Rick Ruddell

University of Regina · Justice Studies

Juveniles contribute to crime in natural resource-based boom communities, but there has been very little research examining the extent of their involvement. To respond to this gap in the literature, two indicators of youth arrests and court referrals in North Dakota—the state hardest hit by the 2000s oil boom—were examined. Although arrest rates fo...

Comparative analyses enable researchers to identify individual- and structural-level factors that influence the operations of the justice system that might not be evident when examining these indicators in a single nation. In this study, the factors associated with the public’s self-reported trust in thepolice were examined in 105 nations. We analy...

Several highly publicized incidents have drawn the public’s attention to the problem of rural crime in Canada, and this focus is appropriate given that rates of rural crime in most provinces are higher than in urban areas. This study reports the results of an examination of urban and rural residents’ perceptions of the police in Saskatchewan, Canad...

The relationship between crime and the rapid growth and industrialization associated with resource‐based booms in large boomtowns is well‐documented. This study focuses on changes in police‐reported crime and perceptions of crime and disorder in a region experiencing a mini‐boom after the boom subsides. Analyses of survey results of 1,336 responden...

Protests over the policing of Black and Indigenous people and people of Colour that started after the death of George Floyd in May 2020 at the hands of the Minneapolis police set the stage for debates about the role of the Canadian police in ensuring public safety. These protests have resulted in calls for police reforms, including reallocating pol...

This text offers an illuminating tour across the diverse features of contemporary corrections. The book's foundation rests on its conceptual and research rigor that provide essential details on correctional trends, populations, and system components. Most innovative, it is designed to engage students in the learning enterprise by offering real-worl...

Communities in the Bakken region of Montana and North Dakota that experienced a resource based boom starting in the mid-2000s had significant increases in the volume and seriousness of violence toward women. We identify five community factors distinctive to these boomtowns that created a perfect storm where these crimes proliferated including: (a)...

Thousands of isolated communities across the globe are policed by officers who confront the challenges posed by distinctive geographic and environmental conditions, and many serve in places with a high proportion of economically and politically marginalized peoples in the population. This study reports the results of a survey soliciting the percept...

This edited textbook pulls together authors from across policing and higher education to explore a selected number of the core underpinning knowledge requirements identified as themes within the evolving National Policing Curriculum (NPC) and Policing Education Qualifications Framework (PEQF). This text is of use within higher educational programme...

COMING SOON! A new book, one that takes a proven text to the next level. For more information go to: https://www.routledge.com/Contemporary-Corrections-A-Critical-Thinking-Approach/Ruddell-Mays-Jr/p/book/9780367028671 We are excited about seeing this book in print. Rick, Larry and Tom

Communities in the Bakken region of Montana and North Dakota that experienced a resource-based boom starting in the mid-2000s had significant increases in the volume and seriousness of violence toward women. We identify five community factors distinctive to these boomtowns that created a perfect storm where these crimes proliferated including: (a)...

Although withholding the names of homicide victims from the public is a relatively new police practice, it has proven to be controversial, with the media, legal scholars, and victim advocacy groups often opposing these policies. In order to better understand the issue of withholding names, we examined the prevalence of these practices in Canada’s l...

The ability to instantly notify tens of thousands of students and campus personnel about potential or actual threats at an institution of higher education has become an important crisis communications tool for campus security and police departments. Used correctly, these emergency notification systems can reduce threats to life and property. The mo...

The introduction of the First Nations Policing Program (FNPP) in 1992 was intended to provide professional and culturally appropriate policing responsive to community needs; however, there is considerable evidence that these efforts have fallen short of what was originally envisioned. This research examines perceptions about police work from a 2014...

The introduction of the First Nations Policing Program (FNPP) in 1992 was intended to provide professional and culturally appropriate policing responsive to community needs; however, there is considerable evidence that these efforts have fallen short of what was originally envisioned. This research examines perceptions about police work from a 2014...

One of the challenges survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV) often face is securing safe and affordable housing. Many survivors qualify for public housing programs such as the Section 8 Project-Based Rental Assistance (PBRA) program and tenant-based Housing Choice Voucher Program (HCVP). These programs can be vital for survivors fleeing abuse...

The odds of a natural disaster or human‐caused hazard requiring a facility shutdown or evacuation are relatively low for any institution of higher education. However, campus security and university police departments across North America respond to serious incidents every day. For example, in August 2017, hundreds of students were trapped by floodi...

The odds of a natural disaster or human‐caused hazard requiring a facility shutdown or evacuation are relatively low for any institution of higher education. However, campus security and university police departments across North America respond to serious incidents every day. For example, in August 2017, hundreds of students were trapped by floodi...

In 1992 the First Nations Policing Program (FNPP) was introduced in order for Indigenous peoples in Canada to establish their own self-administered police services. The intent of the FNPP was for Indigenous communities to work toward self-determination and their residents to receive professional and culturally appropriate policing. Like other crimi...

This book addresses the causes of rising crime rates resulting from the rapid population growth and industrialization associated with natural resource extraction in rural communities. Ruddell describes the social problems emerging in these boomtowns, including increases in antisocial behavior, as well as property-related and violent crime, industri...

Walmsley's World Prison Population List reveals that imprisonment rates vary greatly across 222 nations and dependent territories: while more than half the countries in the world have imprisonment rates of around 150 per 100,000 residents in their national populations, rates in other countries are several times higher. Scholars who have carried out...

Long commutes to work, road trips, Sunday drives, and suburban living are part of a lifestyle based on cheap and plentiful fuel. The public generally does not spend much time thinking, however, where our fuel comes from, the impact of hydraulic fracturing (fracking) activities on rural areas, or the risks to workers carrying out this dirty and dang...

Between 2000 and 2015, several hundred American communities experienced the rapid population growth and industrialization associated with resource extraction. Neighboring counties also experienced spillover effects: housing shortages; growing demands placed on health, education, social services, and the justice system; and increased levels of antis...

The expansion in oil and gas extraction has resulted in a large increase in the number of fatal vehicle crashes and collisions in boom counties. The increase in traffic-related deaths is due to the growing volume of traffic; the workers driving these vehicles are often fatigued or rushed; and the roads in many rural boom counties were never designe...

The influx of young single males flowing into sparsely populated boom communities for work results in men greatly outnumbering women. Some of these newcomers contribute to increased levels of antisocial behavior and crime, including the victimization of women. Women report being hounded with unwanted male attention, and a number of studies have sho...

While most of this book focuses upon antisocial behavior, disorder, and crime (“street crimes”), this chapter explores the crimes of the powerful, such as frauds, hustles, and scams, or what is called “crimes in the suites.” Although street crimes capture the public’s attention, we do not spend much time thinking about corporate crimes occurring in...

The crime and disorder occurring in North American resource-based boomtowns has captured the public’s interest since the 1849 California gold rush. The rapid growth of communities that emerged in rural areas across the globe since the oil and gas boom started after 2000 has also drawn considerable media interest, especially in terms of the disorder...

This chapter provides some explanations as to why crime increases after a resource-based boom occurs. Of special interest is addressing why some boomtowns experience a much higher volume and seriousness of crime than others. In order to explain the variation in the distribution of crime, a number of theories that explain the impacts of rapid popula...

This chapter questions whether media accounts of crime and disorder in boomtowns and their focus on drugs, sex, and violence are accurate. A common theme in these reports is that US oil fields have become a new wild west, where murder and mayhem are common. An analysis of crime in boom counties shows that while crime does increase, the offenses in...

Increased occurrences of antisocial behavior, dangerous driving, and crime after a boom place significant demands on the police, courts, and corrections. This chapter describes the impact of the boom on these agencies, and respondents in boomtown studies report an increased number of calls for services from the public, delays in the time it takes c...

This book started with Thomas, Smith, and Ortiz’s contention that if a social problem can be predicted it can be prevented. Previous chapters highlighted the challenges that emerge after a boom occurs; this chapter provides a list of 15 strategies that can reduce boomtown effects. These strategies include responding to a boom knowing it will eventu...

There has been recent interest in applying contemporary criminological theories to better understand historical criminal behavior and events. Retrospective studies—much like case studies—can be a useful methodology to help us understand the justice system responses to crime and in particular what strategies “worked” or were ineffective. This study...

Faced with escalating crime rates and increasing demands for services, the Prince Albert Police Service led a mobilization effort to implement a crime/risk reduction strategy called Community Mobilization Prince Albert (CMPA). This study examines the evolution of crime prevention practices from traditional police-based practices that rely on focuse...

Is available at: https://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/3ac972_37ab409136644f70999e4df89d304fa5.pdf

Although the ratio of police officers to population in Canada has been relatively stable since the 1980s there has been a substantial increase in the number of civilians working for police services. To better understand the economic and other consequences of civilianisation, we employed two strategies: an exploratory qualitative examination of the...

How employability is developed in students is of immense importance to the individual and to potential employers. Sharing practice in relation to the development of employability for policing helps shape curriculums to prepare students for their future careers and inform policy makers. Four universities teaching policing undergraduate programmes pr...

This book presents the basic information that readers need in order to develop a working knowledge of Canada’s justice system. For many readers, this book will be their only exposure to justice-related studies, and they will finish their introductory class with an increased awareness of crime and of how the police, courts, and correctional systems...

Policing Rural Canada is designed to introduce readers to the challenges of policing the countryside. Rick Ruddell shifts the focus of policing from the urban to the rural. He describes the efforts and activities of the thousands of individuals working to ensure public safety in the countryside Readers will learn about the characteristics and chal...

This report examines the purported benefits and challenges of employing civilians instead of sworn police officers to do different types of police work in Canadian police services. The key research question is what, if any, are the economic benefits (in terms of actual net savings achieved) and non-economic benefits of civilianization of employees...

This research examined the relationship between case planning indicators and recidivism for a sample of medium and high risk Canadian probationers sampled from two separate probation offices operating under the same policies and standards. A scale that measured completeness of case planning based on an evidence-based, outcome-focused case planning...

The purpose of this research is to provide an in-depth exploration of the two primary policing models supported by the First Nations Policing Program (FNPP): Community Tripartite Agreements (CTAs) and Self-Administered (SA) agreements. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected from a sample of CTA detachments (N = 10) and SA police services...

Aboriginal Canadians are disproportionetely involved in the criminal justice system in Canada, and for decades the federal and provincial governments have attempted to improve the way that the justice system treats Aboriginal Canadians. Yet correctional statistics continue to demonstrate that Aboriginal peoples are overrepresented in criminal justi...

There has been considerable recent scholarly commentary about the existence of a school-to-prison pipeline. In this research, several authors have questioned whether the presence of school resource officers (SROs) has increased the proportion of students being referred to juvenile justice systems for status or minor offenses. Research to date, howe...

The minority threat proposition posits that the size of minority populations is positively associated with levels of formal social control. Recent research in other nations has shown a clear and consistent relationship between the size of subordinate populations and the number of police as well as increased law enforcement spending. This study exam...

This study examined the misconduct of all 18,075 Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal offenders admitted to Canadian federal prisons between 2006 and 2009. We found that Aboriginal prisoners had a higher involvement in incidents of major and minor misconduct than their non-Aboriginal counterparts. Consistent with prior prison research, younger prisoners,...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to compare the community level factors associated with police strength and operational costs in Aboriginal police services from four different geographic zones, including remote communities inaccessible by road[1]. Design/methodology/approach – Analysis of variance was used to determine whether there was a sta...

A growing body of research suggests that, according to both offenders and criminal justice practitioners, jails and correctional boot camps are viewed and experienced as significantly more punitive than prison. Nevertheless, limited research exists examining the perceptions of the public regarding jail conditions and operations. Using responses fro...

As part of a proactive strategy that examines the economics of policing in the Canadian context, a key goal of this study is to review the economics, management, and policing literatures to identify current trends in respect to the relationships between economics and policing, including how police services in other nations have managed austerity. T...

Natural resource development has led to rapid population growth in rural areas throughout the globe and this frequently results in a corresponding number of social ills, including increased levels of antisocial behavior, disorder, and crime. This study uses data from five waves of surveys, involving a total of 3,000 respondents, conducted in a Cana...

Objective to examine the boomcrime relationship in resourcebased boom counties and to propose socioeconomic and legal measures to reduce the boomtown effect. Methods dialectical approach to cognition of social phenomena allowing to analyze them in historical development and functioning in the context of the totality of objective and subjective fac...

One hundred and twenty-one Canadians were serving sentences of life imprisonment on 9 March 2012 for their involvement in crimes that had occurred prior to their 18 th birthdays. Some of them had been sentenced in the 1940s and all will remain under correctional supervision for the rest of their lives. While these individuals represent a very small...

makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the "Content") contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in...

page/terms-and-conditions This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any re...

Canada's First Nations Policing Program (FNPP) provides the funding and programmatic structure for policing 535 rural Aboriginal communities. After two decades and almost three billion (CA) dollars in expenditures, however, there has been comparatively little scholarly assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of this approach to policing. This st...

This research examined the demographic and offense‐related characteristics of 1,488 children who were 12 years of age or younger when transferred by juvenile court judges to criminal courts in the United States from 1985 to 2009. Juvenile court statistics show a twofold increase in the number of these children transferred between 2005 and 2009, com...

Purpose This research aimed to explore the characteristics of respondents who accessed a municipal police service's webpage or social media (Facebook or Twitter). Perceptions about the usefulness of social media in policing were solicited from the respondents. Design/methodology/approach Several survey items about social media were included in a s...

For more than 20 years now, the attitude in some jurisdictions has been “if you’re old enough to do the crime, you’re old enough to do the time.” After two decades of applying this increasingly punitive mindset to juvenile offenders, it is possible to see the actual consequences of transferring more and younger offenders to adult courts. In Do the...

There has been very little scholarship on the roles and functions of rural jails in the United States. This study examines some of the key challenges facing these small correctional institutions, using data from two national surveys, focus groups of jail administrators, and the results from a survey of Texas jail administrators. These studies solic...

Rapid economic and population growth resulting from resource development presents a number of challenges for rural police services, including responding to higher levels of disorder and serious crime. The cycles of anticipation, development, plateau—and sometimes bust and recovery—in boomtowns have long been recognized, but seldom have the claims o...

Examination of the demographic and offense-related characteristics of 1,636 gang members admitted to Canadian federal penitentiaries between January 1, 2006 and August 31, 2009 revealed that there is considerable variation between these groups. Members of Aboriginal, Asian and Street Gangs tended to be admitted at much younger ages than members of...

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to compare the self‐reported attitudes toward Aboriginal policing of officers in isolated/remote communities with those from accessible Aboriginal communities. Design/methodology/approach Survey results are reported for 294 officers working in Aboriginal communities throughout Canada. Findings Officers working...

A comparison of the characteristics of 337 Canadian adult female gang offenders with a matched sample of women offenders showed that they were more likely to have been sentenced for violent offenses, had a greater number of prior youth and criminal convictions, and served prior terms of incarceration. Gang members were also assessed as having highe...

This study examined the perceptions of service delivery and attitudes towards the First Nations Policing Program (FNPP) of 434 sworn officers working in Aboriginal communities. Officers working for self-administered police services (oper-ated by First Nations) were less optimistic about both the effectiveness of service delivery and whether the goa...

is the Law Foundation of Saskatchewan Chair in Police Studies at the University of Regina. Prior to his academic career he was a supervisor and manager within the Ministry of Corrections, Public Safety and Policing in Saskatchewan, Canada and also served as Director of Operational Research with the Correctional Service of Canada. He is the author o...

In recent years, K–12 education programs throughout the United States have been impacted by budget reductions, particularly in areas that are outside of traditional academic programs. Anecdotal evidence suggests that one of the areas receiving the greatest reductions may be school safety programs. In this article, we use data from school resource o...

Offenders sentenced to terms of life imprisonment pose special challenges for correctional systems. The Correctional Service of Canada collaborated with nongovernmental agencies to develop programmatic interventions to better prepare this population to survive their prison sentences and transition to the community. This study describes the characte...

Responses from a survey of gang management strategies were collected from U.S. prison systems holding 1.19 million inmates. The results provided insight into the prevalence of gang members in prisons, gang structure, as well as the strategies used to manage the threat that these groups pose. Officials from most prison systems reported an increase i...

This cross‐sectional study examined the relationships between indicators of law enforcement spending, police strength, and minority threat in California in 2004. Controlling for economic conditions, crime, and indicators of social disruption we find that counties with higher populations of American Indians, Asians, or blacks and non‐English speaker...

Funded by the Correctional Service of Canada (CSC), the Integrated Police–Parole Initiative (IPPI) places police officers in CSC offices, where they support the activities of parole staff. First introduced in 2006–07, these officers work with high-risk offenders in their transition from the penitentiary to community, in order to increase public saf...

Many of our notions about rural justice systems are shaped by stereotypes that suggest that the people employed within these agencies are less sophisticated or skilled than those working in urban areas. In this study, results from a 2009 survey of Kentucky school resource officers (SROs) are used to compare the characteristics and tasks of officers...

Purpose – This paper aims to examine the political, social, and legal factors that shape the deployment of the police in a cross-national sample of nations. Design/methodology/approach – Ordinary least squares regression models are used to investigate police strength in 70 developing and developed nations. Findings – Controlling for indicators of c...

This paper examines the practice of transferring youngsters from juvenile to adult courts in Canada and the United States from 1986 to 1994. The research indicates that Canada and the United States have similar provisions for trying youths as adults. The United States transfers large numbers of juveniles (nearly 13,000 per year recently) to adult c...

While appeals are relatively rare in Canada, they have significant outcomes in a juvenile justice system where dispositions are determinate and either the offender or prosecution can appeal the severity of a disposition. Examining the outcomes of ten years of appeals in one province produced two noteworthy findings. First, youths initiate most appe...

This study examines the influence of political repression on the use of punishment in 100 of the world's richest nations. Consistent with earlier empirical work, high levels of violent crime and population heterogeneity is associated with the use of imprisonment. Five different indicators of political freedoms are included in a series of ordinary l...

This book focuses on the difficulties that medical and health care providers, correctional administrators, and policy makers face in delivering care to incarcerated juveniles and adults. Sometimes the demands on these practitioners can be overwhelming: each year in the United States thousands of infants are born behind bars, and at least 3,000 inma...

In the United States there were some 1,775 jails with one hundred beds or less, but there had been little empirical examination of these facilities, or the challenges that they confront. This survey of 213 jail administrators from these small facilities found that under-funding, overcrowding, and retention and recruitment of officers were the most...

Expunging a criminal conviction in the United States is a rare event and often limited to persons who committed offenses as juveniles or adult misde- meanants. Criminal convictions in Canada, however, are routinely set aside through pardons after offenders have demonstrated a period of crime-free behavior. Sealing an offender's criminal record, the...