Richard T Mahoney

Independent Researcher

There is broad consensus that the global response to the Covid-19 pandemic was inadequate, leading to unacceptable levels of avoidable morbidity and mortality. Three strategic missteps led to the lack of equitable vaccine access: The heavy reliance on commercial vaccine manufacturers in high-income countries (HICs) versus low- and middle-income cou...

This Global Challenges Report describes the innovation process for vaccines. It explains how the restricted availability of vaccines is due to impediments at every stage of the process. Most of these obstacles are manageable, and intellectual property (IP) rights are associated with only some of them. The analysis aims to put into perspective debat...

Dengue is a public health problem in the tropics and subtropics. There are several vaccine candidates in clinical development. However, there may be gaps in the new vaccine introduction after vaccine licensure before it becomes available in developing countries. In anticipation of the first dengue vaccine candidate to be licensed, Dengue Vaccine In...

The Global Vaccine Action Plan will require, inter alia, the mobilization of financial resources from donors and national governments - both rich and poor. Vaccine Procurement Assistance (VPA) and Vaccine Procurement Baseline (VPB) are two metrics that could measure government performance and track resources in this arena. VPA is proposed as a new...

Dengue results in as many as 390 million infections annually and causes significant morbidity. A number of efforts are underway to develop vaccines against dengue. The public sector is undertaking efforts to create an enabling environment for vaccine introduction. Recent work by Brooks et al. provides a framework for analyzing which efforts should...

Background: A face-to-face survey of 158 policymakers and other influential professionals was conducted in eight dengue-endemic countries in Asia (India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam) and Latin America (Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, Nicaragua) to provide an indication of the potential demand for dengue vaccination in endemic countries, and to anticipa...

Background: A vaccine to prevent dengue disease is urgently needed. Fortunately, a few tetravalent candidate vaccines are in the later stages of development and show promise. But, if the cost of these candidates is too high, their beneficial potential will not be realized. The price of a vaccine is one of the most important factors affecting its u...

There is a continuing need for new health technologies to address the disease burdens of developing countries. In the last decade Product Development Partnerships (PDP) have emerged that are making important contributions to the development of these technologies. PDPs are a form of public private partnerships that focus on health technology develop...

Infection with dengue virus is a major public health problem in the Asia-Pacific region and throughout tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Vaccination represents a major opportunity to control dengue and several candidate vaccines are in development. Experts in dengue and in vaccine introduction gathered for a two day meeting during whi...

Dengue is endemic in Brazil. Several dengue vaccine candidates, including one at the Butantan Institute in Sao Paulo, are being evaluated in clinical trials and may be licensed in several years. This study estimates the potential doses of dengue vaccine needed in Brazil under different scenarios in the first 5 years after vaccine introduction. Esti...

Comments on Donald Light's article from previous issue. http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/vaccines/article/14919/

Richard Mahoney and colleagues summarize two recent meetings convened by the Pediatric Dengue Vaccine Initiative and the Developing Countries' Vaccine Regulators Network on regulatory issues that need to be addressed before licensing dengue vaccines.

We acknowledge the comments by N. Miller ( 1) on our estimates of the potential dengue vaccine demand among international travelers. ( 2) We agree that the number of travelers in 2015-20 would be the appropriate baseline from which to generate vaccine demand for this group and would be comparable to what we used for dengue endemic countries. While...

A dengue vaccine is likely to be available within the next 3-5 years and we estimated vaccine doses needed for dengue endemic countries (public and private markets) and non-endemic countries (travelers market) in the first 5 years after initial licensure. Calculations were based on 2015-2020 population projections for Asian and Americas endemic cou...

Dengue fever is a virus infection that is spread by the Aedes aegypti mosquito and can cause severe disease especially in children. Dengue fever is a major problem in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. We invited dengue experts from around the world to attend meetings to discuss dengue surveillance. We reviewed literature, heard detail...

Background: A dengue vaccine in large-scale clinical trials could be licensed in several years. We estimated the potential vaccine demand for different introduction strategies in 54 dengue-endemic countries and for travelers from non-endemic countries to enable vaccine producers and public health agencies to better prepare for timely utilization o...

Research for Development Ensuring that Developing Countries have Access to New Healthcare Products: The Role of Product Development Partnerships

Chronic hepatitis B virus infection prevailed inAsian populations, and chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma were major public health scourges. The prevention of hepatitis B infection by immunization can be seen as one of the great, although unfulfilled, accomplishments of public health. Major reductions in chronic infection in Taiwan,...

CRITICAL NEEDS FOR VACCINE DEVELOPMENTSCIENTIFIC BACKGROUND ON PLANT-BASED VACCINESPOTENTIAL TO MEET THE CRITICAL NEEDS

This paper offers a framework for managing a comprehensive Global Access Strategy for new vaccines in developing countries. It is aimed at strengthening the ability of public-sector entities to reach their goals. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and The Rockefeller Foundation have been leaders in stimulating the creation of new organizations -...

In January 2005, WHO convened a meeting of leading experts in plant-derived vaccines and experts from regulatory authorities for an informal discussion on the state-of-the-art and to analyse whether specific guidance might be needed for plant-derived vaccines that is not yet provided by regulatory authorities. After a series of individual presentat...

El término tecnología adecuada se refiere a la tecnología sanitaria que se crea, produce, ofrece y monitorea en un contexto general donde se toman en cuenta los sistemas, las personas y la comunidad. Esta tecnología abarca el diseño, desarrollo y adopción de productos sanitarios, entre ellos nuevos medicamentos, vacunas y métodos diagnósticos, y de...

This paper describes a Global Health Innovation System (GHIS) based on research in innovations systems theory. This system would define how concerned countries and institutions could more effectively contribute to health care innovations, especially for the poor in developing countries. Such a system is needed because of the very rapid recent chang...

Plant-derived pharmaceuticals are poised to become the next major commercial development in biotechnology. The advantages they offer in terms of production scale and economy, product safety, ease of storage and distribution cannot be matched by any current commercial system; they also provide the most promising opportunity to supply low-cost drugs...

This chapter discusses the advances in the field of transgenic plant-derived mucosal vaccines, focusing on the results of human clinical trials and on orally delivered animal vaccines. The transgenic plant-derived vaccine antigens are known to be orally immunogenic in humans and several animals species. The choice of crop for production of vaccines...

Gross inequities in disease burden between developed and developing countries are now the subject of intense global attention. Public and private donors have marshaled resources and created organizational structures to accelerate the development of new health products and to procure and distribute drugs and vaccines for the poor. Despite these enco...

Face-to-face interviews and meetings with more than 160 policymakers and other influential professionals in seven large Asian countries (Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Thailand and Vietnam) were conducted to survey opinions regarding the need for, and potential uses of new-generation vaccines against cholera, typhoid fever and shige...

National innovation in science and technology depends on many factors. This article presents a case study of the development of hepatitis B vaccine in Korea. It examines the influence of government policy, private sector strategies, intellectual property rights, regulatory frameworks, and programmes of foundations and other donors. The article lead...

There is a great unmet need for health technologies to address diseases of the poor in developing countries. At the same time, there is a rapidly growing capability to undertake health innovationa in many developing countries (Innovative Developing Countries - IDCs). IDCs have the capacity to develop, manufacture, ensure safety, and market new heal...

To address the unacceptable levels of disease in developing countries and the lack of vaccines to address infectious diseases, the public sector has been expanding its funding for, and involvement in, vaccine research and development. The public sector is becoming a full participant in the spectrum of translational research taking candidates from t...

To ascertain the economic feasibility of a pediatric tetravalent dengue vaccine, we developed and calibrated a cost-effectiveness model of vaccinating children at 15 months in Southeast (SE) Asia using a societal perspective. We assumed that full immunization would require two doses at prices of US$ 0.50 and US$ 10 per dose in the public and privat...

The development of new vaccines that address the particular needs of developing countries has been proceeding slowly. A number of new public sector vaccine research and development initiatives have been launched to address this problem. These new initiatives find that they often wish to collaborate with the private sector and, in collaborating with...

Plant-made pharmaceuticals (PMPs) are organic molecules or recombined proteins produced in plants and used for human or animal health. Subunit vaccines are a category of PMPs that have been validated in various studies, including human clinical trials. Current efforts at product formulation use food processing technology to convert transgenic plant...

Policy decisions regarding whether to incorporate new vaccines into routine public health practice in developing countries will depend in part on the costs of vaccine purchase and of vaccine delivery. In March, 1997, a large-scale effectiveness trial of a locally produced, orally administered bivalent vaccine against Vibrio cholerae 01 and 0139 beg...

The development of new vaccines for important childhood diseases presents an unparalleled opportunity for disease control but also a significant problem for developing countries: how to pay for them. To help address this problem, the William H. Gates Foundation has established a Global Fund for Children’s Vaccine. In this paper, we discuss the allo...

Retention and Strengthening of Manufacturers in Developing CountriesThe role of developing-country vaccine manufacturers in the establishment and maintenance of the WHO/EPI program has been crucial. Although of variable quality and quantity, the DTP vaccines produced in developing country facilities have been an invaluable backbone of the EPI syste...

The development and introduction of new vaccines is a costly and time consuming process. Unfortunately, those most in need--individuals in developing countries--are the last to receive these powerful disease preventing products. From the time a vaccine is first licensed in a developed country to the time most of the poor in developing countries hav...

The control of infectious diseases generally involves three successive steps: first, the identification of the etiologic agent, second, the development of means for interruption of transmission, and, lastly the utilization of these means. Tremendous progress has been made in the first two of the above steps during the past 30 years. Hepatitis B vir...

It is generally accepted that the introduction of hepatitis B vaccine to national programmes of immunization in developing countries is desirable, but it has so far been constrained by the high cost of the vaccine. To determine the potential minimal costs of the vaccine, a study has been carried out of the production of the vaccine in a developing...

Two sets of focus group discussions on the advantages and disadvantages of the rhythm method were carried out in the Philippines in 1980 and 1981. The first discussions were held among 30 women and nine men 21-40 years of age, and the second among eight women 25-35 years of age who had voluntary pregnancy terminations after the method had failed. A...

A significant number of advances in fertility regulation is now under development. These advances in technology represent modest gains rather than dramatic breakthroughs; they frequently involve a bioengineering input, include collaboration between public agencies and industry, and are closely related to the needs of developing countries. The three...

An apparatus for photofragment spectroscopy, a new type of molecular spectroscopy for dissociative electronic states, is described. Inside an ultrahigh vacuum system, a molecular beam is crossed by pulses of polarized light (from a theta‐pinch discharge or from various lasers, including ruby, second harmonic ruby, second harmonic neodymium‐glass, a...

First Page of the Article

License negotiations involve substantial real or potential value. They therefore should be supported by a team of experts. The essential skills and expertise needed for con - ducting successful negotiations include: business strategy and development for leading the negotiations, marketing for estimating commercial potential, law for evaluating IP a...

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Abstract unavailable.

Using a technique we have developed. Photodissociation Recoil Spectroscopy, in isolated molecules we have been able to observe electronic transitions which involve two photons and lead to dissociative states. We cross a molecular beam of the parent molecules with an intense pulse of polarized laser light and observe the distribution of the recoilin...