Richard Olmstead

• Ph. D. in Botany
• University of Washington

COLE TCH, STEVENS PF, LI B, OLMSTEAD RG (2021) Phylogénie des LAMIALES © Cole, Stevens, Li, Olmstead 2021 (CC-BY) • arbre phylogénétique hypothétique basé sur des données moléculaires d’après Li B et al. (2016) et Li HT et al. (2019) • longueur des branches arbitraires, et non représentatives du temps • pour les caractéristiques des familles et des...

COLE TCH, LI B, OLMSTEAD RG (2023) Phylogénie des Phyrmaceae © Cole, Li, Olmstead 2023 (CC-BY) • topologie d'après Liu et al. (2020) • nombres d'espèces et information géographique basés sur POWO (Plants of the World Online)

COLE TCH, LI B, OLMSTEAD RG, BROKAMP G (2023) Filogenia de las Phrymaceae © Cole, Li, Olmstead, Brokamp 2023 (CC-BY), Spanish version of: COLE, LI, OLMSTEAD (2023) Phrymaceae Phylogeny Poster • topología bruta siguiendo Liu et al. (2020) • características de FGVP VII (2003) y Barker et al. (2012)

COLE TCH, LI B, OLMSTEAD RG (2023) Phrymaceae Phylogeny Poster • all 14 genera • gross topology following Liu et al. (2020) • features mainly from FGVP VII (2003) and Barker et al. (2012)

КОУЛ, ЛИ, ОЛМСТИД, ГОДИН (2023) Филогения Семейства PHYRMACEAE © КОУЛ, ЛИ, ОЛМСТИД , ГОДИН 2023 (CC-BY) • Russian version of: Cole TCH, Li B, Olmstead RG (2021) Phrymaceae Phylogeny Poster (PhrymaPP) • общая схема дерева дана согласно Liu et al. (2020) • признаки из FGVP VII (2003) и Barker et al. (2012)

COLE, LI, OLMSTEAD (2023) 透骨草科 PHYRMACEAE Phylogeny Poster • 分支关系参照 Liu et al. (2020) • 特征引自FGVP VII (2003) 和Barker et al. (2012)

Phyrmaceae (فصيلة الفريميات (2023 COLE, LI, OLMSTEAD, HAMDY, EL HADIDY, Arabic version of: COLE, LI, OLMSTEAD (2023) Phrymaceae Phylogeny Poster (PhrymaPP)

COLE TCH, LI B, OLMSTEAD RG (2023) Phyrmaceae Phylogenie Poster © Cole, Li, Olmstead 2023 (CC-BY)• Stammbaum gemäß Liu et al. (2020) • Merkmale siehe: FGVP VII (2003) und Barker et al. (2012)

COLE TCH, LI B, OLMSTEAD RG, ALMEIDA JD (2023) Filogenia das Phyrmaceae © Cole, Li, Olmstead, Almeida 2023 (CC-BY)• estrutura geral da árvore segundo Liu et al. (2020) • características a partir de FGVP VII (2003) e Barker et al. (2012)

What grows where? Knowledge about where to find particular species in nature must have been key to the survival of humans throughout our evolution. Over time, and as people colonised new land masses and habitats, interactions with the local biota led to a wealth of combined traditional and scientific wisdom about the distributions of species and th...

COLE TCH, STEVENS PF, LI B, OLMSTEAD RG, MAJESKÝ Ľ (2023) Fylogeneze řádu LAMIALES © Cole, Stevens, Li, Olmstead, Majeský 2023 (CC-BY), Czech version of: COLE, STEVENS, LI, OLMSTEAD (2021) LAMIALES Phylogeny Poster (LamialesPP) • hypotetický evoluční strom založený na molekulárně fylogenetických (zejména chloroplastových) datech • fylogeneze a klas...

COLE TCH, STEVENS PF, LI B, OLMSTEAD RG, MAJESKÝ Ľ, MÁRTONFI P (2023) Fylogenéza radu LAMIALES © Cole, Stevens, Li, Olmstead, Majeský, Mártonfi 2023 (CC-BY), Slovak version of: COLE, STEVENS, LI, OLMSTEAD (2021) LAMIALES Phylogeny Poster • hypotetický fylogenetický strom založený na fylogenetických (hlavne chloroplastových) dátach • fylogenéza a kl...

Salimenaea N. O’Leary & P. Moroni and Troncosoa N. O’Leary & P. Moroni (Verbenaceae), two new monotypic genera containing species historically treated under Lippia L. and Acantholippia Griseb., respectively, are described here. These new genera reconcile the taxonomy of tribe Lantaneae with the evidence so far reached by morphological studies and m...

COLE TCH, LI B, XIANG CL, OLMSTEAD R (2021) LAMIACEAE-Unterfamilien © COLE, LI, XIANG, OLMSTEAD (CC-BY) 2021 • 12 Unterfamilien, 22 Triben, 230+ Gattungen, 7000+ Arten • Stammbaum nach Li et al. (2016, 2020) und Zhao et al. (2021) • Astlängen entsprechen nicht den eigentlichen Zeitverhältnissen • Gattungs-/Artenzahlen (grau) sind Zirkaangaben

Recent phylogenetic results strongly suggest that neither Lantana nor Lippia are monophyletic. This has a direct impact on taxonomy and nomenclature in the tribe Lantaneae and it underscores the need to revise its classification. However, any generic recircumscription following the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants wil...

COLE TCH, STEVENS PF, LI B, OLMSTEAD RG (2021) LAMIALES PHYLOGENIE POSTER © COLE, STEVENS, LI, OLMSTEAD 2021 (CC-BY) • Stammbaum basierend auf molekular-phylogenetischen Daten (Plastiden-DNA): Li et al. (2016), Li et al. (2019) • Astlängen entsprechen nicht den eigentlichen Zeitverhältnissen • Merkmale zu den Gattungen der Familien siehe FGVP Vol....

The figwort family, Scrophulariaceae, comprises c. 2000 species whose evolutionary relationships at the tribal level have proven difficult to resolve, hindering our ability to understand their origin and diversification. We designed a specific probe kit for Scrophulariaceae, targeting 849 nuclear loci and obtaining plastid regions as by‐products. W...

Cole TCH, Li B, Xiang CL, Olmstead R, Uzun A, Palabaş-Uzun S (2023) Lamiaceae – Altfami̇lyalari © Cole et al. 2023 (CC-BY) • 12 altfamilya, 22 oymak, > 230 cins, > 7000 tür • ağaç topolojisi Li vd. (2016, 2020) and Zhao vd. (2021)‘ye dayanmaktadır • dal uzunlukları ölçülü olup, gerçek zaman ölçeğini ifade etmez • cins/tür sayıları (gri renkli) yakl...

COLE TCH, STEVENS PF, LI B, OLMSTEAD RG, PALABAŞ-UZUN S, UZUN A (2023) LAMIALES FİLOGENİ POSTERİ, Turkish version of: COLE, STEVENS, LI, OLMSTEAD (2021) Lamiales Phylogeny Poster • moleküler filogenetik verilere (esas olarak plastidler) dayanan varsayımsal ağaç • filogeni ve sınıflandırma Li B vd. (2016) and Li HT vd. (2019)’a dayanmaktadır • karak...

With the disintegration of the traditionally circumscribed Scrophulariaceae, the phylogenetic placement of most genera formerly placed within that family were resolved. However, the familial placement of the monotypic genus Mimulicalyx has not been included in any published molecular phylogenetic studies. In the present study we adopt a two-step ap...

This is a correction to: Disentangling a 40-yearold taxonomic puzzle: the phylogenetic position of Mimulicalyx (Lamiales), Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2022; boac033, https://doi. org/10.1093/botlinnean/boac033

Background and aims: Species of the genus Buddleja in Asia are mainly distributed in the Sino-Himalayan region and forms a challenging taxonomic group with extensive hybridization and polyploidization. A phylogenetic approach to unraveling the history of reticulation in this lineage will deepen our understanding of the speciation in biodiversity h...

Cole TCH, Li B, Xiang CL, Olmstead R (2021) Sous-familles des LAMIACEAE © Cole, Li, Xiang, Olmstead 2021 (CC-BY) • 12 sous-familles, 22 tribus, 230+ genres, 7000+ espèces • arbre phylogénétique basé sur Li et al. (2016, 2020) et Zhao et al. (2021) • longueur des branches arbitraires, et non représentatives du temps • nombres des genres et d’espèces...

КОУЛ TКГ, ЛИ Б, КСИАНГ КЛ, ОЛМСТЕД Р, ГОДИН BH (2022) Подсемейства LAMIACEAE • 12 подсемейств, 22 трибы, > 230 родов, > 7000 видов • топология дерева по Li et al. (2016, 2020) и Zhao et al. (2021) • длинна веток произвольная и не соответствует реальному масштабу времени • количество родов/видов (серым) приблизительна © Коул, Ли, Ксианг, Олмстед, Го...

Calibrachoa Cerv., Fabiana Ruiz & Pav., and Petunia Juss. form a clade within tribe Petunieae (Solanaceae). Phylogenetic studies of Petunieae, either as part of a family-wide analysis or focusing on the genera Calibrachoa and Petunia , have either left Fabiana unsampled or included only a single species. These studies have found conflicting relatio...

КОУЛ ТКГ, СТІВЕНС ПФ, ЛІ Б, ОЛМСТЕД РГ, ШИЯН НМ, ЖИГАЛОВА СЛ (2022) ФІЛОГЕНІЯ ПОРЯДКА LAMIALES, Ukrainian version of: COLE TCH, STEVENS PF, LI B, OLMSTEAD RG (2021) LAMIALES PHYLOGENY POSTER • гіпотетичне дерево базується на молекулярно-філогенетичних (переважно, пластидних) даних • філогенія і класифікація подана за Li B et al. (2016) та Li HT et...

Aquatic plants are generally underrepresented in herbaria due to geographic bias, rarity of species, and sampling bias towards terrestrial vascular plants. This constitutes a limitation to various lines of research (e.g., evolutionary and ecological studies) centered around aquatic plants. Plants in the genus Marathrum (Podostemaceae) have been sug...

Intercontinental disjunct distributions can arise from vicariance, long distance dispersal, or both. Tecomeae (Bignoniaceae) are a nearly cosmopolitan clade of flowering plants providing us with an excellent opportunity to investigate global distribution patterns. While the tribe contains only about 57 species, it has achieved a distribution that i...

COLE TCH, 李波 LI B, 向春雷 XIANG CL, OLMSTEAD R (2021) 唇形科–亚科 LAMIACEAE Subfamilies • 12个亚科，22个族，超过230属，7000余种 • 系统发育关系改自Li et al. (2016, 2020) 和Zhao et al. (2021) • 枝长不代表分化时间 • 属和物种数目（灰色）是估测数据 参考文献: Kubitzki (2004) FGVP VII, Li et al. (2016, 2020), Stevens (2021) APweb, Zhao et al. (2021)

Background Flowering plants (angiosperms) are dominant components of global terrestrial ecosystems, but phylogenetic relationships at the familial level and above remain only partially resolved, greatly impeding our full understanding of their evolution and early diversification. The plastome, typically mapped as a circular genome, has been the mos...

COLE TCH, STEVENS PF, LI B, OLMSTEAD RG, O‘LEARY N (2021) POSTER de FILOGENIA de LAMIALES • árbol hipotético basado en datos filogenéticos moleculares (pr. plastídicos) • la filogenia y la clasificación siguen a Li B et al. (2016) y Li HT et al. (2019) • características pr. siguen APweb • 26 familias, ~1.060 géneros y ~24.000 especies • longitudes...

COLE TCH, STEVENS PF, LI B, OLMSTEAD RG (2021) LAMIALES PHYLOGENY POSTER – An overview of the families • hypothetical tree based on molecular phylogenetic (chiefly plastid) data • phylogeny and classification follow Li B et al. (2016) and Li HT et al. (2019); features chiefly follow APweb • 26 families, ~1,060 genera, ~24,000 species • branch lengt...

COLE TCH, STEVENS PF, 李波 BO LI, OLMSTEAD RG (2021) 唇形目系统发育海报 • 基于分子系统发育数据（主要是叶绿体）的假设的系统树 • 系统发育及分类系统主要依据 Li B et al. (2016) 和 Li HT et al. (2019)；特征主要依据被子植物系统发育网站 • 目前承认26科，~1060属，~24000种 • 枝长不代表实际的分化时间 • 所列特征不一定适用于该分支下的所有类群 • 许多性状在系统树上的演化位置仍不明确 • 每个科中属的特征详见FGVP Vol. VII (2004)

COLE TCH, STEVENS PF, LI B, OLMSTEAD RG, THODE VA (2021) Pôster da Filogenia das Lamiales • árvore hipotética baseada em dados filogenéticos moleculares (prin. plastidiais) • a filogenia e a classificação seguem Li B et al. (2016) e Li HT et al. (2019); características prin. seguem APweb • 26 famílias, ~1.060 gêneros, ~24.000 espécies • comprimento...

COLE TCH, STEVENS PF, LI B, OLMSTEAD RG, TURDIBOEV O (2021) LAMIALES FILOGENETIK POSTER (Uzbek) • molekular filogenetik (asosan plastid) ma‘lumotlarga asoslangan gipotetik daraxt • filogeniya va klassifikatsiya Li B et al. (2016) va Li HT et al. (2019) bo‘yicha; xususiyatlari asosan APweb asosida • 26 oilalar, ~1,060 turkum, ~ 24,000 turlar • shoxl...

КОУЛ ТКГ, СТИВЕНС ПФ, ЛИ Б, ОЛМСТИД РГ, ГОДИН ВН (2021) ФИЛОГЕНИЯ ПОРЯДКА LAMIALES, Russian version of: COLE TCH, STEVENS PF, LI B, OLMSTEAD RG (2021) LAMIALES PHYLOGENY POSTER • гипотетическое дерево основано на молекулярно-филогенетических (главным образом пластидных) данных • филогения и классификация по Li B et al. (2016) и Li HT et al. (2019);...

Premise: As a family of Neotropical origin and primarily Neotropical distribution, the Verbenaceae are a good but understudied system with which to understand Neotropical evolution. Tribe Citharexyleae comprises three genera: Baillonia, Citharexylum-one of the largest genera in Verbenaceae-and Rehdera. A molecular phylogenetic approach was taken t...

COLE TCH, STEVENS PF, LI B, OLMSTEAD RG, SUDDEE S (2021) LAMIALES โปสเตอร์วิวัฒนาการชาติพันธุ์ของไม้ดอกอันดับสักหรือกะเพรา • Thai version of: COLE TCH, STEVENS PF, LI B, OLMSTEAD RG (2021) LAMIALES PHYLOGENY POSTER

COLE TCH, LI B, XIANG CL, OLMSTEAD R, SUDDEE S (2021) วงศ์สักหรือวงศ์กะเพรา – วงศ์ย่อย, Thai version of: COLE, LI, XIANG, OLMSTEAD (2021) LAMIACEAE subfamilies • 12 วงศ์ย่อย, 22 เผ่า, > 230 สกุล, > 7000 ชนิด • ทรีแผนภาพวิวัฒนาการชาติพันธุ์ ยึดตาม Li et al. (2016, 2020) และ Zhao et al. (2021) • ความยาวของกิ่งที่ปรากฎในแผนภูมิวิวัฒนาการชาติพันธุ์ ไม่...

Northern South America is a geologically dynamic and species‐rich region. Fossil and stratigraphic data show that mountain uplift in the tropical Andes reconfigured river drainages. These landscape changes shaped the evolution of the flora in the region, yet the impacts on aquatic taxa have been overlooked. We explore the role of landscape change o...

We are delighted to announce the launching of our website. Our goal with this new website is to provide our visitors an easy way to handle Verbenaceae diversity and systematics. We will be constantly updating our content with helpful information and articles. We hope you find the website fresh and modern; we have worked hard to make sure it contai...

COLE TCH, STEVENS PF, LI B, OLMSTEAD RG, EL HADIDY AH, HAMDY RS (2021) >>>>> مُلصق العلاقات التطورية لرتبة الشفويات Arabic version of: COLE TCH, STEVENS PF, LI B, OLMSTEAD RG (2021) LAMIALES PHYLOGENY POSTER

Understanding processes that generate and maintain large disjunctions within plant species can provide valuable insights into plant diversity and speciation. The butterfly bush Buddleja alternifolia has an unusual disjunct distribution, occurring in the Himalaya, Hengduan Mountains (HDM) and the Loess Plateau (LP) in China. We generated a high‐qual...

Premise: Lantana and Lippia (Verbenaceae) are two large Linnean genera whose classification has been based on associated fruit traits: fleshy vs. dry fruits and one vs. two seed-bearing units. We reconstruct evolutionary relationships and the evolution of the two fruit traits to test the validity of these traits for classification. Methods: Prev...

COLE TCH, LI B, XIANG CL, OLMSTEAD R, EL HADIDY AH, HAMDY RS (2021) ******** حت الفصائل المندرجة للفصيلة الشفوية Arabic version of Lamiaceae Subfamilies Phylogeny‬ Handout (A4)

Коул TКГ, Лі Б, Ксіанг КЛ, Олмстед Р, Шиян НМ (2021) Підродини Lamiaceae • 12 підродин, 22 триби, > 230 родів, > 7000 видів • топологія дерева за Li et al. (2016, 2020) та Zhao et al. (2021) • довжина гілок довільна і не відображає реального масштабу часу • кількість родів/видів (сірим) приблизна • Джерела: Kubitzki (2004) FGVP VII, Li et al. (2016...

КОУЛ TКГ, ЛИ Б, ХИАНГ Ч, ОЛМСТЕАД Р, ТУРДИБОЕВ ОА (2021) LAMIACEAE – КЕНЖА ОИЛАЛАР • 12 кенжа оилалар, 22 трибалар, > 230 туркум, > 7000 тур • дарахт топологияси Li et al. (2016, 2020) ва Zhao et al. (2021) асосида • шохлар узунлиги атайлаб қилинган, ҳақиқий вақт ўлчовини англатмайди • туркум/турлар сони (кулранг) тахминан • Манбалар: Kubitzki (200...

COLE TCH, LI B, XIANG CL, OLMSTEAD R, THODE VA (2021) LAMIACEAE – Subfamílias • 12 subfamílias • topologia da árvore baseada em Li et al. (2016, 2020) e Zhao et al. (2021)

COLE TCH, LI B, XIANG CL, OLMSTEAD R, O‘LEARY N (2021) LAMIACEAE – Subfamilias • 12 subfamilias • topología del árbol basado en Li et al. (2016, 2020) y Zhao et al. (2021)

COLE TCH, LI B, XIANG CL, OLMSTEAD R (2021) LAMIACEAE – Subfamilies • an overview of the 12 subfamilies of Lamiaceae as an A4 handout • family of 12 subfamilies, together consisting of 22 tribes, > 230 genera, > 7000 species • tree topology based on Li et al. (2016, 2020) and Zhao et al. (2021) • branch lengths deliberate, not expressing actual tim...

Background and aims-The last comprehensive study that estimated the number of Verbenaceae genera and species was published in 2004, and included 34 genera and around 1200 species. Since then, several publications based on morphology and/or molecular data have proposed important changes within the family. Due to the lack of updated literature to cit...

Background: A robust molecular phylogeny is fundamental for developing a stable classification and providing a solid framework to understand patterns of diversification, historical biogeography, and character evolution. As the sixth largest angiosperm family, Lamiaceae, or the mint family, consitutes a major source of aromatic oil, wood, ornamental...

Northern South America is a geologically dynamic and species-rich region. While fossil and stratigraphic data show that reconfiguration of river drainages resulted from mountain uplift in the tropical Andes, investigations of the impact of landscape change on the evolution of the flora in the region have been restricted to terrestrial taxa. We expl...

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01035.].

Extinction rates are expected to increase during the Anthropocene. Current extinction rates of plants and many animals remain unknown. We quantified extinctions among the vascular flora of the continental United States and Canada since European settlement. We compiled data on apparently extinct species by querying plant conservation databases, sear...

Premise of the study Tribe Citharexyleae comprises three genera: Baillonia, Citharexylum , and Rehdera . While there is good support for these genera as a clade, relationships between genera remain unresolved due to low sampling of the largest genus, Citharexylum . A molecular phylogenetic approach was taken to resolve intergeneric relationships in...

This is a compilation that includes the obituary of Dr. Turner, printed in the Austin Statesman, 14 June 2020, plus memories by students, colleagues and friends of Billie, slightly edited (but not censured) by Robert P. Adams, ed., Phytologia, Biology Department, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798, USA, robert_adams@baylor.edu, Published on-line ww...

Premise: The tribe Jacarandeae includes Jacaranda (49 species) and Digomphia (3 species), two genera of trees and woody shrubs with Neotropical distribution. Jacarandeae is sister to the rest of the Bignoniaceae, but not much is known about interspecific and intergeneric relationships within this group. Methods: We reconstructed the phylogeny of...

With the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, whole-plastome data can be obtained as a byproduct of low-coverage sequencing of the plant genomic DNA. This provides an opportunity to study plastid evolution across groups, as well as testing phylogenetic relationships among taxa. Within the order Malpighiales (∼16,000 spp.), the Podoste...

This article comments on: Jacqueline Heckenhauer, Ovidiu Paun, Mark W. Chase, Peter S. Ashton, A.S. Kamariah and Rosabelle Samuel. 2019. Molecular phylogenomics of the tribe Shoreeae (Dipterocarpaceae) using whole plastid genomes. Annals of Botany 123(5): 857–865.

Flora of the Pacific Northwest covers all of Washington, the northern half of Oregon, Idaho north of the Snake River Plain, the mountainous portion of western Montana, and the southern portion of British Columbia. It accounts for the wild-growing native and introduced vascular plants falling within those boundaries and includes: Treatment of 5,545...

Premise of the study: Verbenaceae originated and initially diversified in South America in wet forest habitats. They have diversified extensively in arid habitats in both South and North America. This study aims to understand the origin of the North American arid-land members of Verbenaceae. Methods: A phylogenetic approach is used to examine fo...

Premise of the Study Targeted sequence capture can be used to efficiently gather sequence data for large numbers of loci, such as single‐copy nuclear loci. Most published studies in plants have used taxon‐specific locus sets developed individually for a clade using multiple genomic and transcriptomic resources. General locus sets can also be develo...

Two new subfamilies, Callicarpoideae Bo Li & R.G.Olmstead and Tectonoideae Bo Li & R.G.Olmstead, are established within the mint family. Their morphology, distribution, generic and species diversity, homotypic tribes, and phylogenetic position are noted.

Buddlejeae comprise c. 108 species in five commonly accepted genera: Buddleja, Chilianthus, Emorya, Gomphostigma and Nicodemia. Conflicting generic and infrageneric level classifications based on morphology attest to a need to evaluate relationships and trait evolution in a molecular phylogenetic framework. We use multiple independent loci from the...

Lamiaceae, the sixth largest angiosperm family, contains more than 7000 species distributed all over the world. However, although considerable progress has been made in the last two decades, its phylogenetic backbone has never been well resolved. In the present study, a large-scale phylogenetic reconstruction of Lamiaceae using chloroplast sequence...

Aim The tomato family Solanaceae is distributed on all major continents except Antarctica and has its centre of diversity in South America. Its worldwide distribution suggests multiple long‐distance dispersals within and between the New and Old Worlds. Here, we apply maximum likelihood ( ML ) methods and newly developed biogeographical stochastic m...

The Boraginales are now universally accepted as monophyletic and firmly placed in Lamiidae. However, a consensus about familial classification has remained elusive, with some advocating recognition of a single, widely variable family, and others proposing recognition of several distinct families. A consensus classification is proposed here, based o...

Abstract— Pedaliaceae and Martyniaceae are Old World and New World families occurring primarily in arid environments with some taxa exhibiting similar adaptations to dispersal by large animals. Their taxonomic histories have also been intertwined, since they have often been combined as one family (e.g. Pedaliaceae). The temperate Asian aquatic plan...

The enigmatic South-East Asian monotypic genus Pteleocarpa has been considered as a genus incertae sedis among the eudicots for a long time. Molecular data (plastid and nuclear ribosomal regions) from 44 widely sampled species across Lamiidae and phylogenetic analyses have finally clarified its familial relationships, and it is here included in Gel...

Abstract— Species belonging to the genera Aloysia and Acantholippia are difficult to place within Lantaneae due to gene tree incongruence and limited sampling in previous studies. We use an expanded sample of both genera, and DNA sequence data from six loci, to reveal that Aloysia and Acantholippia species occur in five consistently inferred, well-...

The monotypic genus Holocheila was originally placed in Teucrium sect. Holocheila but was later treated as a distinct genus and variably affiliated with subfamilies Ajugoideae, Scutellarioideae, or Lamioideae. We investigated the phylogenetic position of this enigmatic genus using likelihood, parsimony, and Bayesian methods based on six plastid DNA...

The circumscription of Bignoniaceae genera and tribes has undergone major changes following an increased understanding of phylogenetic relationships within the family. While DNA sequence data have repeatedly reconstructed major clades within the family, some of the clades recovered still lack diagnostic morpho-anatomical features, complicating thei...

The Lamiidae, a clade composed of approximately 15% of all flowering plants, consists of five orders: Boraginales, Gentianales, Garryales, Lamiales, and Solanales; and four families unplaced in an order: Icacinaceae, Metteniusiaceae, Oncothecaceae, and Vahliaceae. Our understanding of the phylogenetic relationships of Lamiidae has improved signific...

The Solanaceae is a plant family of great economic importance. Despite a wealth of phylogenetic work on individual clades and a deep knowledge of particular cultivated species such as tomato and potato, a robust evolutionary framework with a dated molecular phylogeny for the family is still lacking. Here we investigate molecular divergence times fo...

In spite of the recent studies on the phylogeny of Verbenaceae, the position of the monotypic Verbenoxylum, endemic to the Atlantic rainforest in southeastern Brazil, remains unsolved. Molecular data were here analyzed to infer the phylogenetic placement of this genus; furthermore morphological data was studied in order to examine traits that suppo...

Recent molecular phylogenetic studies of Solanales and Lamiales show that Solanaceae, Verbenaceae and Bignoniaceae all diversified in South America. Estimated dates for the stem lineages of all three families imply origins in the Late Cretaceous, at which time South America had separated from the united Gondwanan continent. A comparison of clades i...

Lantaneae are an example of a taxonomically problematic, widespread and recently radiated Neotropical lineage. Taxonomy in Lantaneae is difficult because of complex, overlapping patterns of shifts in morphological traits among members; monophyly of the traditional genera cannot be assumed without additional information from molecular data. We took...

Premise of the study: A new infrafamilial circumscription of the Verbenaceae with eight tribes: Casselieae, Citharexyleae, Duranteae, Lantaneae, Neospartoneae, Petreeae, Priveae, and Verbeneae, has been recently proposed, on the basis of molecular phylogenetic studies. Two genera, Dipyrena and Rhaphithamnus, remain unplaced. The aim of this work i...

The phylogenetic position of the monotypic genus Wenchengia has long been controversial. It variously has been assigned to a monotypic subfamily Wenchengioideae, treated as a member of subfamily Scutellarioideae, or suggested to be related to Lamioideae or Ajugoideae. The recent rediscovery of Wenchengia alternifolia from its type locality provided...

Many plants monitor day-length changes throughout the year and use the information to precisely regulate the timing of seasonal flowering for maximum reproductive success. In Arabidopsis thaliana, transcriptional regulation of the CONSTANS (CO) gene and posttranslational regulation of CO protein are crucial mechanisms for proper day-length measurem...

The cox1 gene alignment. Nucleotide alignment of the cox1 gene (including its intron sequence) for all taxa included in the phylogenetic analysis shown in Figure 4. Sites of predicted RNA editing are in red in the reference sequence, while the putative endonuclease ORF is in green.