Richard B Reilly

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Verified

Richard verified their affiliation via an institutional email.

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• BE, MEngSc, PhD, ScD MIEI, FIET, SMIEEE, F(TCD), FRAMI, FRSM, FEAMBES, MRIA
• Full Professor at Trinity College Dublin

Objectives Multi-marathoners, athletes dedicated to completing 100 + marathons, represent a unique endurance sport subculture. This study examines their psychological traits using the Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) and Latent Class Analysis (LCA) to identify personality-based profiles and subgroup differences. Methods An online cross-sectio...

Background Midlife risk factors such as Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) confer a significantly increased risk of cognitive impairment in later life, with executive function, memory and attention domains often affected first. Spatiotemporal gait characteristics are increasingly recognised as biomarkers of neurocognitive function and later dementia r...

Objectives: Multi-marathoners, athletes dedicated to completing 100 or more marathons, represent a unique subculture within endurance sports. This study uses the Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) test to explore their psychological traits. The study aims to identify the unique personality profiles of multi-marathoners and understand their impli...

Background: Thoracolumbar transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (tSCS) non-invasively evokes posterior root-muscle reflexes (PRMR) with the aim of neuromodulating sensorimotor function following spinal cord injury. Research is still in its infancy regarding the effect of body position on the nature of these spinally evoked responses. Therefore, th...

Midlife risk factors such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) confer a significantly increased risk of cognitive impairment in later life with executive function, memory, and attention domains often affected first. Spatiotemporal gait characteristics are emerging as important integrative biomarkers of neurocognitive function and of later dementia ri...

In the European Union, the introduction of the Medical Device Regulation (MDR) 2017/745 in 2021 increased the regulatory requirements for ‘in-hospital’ manufacture of medical devices. Depending on the exact scenario, a hospital manufacturing devices will need to consider applying one of three sets of regulatory requirements defined in the MDR: a re...

Objectives The defining achievement of a multi-marathoner is completing 100 marathons. This study aimed to comprehensively document the phenomenon of multi-marathoning, addressing its demographics, culture and participatory nature, filling a gap in peer-reviewed research on the topic. Additionally, it aimed to provide recommendations for multi-mara...

Background Whilst Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is an established risk factor for cognitive impairment, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly explored. One potential mechanism may be through effects of T2DM on cerebral perfusion. The current study hypothesised that T2DM is associated with altered peripheral and central haemodynamic responses to...

Even prior to producing their first words, infants are developing a sophisticated speech processing system, with robust word recognition present by 4–6 months of age. These emergent linguistic skills, observed with behavioural investigations, are likely to rely on increasingly sophisticated neural underpinnings. The infant brain is known to robustl...

Non‐invasive sensory stimulation in the range of the brain's gamma rhythm (30–100 Hz) is emerging as a new potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we investigated the effect of repeated combined exposure to 40 Hz synchronized sound and light stimuli on hippocampal long‐term potentiation (LTP) in vivo in t...

Background: The Sit-to-Stand (STS) transition is one of the most used activities of daily living and vital for independence. Neurological, or physical injuries impairing functional mobility or sensory feedback often require rehabilitative programs or therapeutic interventions. Understanding the biomechanical elements of daily movements and the int...

Fall risk assessment can be informed by understanding mobility/gait. Contemporary mobility analysis is being progressed by wearable inertial measurement units (IMU). Typically, IMUs gather temporal mobility-based outcomes (e.g., step time) from labs/clinics or beyond, capturing data for habitually informed fall risk. However, a thorough understandi...

Adult-onset isolated focal dystonia (AOIFD) is a network disorder characterised by abnormalities of sensory processing and motor control. These network abnormalities give rise to both the phenomenology of dystonia and the epiphenomena of altered plasticity and loss of intracortical inhibition. Existing modalities of deep brain stimulation effective...

Adult-onset idiopathic focal dystonias (AOIFD) are the most common type of dystonia. It has varied expression including multiple motor (depending on body part affected) and non-motor symptoms (psychiatric, cognitive and sensory). The motor symptoms are usually the main reason for presentation and are most often treated with botulinum toxin. However...

Background Age‐related hearing loss (ARHL) may be a potential modifiable risk factor for neurocognitive decline and dementia. Previous studies have reported HL is associated with decline in visual memory function. Evidence also suggests that following ARHL, there is neural reorganization in regions critical for memory. The aim of this pilot was to...

Background The clinical value of using digital tools to assess adherence and lung function in uncontrolled asthma is not known. We aimed to compare treatment decisions guided by digitally acquired data on adherence, inhaler technique, and peak flow with existing methods. Methods A 32-week prospective, multicentre, single-blinded, parallel, randoml...

Unlabelled: Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (tSCS) at the cervical level may facilitate improved upper-limb function in those with incomplete tetraplegia. While clinical trials are ongoing, there is still much debate regarding the transmission pathway as well as appropriate stimulation parameters. This study aimed to explore the extent to w...

Background Cerebral hypoperfusion is implicated as a cause of orthostatic symptoms such as dizziness and light-headedness. In older adults, Orthostatic Hypotension (OH) may co-exist with Supine Hypertension (SH), with greater cerebral dysfunction being reported in those with SH-OH. It remains unclear whether orthostatic symptoms are indicative of a...

Background Diabetes is associated with slower gait speed and adverse brain health outcomes in older adults. However, the putative mechanisms underlying these associations remain poorly explored. One such mechanism is via altered cerebral perfusion, which may represent an important intermediate phenotype in the association between diabetes and slowe...

Even prior to producing their first words, infants are developing a sophisticated speech processing system, with robust word recognition present by 4-6 months of age. These emergent linguistic skills, observed with behavioural investigations, are likely to rely on increasingly sophisticated neural underpinnings. The infant brain is known to robustl...

Background: Athletes can experience exercise-induced transient arrythmias during high-intensity exercise or competition, which are difficult to capture on traditional Holter monitors or replicate in clinical exercise testing. The aim of this study was to investigate the reliability of a portable single channel ECG sensor and data recorder (PluxECG)...

Background Chronic diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Many of these diseases have modifiable risk factors, including physical activity and sleep, and may be preventable. This study investigated independent associations of physical activity and sleep with eight common chronic illnesses. Methods Data were from waves 1, 3 and 5 of The...

Background Overt sentence reading in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been associated with slowness of speech, characterized by a higher number of pauses, shorter speech units and slower speech rate and attributed to reduced working memory/ attention and language capacity. Objective This preliminary...

Task‐specificity in isolated focal dystonias is a powerful feature that may successfully be targeted with therapeutic brain–computer interfaces. While performing a symptomatic task, the patient actively modulates momentary brain activity (disorder signature) to match activity during an asymptomatic task (target signature), which is expected to tran...

Virtual reality (VR) is getting traction in many contexts, allowing users to have a real-life experience in a virtual world. However, its application in the field of Neuroscience, and above all probing newer activity with the analysis of electroencephalographic (EEG) event-related potentials (ERP) is underexplored. This article reviews the state-of...

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in midlife is associated with a greater risk of dementia in later life. Both gait speed and spatiotemporal gait characteristics have been associated with later cognitive decline in community-dwelling older adults. Thus, the assessment of gait characteristics in uncomplicated midlife T2DM may be important in selecting...

Recent studies have reported that transcutaneous spinal stimulation (tSCS) may facilitate improved upper limb motor function in those with incomplete tetraplesia. However, little is known about how tSCS engages upper limb motor pools. This study aimed to explore the extent to which discrete upper limb motor pools can be selectively engaged via alte...

Spinal cord injuries cause loss of muscle function and subsequently reduce independence. Therapeutic interventions such as transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation are increasingly being used to help improve motor functioning however, a comprehensive understanding of the biomechanical elements of movement may help optimize stimulation protocols. Twen...

Background Impairments in speech and social cognition have been reported in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS), although their relationships with neuropsychological outcomes and their clinical utility in MS are unclear. Objectives To evaluate word finding, prosody and social cognition in pwMS relative to healthy controls (HC). Methods We recru...

Aims Cerebral hypoperfusion is implicated in the pathogenesis of associations between orthostatic hypotension and adverse outcome such as falls, cognitive impairment, depression, and mortality. Although the blood pressure response to orthostasis has been well studied there is a lack of information on orthostatic cerebrovascular responses in older p...

Background Cognitive impairments are well-documented in multiple sclerosis (MS), while speech impairments are often overlooked despite their significant effect on quality of life. For effective clinical management of multisystem conditions such as MS, consideration should be given to the interaction between deficits in multiple domains, such as spe...

There is a tendency for children undergoing sequential cochlear implant after a long period of unilateral implant use to have a smaller dynamic range in their second implant compared to their first implant. This study aimed to investigate if balancing the dynamic ranges between the two implants influenced functional outcomes in sequentially implant...

Background Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (tSCS) is a non-invasive modality in which electrodes can stimulate spinal circuitries and facilitate a motor response. This review aimed to evaluate the methodology of studies using tSCS to generate motor activity in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) and to appraise the quality of included tria...

The human brain tracks amplitude fluctuations of both speech and music, which reflects acoustic processing in addition to the encoding of higher-order features and one’s cognitive state. Comparing neural tracking of speech and music envelopes can elucidate stimulus-general mechanisms, but direct comparisons are confounded by differences in their en...

Background NRXN1 deletions are identified as one of major rare risk factors for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other neurodevelopmental disorders. ASD has 30% co-morbidity with epilepsy, and the latter is associated with excessive neuronal firing. NRXN1 encodes hundreds of presynaptic neuro-adhesion proteins categorized as NRXN1α/β/γ. Previous...

Background Identification of those who are most at risk of developing specific patterns of disease across different populations is required for directing public health policy. Here, we contrast prevalence and patterns of cross-national disease incidence, co-occurrence and related risk factors across population samples from the U.S., Canada, England...

n this Specialty Grand Challenge, we outline our vision of the current challenges in the field of Network Physiology (Bashan et al., 2012; Bartsch et al., 2015; Ivanov et al., 2014) as applied to aging and frailty. An expected development in this field for the 21st century is the modelling of the widely used (but still poorly understood) concept of...

Sensitivity to the temporal coherence of visual and tactile signals increases perceptual reliability and is evident during infancy. However, it is not clear how, or whether, bidirectional visuotactile interactions change across childhood. Furthermore, no study has explored whether viewing a body modulates how children perceive visuotactile sequence...

Improved care for people with dystonia presents a number of challenges. Major gaps in knowledge exist with regard to how to optimize the diagnostic process, how to leverage discoveries in pathophysiology into biomarkers, and how to develop an evidence base for current and novel treatments. These challenges are made greater by the realization of the...

Models attempting to explain the pathogenesis of adult onset idiopathic focal dystonia often fail to accommodate the entire spectrum of this disorder: the diverse motor and non-motor symptoms, psychiatric and cognitive dysfunction, as well as the sub-clinical, physiological and anatomical, abnormalities. We propose, and present the accumulating evi...

The cerebrovascular effects of supine hypertension (SH) are still poorly understood. With aging and atherosclerosis of the vascular system, it is not uncommon for SH and non-neurogenic orthostatic hypotension to co-occur. Given evidence for end organ damage and more extreme cerebral dysfunction in those with SH-orthostatic hypotension, we hypothesi...

Background There is an unmet need for disability markers for progressive multiple sclerosis (PMS).1 Balance impairment is highly prevalent in people with MS (pwMS).2 Static posturography using a force platform is a quantitative measure of postural control not routinely used in clinical practice.3,4 The objectives of this study are to assess reliabi...

Background Cognitive impairment and balance impairment are common in people with progressive MS (PMS).1 Cognitive and postural control processes share attentional resources – the interaction between these two modalities (i.e., cognitive-postural interference, CPI) may be quantified by comparing performance during single- and dual-task conditions.2,...

Background Orthostasis is a potent physiological stressor which adapts with age. The age-related accumulation of health deficits in multiple physiological systems may impair the physiological response to orthostasis and lead to negative health outcomes such as falls, depression and cognitive decline. Research to date has focused on changes with ort...

Background: Balance impairment is observed in up to 70% of people with MS (pwMS) and worsens with disease progression. Posturography using a force platform is the current gold standard in the measurement of balance. However, posturography has not been adequately studied or widely accepted for use as a disability outcome measure for pwMS. Importantl...

Background : Increasing efforts have focused on the establishment of novel biomarkers for the early detection of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and prediction of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)-to-AD conversion. Behavioral changes over the course of healthy ageing, at disease onset and during disease progression, have been recently put forward as promisi...

Objective. To characterize the cortical oscillations associated with performance of the sustained attention to response task (SART) and their disruptions in the neurodegenerative condition amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Approach. A randomised SART was undertaken by 24 ALS patients and 33 healthy controls during 128-channel electroencephalogra...

In a recent workshop on "Defining research priorities in dystonia,", there was absolutely no reference to sex as a factor in disease pathogenesis. In this viewpoint paper, we argue that the most distinctive aspects of adult onset isolated focal dystonia are the marked sex-related differences demonstrated by epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory...

The human brain tracks amplitude fluctuations of both speech and music, which reflects acoustic processing in addition to the processing of higher-order features and one's cognitive state. Comparing neural tracking of speech and music envelopes can elucidate stimulus-general mechanisms, but direct comparisons are confounded by differences in their...

Background Identification of those who are most at risk of developing specific patterns of disease across different populations is required for directing public health policy. Here, we contrast prevalence and patterns of cross-national disease incidence, co-occurrence and related risk factors across population samples from the U.S., Canada, England...

Freezing of gait in people with Parkinson’s disease (PwP) is associated with executive dysfunction and motor preparation deficits. We have recently shown that electrophysiological markers of motor preparation, rather than decision-making, differentiate PwP with freezing of gait (FOG +) and without (FOG −) while sitting. To examine the effect of loc...

Background Midlife Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is associated with an increased risk of dementia in later life. Despite this, few studies have examined the utility of midlife biomarkers to predict later cognitive decline in T2DM. We evaluated the association between dual‐task gait speed and cognitive performance in midlife T2DM as part of ENBIND...

Midlife Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is associated with a greater risk of dementia in later life. Peripheral inflammation and its impact on cognition is proposed as one of the pathological mechanisms mediating this link. However, studies have primarily focused on older individuals with established cognitive impairment and a long duration of T2DM...

Aims: To establish the impact of uncomplicated type 2 diabetes on cognitive and neuropsychological performance in midlife. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study of middle-aged adults with uncomplicated type 2 diabetes and a cohort of healthy control participants. General cognition was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment test...

Background People with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) frequently experience impairment in postural control, a multifaceted measure related but distinct to walking ability. Objectives To assess clinical validity of static posturography as a disability outcome measure in people with progressive MS; to assess feasibility of use of the force platform in...

Background: A shift towards the dynamic measurement of physiologic resilience and improved technology incorporated into experimental paradigms in aging research is producing high-resolution data. Identifying the most appropriate analysis method for this type of data is a challenge. In this work, the functional principal component analysis (fPCA) wa...

FRM1 premutation carriers exhibit various subtle deficits in balance and stability, prior to the development of the movement disorder Fragile X Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS). Force plate posturography has increasingly been combined with the temporal sensitive imaging methods such as EEG to offer insight into the neural mechanisms which...

Fragile X-associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome is a genetic neurodegenerative disorder affecting carriers of the FMR1 premutation. Not all carriers develop the condition and the age of onset is somewhat variable. A greater understanding of disease progression would be beneficial. Eight carriers and five controls matched by age, sex, and dominant hand...

Clinical assessment of Multiple Sclerosis relies heavily on the Expanded Disability Status Scale, a non-linear rating system based on physician assessment of disease progression and walking ability. This inherently makes this method both subjective and limited in repeatability. This study developed a technically derived outcome measure of posture t...

Objective: To identify cortical regions engaged during the sustained attention to response task (SART) and characterize changes in their activity associated with the neurodegenerative condition amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Methods: High-density electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded from 33 controls and 23 ALS patients during a SART p...

Objectives: It is well established that sequential bilateral implantation offers functional benefits in speech in noise and sound localisation, although it can be challenging to get long-term unilateral users to adapt to the second implant. The aim of this study was to investigate programming differences between the two cochlear implants that can...

Background: Abnormal temporal discrimination in cervical dystonia is hypothesized to be attributable to disrupted processing in the superior colliculus. The fast, luminance-based, retinotectal pathway, projects to the superior colliculus; chromatic stimuli responses, by the retino-geniculo-calcarine pathway, are up to 30 ms longer. Objectives: W...

Objectives: Alterations in sensory discrimination are a prominent nonmotor feature of dystonia. Abnormal temporal discrimination in focal dystonia is considered to represent its mediational endophenotype, albeit unclear pathophysiological correlates. We examined the associations between the visual temporal discrimination threshold (TDT) and brain...

Aims: Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a non-invasive, easy to apply, optical technology for measuring cerebral blood oxygenation, but there is lack of comprehensive population data to aid interpretation and clinical use. Given the importance of cerebral perfusion in the context of evolving guideline recommendations for more aggressive lowerin...

Multimorbidity (the presence of multiple medical conditions) is well known to increase with age. People with multimorbidities often have higher physical and functional decline as well as increased mortality. Despite growing evidence that integrated and collaborative care improves many undesirable outcomes of multimorbidity, the majority of health s...

Background Midlife Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is associated with a greater risk of dementia in later life. The innate immune NLRP3 inflammasome, an innate immune receptor, has been implicated in both T2DM and Alzheimer’s Dementia (AD) and can become activated by Amyloid-β 42 (Aβ-42). We analysed inflammasome-dependent cytokine responses in mid...

Background Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM) in midlife is associated with a greater risk of dementia in later life. The longitudinal ENBIND Study is examining novel approaches to biomarker discovery in this high-risk group which may help identify those at greatest risk Methods Non-demented participants with midlife T2DM (no micro/macrovascular complications...

Background: Guidelines recommend that patients treated with inhalers receive adherence counselling and device training. Digital technologies that assess both inhaler adherence and technique have been developed. Using these technologies community pharmacists, who have regular contact with patients, are well placed to deliver personalised inhaler ed...

Introduction: Elevated temporal discrimination thresholds (TDT) have been found in cervical dystonia (CD) and unaffected first-degree relatives, indicating autosomal dominant inheritance with reduced penetrance, serving as an endophenotype and being indicative of abnormal inhibitory processing within the brainstem-basal ganglia circuits. The blink...

Objectives: To report a long-term experience on revision cochlear implantation (RCI) in a single institution, categorize their indications and to identify predictive parameters of implant failure. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on a prospective database of a national cochlear implant unit. Patients requiring RCI between January 1995 a...

Background: Fragile X Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS) is a neurodegenerative movement disorder characterized by tremor, ataxic gait, and balance issues resulting from a premutation of the Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 (FMR1) gene. No biomarkers have yet been identified to allow early diagnosis of FXTAS, however, recent studies have repo...

Purpose Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) biology remains poorly understood. Responsible mechanisms may be central or peripheral and originate anywhere from the brain to muscle fiber. Objective measurement is complex and previously limited to specialized laboratories. Portable electroencephalography (EEG) and electromyography (EMG) may enhance objective...

Understanding the neuronal network dynamics underlying the third most common movement disorder, cervical dystonia, can be achieved using dynamic causal modelling. Current literature establishes structures of the midbrain network for covert attentional orienting as dysfunctional in patients with cervical dystonia. One of these structures is the supe...

Cervical Dystonia (CD) is a neurological movement disorder characterized by intermittent muscle contractions in the head and neck. The pathophysiology and neural networks underpinning this condition are incompletely understood. There is increasing evidence that isolated focal dystonias are due to network-wide functional alterations. An abnormal tem...

Due to the major role of balance in our everyday lives and the unsatisfying understanding of the role of neural mechanism on balance control, the focus of this study was to explore the role of the cerebral cortex and its effects on stability. We investigated the effects of non-visual and cognitive tasks on balance performance and cortical theta res...

Chronic respiratory diseases may be controlled through the delivery of medication to the airways and lungs using an inhaler. However, adherence to correct inhaler technique is poor, which impedes patients from receiving maximum clinical benefit from their medication. In this study, the Inhaler Compliance Assessment device was employed to record aud...

The world's ageing population is rapidly increasing but people's healthspan is not being sustained. Activities of daily living and Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores from the first wave of a large nationally representative longitudinal study in ageing (TILDA) were analysed using multiple correspondence analysis, k-means clustering, network analys...