Richard Terence O'Grady

• PhD, CAE
• Chief Publications Officer at Endocrine Society

The purposes of the Institute shall be… to foster and encourage research and education in the biological sciences… [, to] assist societies, other organizations, and biologists in such matters of common concern as can be dealt with more effectively by united action… [, and to] provide a voice for biologists in the public forum. —Excerpt, AIBS Consti...

Fourth-stage larvae and adults of Ascaris suum recovered from pigs at 11 days after infection (DAI) to maturity were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy for changes in the cuticle. Allometric body growth in the larva affects the structure of the cuticle in three ways. First, there is increasing separation of the external striae and i...

Systematic analyses of various familial- and suprafamilial -level groups of trematodes are evaluated using phylogenetic systematic methods, and the results are compared with previous phylogenetic systematic studies of the major trematode groups. Within the Aspidobothrea, the Aspidogastridae and Multicalycidae are sister-groups, the Stichocotylidae...

Abstract— Ontogenetic data can be used in phylogenetic analyses (1) as tests of character homology, (2) for polarizing transformation series, and (3) as characters themselves. The ontogenetic sequence of semaphoronts can change by addition, substitution, or deletion of stages which are either terminal or nonterminal. Outgroup comparisons can use li...

Hundreds of organizations representing hundreds of thousands of scientists are preparing for a year-long celebration to engage the public and improve understanding about the nature and processes of science and its value to society. Integration of efforts is led by the Coalition on the Public Understanding of Science (COPUS: www.copusproject.org), a...

For many of the problems facing contemporary societies, such as potential impacts of climate change, coastal degradation, reductions of fisheries stocks, volcanic and earthquake hazards in densely populated areas, quality and availability of water, and exploitation of hydrocarbon resources and development of alternative energy sources, formulation...

We address the problem of reconciling human phylogeny and linguistic history and conclude that its resolution requires (1) development of a valid objective method of quantifying linguistic relationships, (2) delimitation and subsequent characterisation of human populations and languages by large-scale demographic census, (3) integration of genetic...

Crocodilian relationships supported by the phylogenetic relationships of digenean and nematode parasites are compared with current estimates of crocodilian phylogeny. The parasite data support (1) the placement of Gavialis as the sister-group of the alligatorids and the crocodylids, (2) the monophyly of alligators and caimans, (3) the placement of...

This paper examines four methods of representing multistate transformation series with a numerical code. The three that have the broadest applications are Additive Binary Coding, Redundant Linear Coding, and Nonredundant Linear Coding. The fourth method, internal rooting, has specialized applications for coding basally dichotomous series. The first...

The D measure is presented as a quantification of historical constraints in phylo-genetic data. It is derived from information-theoretic considerations, and offers increased resolution of the criteria used in parsimony analyses. Thus, it can be used as an optimality measure in phylogenetic studies. The D measure is more sensitive to the evolutionar...

Organisms are subject first to general, physical causes and then to restricted, biological causes. This internesting contains evolutionary causes that were once contingent but have since been incorporated into the inherited historical causality of descendants. These historical causes should be used as null hypotheses in evolutionary explanations. T...

Proponents of two axioms of biological evolutionary theory have attempted to find justification by reference to nonequilibrium thermodynamics. One states that biological systems and their evolutionary diversification are physically improbable states and transitions, resulting from a selective process; the other asserts that there is an historically...

The fourth-stage larvae and adults of Ascaris suum were studied as they developed in the pig intestine from 11 to 22 days after infection. This is a period of rapid growth, in which both sexes increase approximately ten-fold in body length. Further examination of females showed the length increase to be positively allometric with respect to body di...

Phylogenetic analysis of 63 digenean family groups, based on 113 adult characters and 90 larval characters, produced a phylogenetic tree comprising nine orders. Adult characters alone resolved 76% of the phylogenetic tree, whereas larval characters alone resolved 74%. There was no disagreement in phylogenetic inferences drawn from only larval or on...

The order within and among living systems can be explained rationally by postulating a process of descent with modification, effected by factors which are extrinsic or intrinsic to the organisms. Because at the time Darwin proposed his theory of evolution there was no concept of intrinsic factors which could evolve, he postulated a process of extri...

Histological examination of the small intestine of mice infected with Heligmosomoides polygyrus indicates that the final site of the larvae is in the circular muscle layer of the muscularis externa of the anterior small intestine. The larvae become embedded in the muscle between the first and third days after infection and are subsequently sequeste...

Fourth-stage larvae of Ascaris suum, recovered from piglets at 11-22 days post-infection (p.i.), were examined by light microscopy for changes in the somatic musculature. During this time the estimated total number of muscle cells in the body increases from approximately 600 to 21 000 cells. This non-eutelic development appears to occur by division...