements of sharing, space, and time involved in analyzing cases of shared and contested religious space. We draw on comparative data and use a model of competitive sharing of religious sites, or “Antagonistic Tolerance,” that we are developing with an interdisciplinary and international group of colleagues. A key conce...
Chapter
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This was an early account of the sudden shift in officialized histories of World War 2 in what was still Yugoslavia, as various nationalist historians challenged the until-then hegemonic discourse of the heroic Partisans and evil fascist, domestic (Ustaša, Četnik) and foreign. Also an early take on what Katherine Verdery later called "the political...
Article
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This article argues that the actions and activities of the ICTY have not been beneficial to achieving reconciliation or stability in the Balkans, but to the contrary are part of the reason that parts of the region have remained unstable. This result should not be unexpected as there is very little evidence, if indeed any, that indicates that protra...
Article
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This paper analyses the history and current utilization of an edifice in Northwestern Anatolia that was constructed in the eighth century as a Byzantine church, converted into a mosque in the sixteenth century, back into a Greek Orthodox church from 1920 to 1922, and has been a mosque again since 1923—this is the “Byzantine mosque” of our title. By...
Article
Neither the Dayton constitution nor the two Butmir draft constitutions will work in Bosnia or any other multiethnic country. None of them is a serious effort to address the problem of creating a state when two of the three nations comprising the country reject the imposition of its authority upon them. Until this problem is faced directly, internat...
Article
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This paper describes a collaborative project between the University of Pittsburgh and the University of Pristina in building a program of study in telecommunications in Kosovo. This has not only been been a notable service project for the University of Pittsburgh, it is also a way to begin extending the iSchool concept into developing economies lik...
Article
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Anthropologists and linguists have often noted the careful sequencing of speaking turns in Western courts, and have posited that overlapping speech in legal contexts is dysfunctional and obstructs the proceedings. Data from panchayats (councils) in India and among Indians in Fiji indicate that these functional arguments may be unfounded when, as in...
Article
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'Building the Balkans' requires the construction of infrastructures, especially highways. In this paper, I look at the construction and obstruction of highway systems in the Balkans as concrete manifestations of metaphors of incorporation and separation. While the infrastructure is mainly tangible, the roadblocks, largely due to ideologic...
Article
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"Heresy" is developed here as an analytical term for the criminalization of speech questioning the basic tenets of a belief system, such as internal criticisms of state socialism or denial of the applicability of the term genocide to some mass crimes in a European Union that purports to make central the protection of human rights. European legislat...
Chapter
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Bosnia and Herzegovina (hereafter, Bosnia) was the site of the first crimes in Europe after World War II to be pronounced judicially as genocide, the massacre of thousands of Bosniak (ethnic Muslim)1 males by the forces of the Bosnian Serb Army, in July 1995.2 This massacre came near the end of the 1992–5 conflict in which approximately 100,000 peo...
Article
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The recent article by Blum et al .1 on ethnic cleansing and genocide is based in part on data that published studies have shown to be inaccurate, and contains at least one misleading statement. When these problems are corrected, their argument fails. The inaccurate data are that 200 000 were killed in the 1992–1995 Bosnian war (Abstract, p. 2, p....
Article
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Depictions of the Balkans conflicts in most Western academic and journalistic writings are based on an unreal reading of life as those in the West do not want it, while those of prewar Bosnia manifest an imagination of a Bosnian community not shared by many Bosnians themselves. International political actors insist on efforts to create a Bosnia in...
Article
The value of the ICTY for stabilizing the Balkans is rarely questioned, but the Tribunal is unpopular with the majority of people there. More international funding is spent on the Tribunal than on improving health and other services in Bosnia, while “conditionality” based on cooperation with the Tribunal impedes the economic and democratic developm...
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The social science literature on ethnically divided states is huge and varied, but suggestions for constitutional solutions are strangely uniform: “loose federations” of ethnically defined ministates, with minimal central authority that must act by consensus and thus cannot act at all on issues that are contested rather than consented. In Bosnia, t...
Article
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This paper develops a concept of competitive sharing to explain how sacred sites that have long been shared by members of differing religious communities and may even exhibit syncretic mixtures of the practices of both may come to be seized or destroyed by members of one of them in order to manifest dominance over the other. This competitive sharin...
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Mass rape is a common but not universal occurrence in ethnic or nationalist conflicts. Using South Asian and Bosnian data, in this article I argue that mass rape is likely when such conflicts take place during the partition of a territory and its population, when the state itself is liminal, both its territory and control over it uncertain. In conf...
Article
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In this article I view “ethnic cleansing” in terms of the structural logic advanced by Mary Douglas (1966) and manifested in the constitutions of the republics of the former Yugoslavia. These constitutions reify and objectify “culture” in ways that provide the conceptual, ideological, political, and legal justifications for processes of exclusion,...
Article
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Constitutions and laws are generally presumed to be good things. Unfortunately, laws may be unjust and contrary to freedom, as evidenced by Nazism, apartheid, and Jim Crowism. When constitutions and laws are used to institutionalize discrimination, civic unrest logically follows.
Article
In 1993, the film Schindler's List provided what many commentators took to be simile and many others metaphor for the violence in Bosnia. The cinematic version of Thomas Keneally's 1982 book on the holocaust of the Jews of Cracow seemed to emblematize the horror of the "ethnic cleansing" of Muslims from northern and eastern Bosnia in the summer of...
Article
The Curtain Rises: Rethinking Culture, Ideology and the State in Eastern Europe . Hermine G. DeSoto and David G. Anderson , eds. Symbols, Conflict and Identity: Essays in Political Anthropology . Zdzislaw Mach .
Article
At first we were confused. The East thought that we were West, while the West considered us to be East. Some of us misunderstood our place in this clash of currents, so they cried that we belong to neither side, and others that we belong exclusively to one side or the other. But I tell you, Irinej, we are doomed by fate to be the East on the West,...
Article
The results of the first free elections in Yugoslavia since World War II, held in 1990, set the stage for the civil war that broke out in summer and fall 1991. In those elections, strongly nationalist parties or coalitions won in each of the republics. In Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and to some extent in Macedonia, nationalists asserted a...
Article
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War broke out in Yugoslavia in the summer of 1991. Like the American war of 1861-65, this war could be interpreted as either a civil war or a war between states. And like the American Civil War , the Yugoslav war of 1991 was the ultimate manifestation of a constitutional crisis, a collapse of constitutional mechanisms for resolving political disput...
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In 1985, laws mandating the wearing of automobile seatbelts went into effect in Illinois and in Yugoslavia. Although the form of the legislation was similar in both jurisdictions, the public response to the laws was very different in the two societies. In Illinois, there was public opposition, a protracted legal challenge to the law, and minimal en...
Article
A basic tenet of communist legal theory is that the judicial function should be socialized, that is, executed by laymen rather than by professional judges. Social courts have been created in all of the Eastern European socialist countries to fulfill this mandate. However, the little empirical evidence available on the use of these courts indicates...
Article
Black, Donald, ed. Toward A General Theory of Social Control. Volume 1: Fundamentals. New York: Academic Press, 1984. xvi + 363 pp. including author and subject indexes, bibliographies, list of contributors. $45.00 cloth.Black, Donald, ed. Toward A General Theory of Social Control. Volume 2: Selected Problems. New York: Academic Press, 1984. x + 31...
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The standard view of excommunication as severe, unusual punishment in India is shown to be inaccurate regarding a caste in Maharashtra. An alternative concept, centering on suspension from caste as an inevitable response to the pollution always incurred with any violation of caste rules, fits the particular caste in question and also fits the publi...
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This article is a critical appraisal of a series of experimental studies designed to investigate the relative merits of different procedural systems for litigation. This article has criticized various aspects of the Thibaut and Walker research. Thibaut and Walker have greatly contributed to the study of procedural justice by conceptually isolating...

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